What schools of western linguistics are there?

It is a school of linguistics, also called the Youth Grammar School, and its representatives are K. bruggeman and H. Osthoff of Leipzig University. The original German is Junggramatiker.

This school exaggerates the absoluteness of phonetic laws and fails to recognize the relative unity of language and dialect in terms of region and structure. In language research, atomism is used to study language phenomena in isolation, with scattered materials and lack of systematicness. This school focuses on the personal factors of language and ignores the social factors of language, so it is difficult to study the ontology of language in depth.

2. Structuralism school

The biggest feature of this school is the use of structural analysis. 1945 structural analysis of French anthropologist C. Levi-Strauss in Linguistics and Anthropology; This paper first puts forward the idea of applying the structural analysis method in phonetics to anthropological research.

The central task of structuralism is to find order from chaotic social phenomena. This order is the unconscious structure of society, which can not be directly observed from the real society, and can only be understood by anthropologists by establishing a conceptual model. This whole process of understanding social structure by establishing a model is the basic method of structural school.

3. Functional school

The alias is the British school of social anthropology. 1922, British anthropologists Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown published field research special issues "Adventure in the Western Pacific" and "Andaman Islander" respectively, which brought functionalism into ethnology works for the first time. Therefore, people regard the year when two special issues were published as the year when the functional school was founded.

Later, Marin Noszky and Radcliffe-Brown further developed the functionalism theory in their papers and works. However, the functional school was not entirely due to a special investigation question published by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown in the same year, but was mainly the product of the British political situation and academic tradition at that time.

4. American descriptive language school

It is one of the schools of structuralist linguistics. Not all American linguists belong to the American school of descriptive linguistics, but a group of linguists who hold the same view on the American school. He does not exist in any group or organization, and there is no special organizational form.

The school of American descriptive language gradually formed in the 1920s, and occupied the leading position in American linguistic research in the 1960s+091930s-191950s.

5. Formalism school

School of mathematical logic and basic research of mathematics. It is believed that the truth of mathematics is embodied in its non-contradiction. Mathematics is reliable as long as it is proved that contradictions can never be deduced from mathematical axioms. Therefore, it advocates axiomatization of mathematical systems, and axioms and rules are expressed by formal symbols, which are not endowed with any content.

It is only necessary to prove the contradiction of the axiomatic system that formally describes the relationship between undefined objects, and the contradiction of mathematics is proved. The main representative is the German mathematician Hilbert. He put forward the famous "Hilbert scheme", which first turned the mathematical theory into a formal system, and then proved that the formal system was not contradictory by finite methods.