These changes in social life from the late Qing to the early Republic of China

Changes in Social Life In the late Qing and early Republican years, after the impact of the Xinhai Revolution, China's social mores changed dramatically. The biggest change was the cutting off of hair braids. The Qing Dynasty forced Han Chinese men to wear their hair in braids, and progressives in the late Qing regarded braids as a national disgrace. After the Wuchang Uprising, revolutionaries mobilized the masses to cut off the braids. After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government, it issued a decree requiring people to cut their braids and change their clothes. The second is the change of dress. In feudal society, people's status was differentiated by their clothes. After the Xinhai Revolution, the centuries-old practice of using clothes and crowns to "show the name and status, and recognize the prestige" was discarded by the society, and people's clothing styles began to diversify. At that time, people severely criticized the long-established custom of foot-binding, and the non-foot-binding movement appeared, with various non-foot-binding groups and anti-foot-binding propaganda throughout the country. on March 13, 1912, the Nanjing Provisional Government issued the "Advice on Prohibition of Foot-Binding Wen", which played an important role in changing the bad habit of foot-binding. The Nanjing Provisional Government also issued the General Order on the Prohibition of Opium, which strictly prohibited smoking. Women in the late Qing and early Republican period Chinese society at the end of the Qing and the disintegration of the rule of clothes and crowns Changes in clothing and the disintegration of the rule of clothes and crowns Modern Chinese society from the perspective of changes in customs and concepts

At the end of the Qing and the beginning of the Republican period, Chinese society saw the social trend of a revolution, the old and the new co-existed in the social customs, and the new trend of the revolution involved in a wide range of fields, the momentum of the great is rare in the history of China, and brought a brand-new meteorological situation to the Chinese society. The activities of foreigners in China in the late Qing and early Republic

The renewal of ideological concepts The Nanjing Provisional Government issued a law requiring the people to get rid of the corrupt living customs of the former Qing Dynasty, and revolutionized the etiquette and designation, abolished the old-fashioned etiquette of kowtowing, bowing, greeting, inviting the public to rest in peace, hitting the thousand and arching their hands, and replaced them with bowing, taking off their hats, shaking hands, and applauding the etiquette. Wedding and funeral etiquette has also changed to a new style, abolishing the old-style wedding and funeral of all kinds of backward rituals and customs. People's title, no longer use "adults, masters," all to "Mr.", "Ms.", "Jun" and "gentleman" are used instead. Traditional concepts were gradually replaced by new ideas, recognizing that the feudal monarchy, divine right, clan right, husband's right is the destruction of individual personality, advocating the Western idea of freedom, equality and fraternity, and strive to break the feudal yoke, give the people equal rights and status. The problem of "civil society" in the late Qing Empire

The Nanjing Provisional Government gave equal citizenship and rights to people of all professions, and outlawed the buying and selling of human beings and the sale of contracts of prostitution, in the form of laws. At that time, the whole country was against prostitution and concubinage, and demanded monogamy, the right to property independence, personal independence, and no harsh treatment of domestic workers. Various social organizations were established for the purpose of humanitarianism and emancipation of human rights, and the Xinhai Revolution broke the feudal yoke that confined the development of human personality. At this time, people began to take an interest in affairs of state and politics, and all kinds of rallies, associations, and election activities were widely developed. Intellectual women also began to devote themselves to politics.

At that time, people attached great importance to the role of industry and commerce, and believed that doing business was an important means of national salvation. People broke the traditional concept of the four people, for the development of industrial exhaustion, investment in factories, industrial and commercial development trends around the world. Commerce, industry and finance at the end of the Qing Dynasty At the beginning of the People's Republic of China, the new school advocates, students choose a profession, considering its practical value and benefits, law and politics enrollment, hundreds of people applying for admission, the traditional poems and lyrics, study of the Bible and read the history of the heart of science, is no longer valued. The pursuit of luxury and ostentation also appeared in society, and all kinds of consumer industries were developed, which impacted on the traditional moral and ethical concepts of feudal society. At the same time, China's inherent academics also underwent significant changes. Changes in the academic outlook in the late Qing dynasty Academic concepts and programs Academic history: the late Qing and the early Republic of China's obvious studies Wang Guowei: nationalism and Western learning in the late Qing dynasty master of nationalism Wang Guowei The discovery of Dunhuang Cave and the development of Dunhuang studies

Prosperity of literature and art In the late Qing and the early Republic of China, the emergence of "condemnation novels" that expose the social decadence and darkness, such as Li Boyuan's The Shape of the Officialdom and Wu Xiaoyu's The Story of a Man. The late Qing and early Civil War saw the emergence of "condemnation novels" that exposed the darkness of social decay, such as Li Boyuan's The Story of the Officialdom and Wu Cornuer's Twenty Years of Witnessing the Strange Present Situation, which exposed the darkness of the decay of the officials and government offices at all levels of the Qing Dynasty. There were also some novels reflecting the revolution, such as "Guangzhou Chaos", "Xinhan Evolution" and "Tears of Blood and Yellow Flowers", which depicted the Huanghuagang Uprising and the Wuchang Uprising.

