The background of the drum-holding stone

Housing is the earliest building type in human history, and it is also the most basic and common form of home. When Xu Kai's Shuo Wen was in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Xiao Xuben said: House, shelter. In this passage, the ancients have long revealed the concept of residence on which people live. The formation of these various housing prototypes in China is caused by different regional climates and lifestyles, but there is one thing in common: China people attach importance to their homes. Because it is not only the entrance and exit of the house, but also the facade symbolizing the social, economic and political status of the owner.

Zhaimen is not only an independent single building gate, but also a wall gate of the whole building courtyard group. Especially for the Han quadrangle building, which is famous for its beauty of group communication, the entrance is the most important node in its external wall chain, the key point to isolate the outside world and defend against external interference, and the essential characteristic element of all walls with closed space and defining function. Therefore, Zhaimen is the product of Chinese wall culture. A Zhaimen symbol can express the cultural connotation that words can't touch. It is not only the concentrated expression of ritual culture, but also the external symbol of the realistic feudal hierarchy. China people's so-called family, door, sect and other concepts are also derived from this. Among the curtilage doors, the decorative art sketch that can best show the difference of the master's rank and status is the drum-holding stone. There are many folk names of Han people who hold drums, such as: stone drum, door drum, round drum, stone drum, stone mirror and so on. It is very common in front of traditional houses (such as the hanging flower door of Beijing quadrangle and the board door of Huizhou ancestral temple). ). In the traditional arched buildings of the Han nationality (such as memorial archway and Lingxingmen), there are also pole-clamping stones (also called gate-blocking stones) similar to drum-holding stones, which are unique and important components of the arched buildings of the Han nationality and mainly play the role of stabilizing columns.

Drum-hugging stone is a kind of door pillow stone. Door pillow stone, commonly known as door pier, door seat, door pier and door stone. It is a functional component used to install and stabilize the rotating shaft of the door leaf on both sides of the threshold. Because it is carved into a pillow shape or a box shape, it is called a door pillow stone.

Han people in Taiwan Province Province used to have beggars sitting on it, so they were also called beggar chairs. It can not only bear and balance the weight of the door leaf, but also strengthen the door frame. Therefore, the interior of the door is a supporting member and the exterior of the door is a balancing member. In ancient times, doors had no hinges, hinges, etc. Fixed with door pillows and couplets (called chicken racks in Song Dynasty). If there is no door pillow against the door frame, the door leaf will shake when opening and closing. Later, in order to distinguish the door steps, the area of the door was increased, and the part of the pillow outside the door was correspondingly enlarged and the head was getting higher and higher, so that the materials and labor used later far exceeded the actual function of the door pillow, and a drum-like stone appeared. The appearance of the door is the doorway first, then the door leaf. In order to facilitate entry and exit, a hole was opened in the closed wall, and a door opening frame was formed. In order to prevent theft, it is necessary to add a door panel that can be closed conveniently. This is the concept of door panel. Generally speaking, the existence of things can not be separated from their attached environment and specific space, and Baogushi is no exception. Its existence is inseparable from the important position of portal houses. The most representative house door is the layout door.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the main entrance of a house was mostly a board door (such as a chessboard door), and there were generally two door panels. The Architectural Style of Song Dynasty stipulated that the width-height ratio of each door was 1:2~2.5. The door opening part of the flat door is composed of the surrounding cross sill and door frame (cross sill and vertical frame), and the door leaf part is composed of door leaf, door pillow and connecting frame. The couplet here refers to a long, flat crossbar on the inside of the window sill above the door. Lock the door hairpin and sill together, usually 2-4 pieces, which can be made into various shapes such as circle, square, hexagon, octagon and multi-petal. The specific structure is to insert the sill (i.e. lower sill and through sill) into the groove in the middle of the sill, and pull it out and put it aside if necessary.

Then the door frame is connected with the sill and lintel, and the door leaf is firmly bound with the door (lower) sill and middle sill through the door pillow and lintel. There are still dozens of centimeters from the bottom of the door leaf to the ground, which is determined by the height of the door pillow, but it is very beneficial to waterproof and moistureproof. The sandwich panels on the left and right sides of the door leaf are slightly longer than the center, which is called the big side and can be used as the rotating shaft. The lower part of the sandwich panel is inserted into the mortar groove (commonly known as sea nest) drilled inside the cross sill of the door pillow, and the upper part is fixed in the connecting hole inside the center sill. Through this part, you can open the heavy door leaf more freely. As mentioned above, the drum-hugging stone is not a simple ornament, but a group of organic components that support two door panels, so that the doors of the door panels can stand upright and rotate stably. There are three specific effects:

1, a functional component, as a component for supporting and stabilizing the door shaft of the door panel, reinforces or installs the doorsill, which is beneficial to prevent the door panel from shaking under the action of external force, greatly enhances the stability of the door frame, and plays the role of connecting the doorsill. In addition, the pillow stone can be waterproof and moisture-proof after being raised. The outer drum stone mainly plays the role of balancing the weight of the door panel, and balances the gravity when the door panel rotates with its front weight.

2. Together with the door pin, doorsill, door leaf and door frame, it produces an overall decorative effect, enhances the aesthetic feeling, and has decorative functions such as blessing, auspiciousness and evil spirits.

3. The form of aristocratic family is a symbol of the social, economic and political rank and status of the owner of the building. Baogu Stone is a decorative sketch with the characteristics of China's house door, which can be used as a symbol of the house door.

Generally speaking, there are two kinds of drum-hugging stones: one is represented by the drum-hugging stone at the entrance of Huizhou ancestral temple, which I call snail-clam drum-hugging stone. It is divided into three sections: the lower part is a pedestal, the middle part is a supporting part, and the upper part is a drum-hugging stone. The whole shape is asymmetrical, and the drum-hugging stone has an abrupt outward trend, much like a snail or a snail, and the drum-hugging stone is like a heavy shell it bears. The other is the style represented by the entrance (main entrance or second door) of Beijing Siheyuan, which the author calls the wishful drum holding the stone, and it can also be divided into three sections: the lower half is carved with the square towel of Sumitomo's seat cover, the middle half is the wishful shape composed of two horizontally placed imitation cone drums and the square towel below, and the upper half is an upright round drum. Generally, the top of the drum is also carved with a lying lion. Ruyi holds the drum stone symmetrically, and the overall shape is seamless. There is also a cylindrical drum-hugging stone, with only a conical drum and a square towel. According to Architectural French, people who carve the upper part of the drum into the shape of a lion are called pulling the lion's arsenic or getting the lion's arsenic. Generally, there are two kinds of drum-hugging stones: stone and wood (such as the wooden drum-hugging stone at the entrance of Huangancestral hall in Xiaocun, Taishun).