The results of the three scientific and technological revolutions in human history and the changes they brought to human society

In the 1860s, Britain took the lead in the first industrial revolution, which was basically completed in the 1840s, when the machine mass production in Britain basically replaced the workshop handicrafts and became the "factory of the world".At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, France and the United States also started the industrial revolution, and the achievements of the industrial revolution were introduced to China, Japan and other countries from the 1860s onwards. In the 1860s, the achievements of the industrial revolution were introduced to China, Japan and other countries. 1870s, the second industrial revolution was carried out almost simultaneously in several developed capitalist countries, which led to the tremendous development of productive forces; the third scientific and technological revolution started in the late World War II has continued to this day, which far exceeded the previous two in terms of scale, speed and impact.

1. The Industrial Revolution first appeared in the sector. 1765, Hargreaves invented the "", opened the prelude to the Industrial Revolution. 1785, Watt made an improved steam engine, human society has entered the "". 1814, man Stevenson invented the steam locomotive. Become the main form of organization of industrialized production, playing an increasingly important role. 19th century later, the United States Industrial Revolution developed rapidly, emerged many new inventions, in 1807, the American Fulton made the success of the test flight;, sewing machine, tractor invented one after another; in particular, the adoption and promotion of the production of machine parts and components of the production method, promote the popularity of the machine.

2. After 1870, the achievements of science and technology applied to industry are mainly manifested in four aspects, namely, the wide application, and the creation of tools, the invention of means and the establishment of industry. The achievements of the second industrial revolution are most notable in the wide application of the German Siemens in 1866; the actual usable generator was introduced in the 70's; and, trams, movie projectors, etc. were introduced one after another. In the 1870s and 1880s, gas and gasoline-fueled engines were born, and in the 1990s diesel engines were successfully produced. German Karl Benz and others successfully manufactured by the internal combustion engine drive. The rapid development of internal combustion locomotives, ocean liners, etc.; the invention of the internal combustion engine promoted the development of the oil mining industry. 1870s Americans invented the telephone, 90s Italian experiments in wireless telegraphy succeeded. 1867, the invention of dynamite, 80s and improved the technology of smokeless gunpowder, greatly promoting the development of industry. Plastics, man-made fibers and so on began to put into production and practical use.

3. From the 1940s and 1950s, the new technological revolution, represented by the application of technology, technology, also includes, molecular biology and genetic engineering, etc. Since the 1990s, showing a new trend of development is the rise.

1. The impact of the first industrial revolution

(1) greatly increased productivity and consolidated the basis of rule in all countries.

(2) The major changes caused, society increasingly split into two opposing classes; contributed to the rise of modern cities.

(3) The Industrial Revolution triggered three currents: capitalism (ism: The Wealth of Nations, published by Adam Smith of Britain in 1776, put forward the ideas of, and against mercantilist policies, representing the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie. From the 1820s to the 1970s the bourgeois revolution and reform movement flourished and gradually overcame the feudal forces and took power. Liberalism became the mainstream of human historical development in the 19th century after the Industrial Revolution. Russia, the unification of Italy, Germany, the United States, Japan, etc. were all prominent manifestations of this trend); socialism (the early workers' movement consisting of the French Uprising and the British Movement, the outbreak of workers' uprisings in the 1848 Revolution, the publication of the , the founding of , and the emergence of the Commune in 1871, etc., revealed the vitality of this historical trend); and nationalism (the Industrial Revolution prompted the accelerated occupation of industrialized countries and the expansion of their markets, which stimulated nationalism. colonies to expand their markets, which stimulated the upsurge of national independence movements. The national movements in the colonies and semi-colonies were best represented in Asia. The Javanese People's Uprising against the Dutch, the People's Uprising against the British, the Iranian Uprising, the Chinese Movement and the Great National Uprising constituted the storm of revolutions in Asia. These movements belonged to the traditional old-fashioned rebel movements, and all of them failed as a result. Most of the national movements in Europe were capitalist in nature. For example, the Italian unification and all belonged to this type of movement).

(4) Changes in the organization of production and industrial structure: the handmade workshop was replaced by a system; the rise of urbanization; the economic system, which was dominated by the countryside and agriculture, became and dominated by and and the history of mankind began to make the transition from an agrarian civilization to a civilization.

(5) the impact on the world pattern: the industrial revolution greatly close the link between, and finally established the rule of the world; become the world hegemony; Asia, Africa and Latin America, the majority of the countries fell into Europe and the United States of America and the United States of America and the United States of America capitalist powers of the colonial semi-colonial, subordinate. The capitalist world system was initially formed.

2. Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution

(1) Greatly increased the productive forces, the main capitalist countries into the stage; socialist movement further development, July 14, 1889, the Second International was established; the beginning of the twentieth century, "Marxism in the age of imperialism" -- born; the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America. -- was born; the movements of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America continued to rise, of which " " was particularly prominent, with the new features of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution.

(2) Causing changes in the form of organization of production and industrial structure: the second industrial revolution led to the creation of organizations, advancing liberal capitalism to the stage of capitalism; the degree of industrialization was greatly increased, and the total output value of the major capitalist countries exceeded that of agriculture, transforming them from light-industrial countries to heavy-industrial countries.

(3) the impact on the world pattern at that time: the powers stepped up foreign expansion, the capitalist world system was finally formed, and the capitalist system was finally established; the sex of the economic development of the imperialist countries intensified, and a fierce struggle was waged around the scramble.

3. Impact of the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution

(1) Greatly promoted the development of society; promoted the development of monopoly capitalism.

(2) Promoted great changes in social structure and social structure, and the proportion of industry rose.

(3) promote the adjustment of the international pattern, the competition in the international economic competition in the increasingly important position, expanding the economic gap between the developed countries and the country, bringing opportunities and challenges to the country.

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