Intellectuals actively studied and publicized the ideas and cultures of Europe and America, and many translations appeared, such as Darwin's The Origin of Species, Rousseau's Treatise on the Civil Pact, Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws, and John Muller's Principles of Freedom, etc., from which they drew on the theory of evolution, the theory of natural human rights, and the Western modern political programs as ideological weapons against feudal despotism. Literary works were also translated in large numbers, and works by Shakespeare, Dickens, and Balzac were translated and published one after another. The most famous translator was Lin Shu, who translated foreign works into Chinese ancient languages based on others' interpretation. The late Qing culture, literature and modernity Shakespeare, Dickens and Balzac

In addition, there were modern dramas and new types of music, and at that time, the creation of "school songs" was very popular, and a lot of teaching materials for classroom songs were published. In terms of art, a large number of painters with new ideas, new skills and the courage to innovate emerged. For example, Li Shutong, Wu Changshuo, Gao Jianfu, Liu Haisu and so on. Cai Yuanpei put forward for the first time the need for national art education.

Progress in the press and publishing industry At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Civil War, Western learning has been greatly developed, coupled with the widespread use of new printing technology, the press and publishing industry into a new period of development. 1897, Xia Ruifang, Bao Xianen and others jointly created the Shanghai Commercial Press, at the beginning of the printing house, and later became a set of editing, printing, publishing as one of the integrated publishing enterprises. 1921 January, Lu Fikui, In January 1921, Lu Feikui, Dai Kedun, Chen Xiegong, Shen Zhifang and others founded the China Bookstore. It integrated editing, printing and distribution, and was a modern publishing enterprise with great influence in the early years of the Republic of China. The development of the private publishing and distribution industry soon surpassed that of the church and government-run publishing organizations.

During their activities, the revolutionaries also promoted publishing activities. For example, in 1902, Chen Fan founded the newspaper Su, hired Zhang Taiyan as the chief writer, published a large number of articles criticizing the feudal autocracy, and in 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded the newspaper Minbao in Tokyo, Japan, to publicize the ideas of the bourgeois democratic revolution. It is estimated that there were more than 1,000 kinds of newspapers and magazines in the country at that time. The rise and development of modern Chinese press and publishing business is inseparable from the changes of Chinese social politics, economy and culture. Chinese cultural situation in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China (photo)

The development of modern education The Qing Dynasty began to establish a new education system in the late Qing Dynasty. 1903, the Qing court promulgated the "Zao Ding school statute", which provides for the actual implementation of the school system throughout the country, known as the "decimo school system", laying the foundation of China's modern education system. After the promulgation of the charter, all kinds of school rapid development, to 1909, all kinds of elementary school in the country has reached more than 50,000, 123 schools of higher learning. At the same time of founding new schools, the Qing court also sent young students and officials to study abroad, and a large number of self-financed international students also appeared in the private sector. The foreign students greatly broadened their horizons and accepted new knowledge abroad, and became the most active members of Chinese society. Zhang Zhidong and the Ministry of Learning in the late Qing Dynasty The Charter of Beijing University Hall

The government of the Republic of China reformed the education system at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the main measures include: the establishment of new educational institutions. Such as the school was renamed as a school, men and women can be the same school, the abolition of the reading of the Bible, banned the textbooks issued by the Qing Ministry of Education, prohibited corporal punishment, the abolition of the Qing dynasty school of nobles, and so on. Reorganization of educational objectives. The educational objectives of the Ministry of Education of the Qing Dynasty were abolished with respect to "loyalty to the emperor and respect for Confucius", and "moral education was emphasized, supplemented by practical education, military and national education, and completed with aesthetic education" as the fundamental objective of education. The school system was reorganized. Primary school was made compulsory for 4 years, high school for 3 years, middle school for 4 years, undergraduate university for 3 or 4 years, and teacher training school for 4 years. Various school orders were also issued one after another to supplement the published School System Order, all of which were called the "Imjin and Decapolis School System". The reform of the education system in the early years of the Republic of China was in line with the trend of historical development and promoted the rapid development of new-style education in China. The United States returned the gengzi indemnity account The writing and revelation of new-style textbooks at the end of the Qing dynasty