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Ancient Buildings in Guizhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Rich Folk Customs

There are many kinds of ancient buildings in Guizhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with outstanding characteristics and local and national characteristics.

From the establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the demise of the Qing Dynasty, many major historical events took place in Guizhou for more than 540 years. Garrison in Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty, the national key cultural relics protection unit "Yunshan Tun Ancient Architecture Complex" is a living specimen of Tunpu culture. The garrison in the south of the Yangtze River brought the production mode and traditional culture in the Han area, which led to the rapid birth of various buildings in Guizhou Plateau. "Building a high wall" has a great influence in Guizhou. Zhenyuan, Pingyue (now Fuquan), Zhen 'an (now Zheng 'an), Chishui and other cities were changed from earth walls to stone walls, and the city was defended by rivers. Later, blockhouses, camps, passes and watchtowers were built in various traffic arteries, forming a complete military architecture system. Some buildings, such as Hailongtun, a national key cultural relics protection unit, were built earlier, but they were finally perfected in the Ming Dynasty. After Guizhou was established in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), mainland businessmen went deep into Guizhou, which played an important role in promoting material and cultural exchanges and even ethnic integration. In order to meet the needs of social development, people of all ethnic groups cut mountains and cut stones, build bridges and pave roads, and open ferry terminals. They are only included in the Atlas of China Cultural Relics? During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 500 bridges, including stone bridge, Liang Shi bridge, wooden beam bridge, stone arch bridge, iron cable bridge, root bridge, bamboo pole bridge and cable-stayed bridge, more than 70 post roads, grain roads, salt roads, fiber roads and plank roads, and more than 60 docks and ferries. With the support of the imperial court and the people, Xuanwei of Guizhou made She Xiang open up the "Dragon Field Nine Stations" and built the "Water West Ten Bridges", which was praised by the ruling and opposition parties and was named "Mrs. Shunde".

In order to meet the needs of the majority of Han soldiers and civilians who moved to Guizhou, Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, temples, ancestral halls and other sacrificial buildings have been overhauled. From the 5th year of Kangxi (1666) to the 10th year (167 1), Wu Temple, Confucius Temple and Doulao Pavilion have mushroomed in the plain (now Zhijin). Up to now, there are more than 800 such buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including Qinglong Cave, Wulong Temple, Feiyun Cliff, Yangming Cave and Yangming Temple, all of which are national key cultural relics protection units. Inscription on the maintenance of the girder of Daxiong Hall in Wulong Hall (16 16). Due to the limitation of mountainous terrain and the influence of secular culture, most Buddhist temples in Guizhou are flexible and not necessarily "axisymmetric" according to local conditions. Moreover, various sects live in the same mountain, and merchants of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism gather to form a harmonious and peaceful pattern, which is a microcosm of ethnic relations in Guizhou.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some temples, such as Black Temple and Wang Miao Temple, were almost unique to Guizhou. The Black Temple offered sacrifices to Nan Jiyun, a loyal minister in the Tang Dynasty, and the Wang Miao Temple offered sacrifices to the legendary anonymous person. According to legend, "Wang Miao" is the ancestor of Miao villagers in mountainous areas of Miao Ling, and temples were built in Taijiang and Rongjiang to worship "Wang Miao" to commemorate the historical achievements of ancestors in developing Miao Ling.

"Changing the soil into the stream", abolishing the chieftain system and adopting the governance of "flowing officials" have played a positive role in developing the economy, especially the culture, in ethnic areas. "Floating officials" run voluntary schools, build academies, set up study palaces and test sheds, and implement the imperial examination system, which conforms to the development trend. For the sake of "outstanding people" and "scholarly family", many supporting buildings came into being, such as Confucian Temple, Wenchang Pavilion, Kuixing Building, Jiaxiu Building and Wenbi Building. There are now more than 200 buildings or sites closely related to culture and education. Anshun Confucian Temple, Guiyang Wenchang Pavilion and Jiaxiulou are well protected and are national key cultural relics protection units. Ziyun Wenbi Pagoda, Duyun Wenfeng Pagoda, Renhuai Minglu Pagoda, Xiqin Lingyun Pagoda and Xixiushan Baita are provincial-level cultural relics protection units.

During the period of social stability in Ming and Qing Dynasties, many Han residents in Guizhou engaged in business and moved to Guizhou. Therefore, there are many guild halls in both urban and rural areas of Guizhou. Up to now, there are more than 40 halls such as Wanshou Palace, Renshou Palace and Wantong Palace in Jiangxi, more than 30 halls such as Yu Palace, Sanchu Palace, Shoufo Temple, Huguang Hall and Lianghu Hall in Hunan, more than 10 halls such as Zhuchuan Palace and Zhuchuan Temple in Sichuan, and more than/kloc-0 halls such as Tianhou Palace and Niangniang Temple in Fujian, among which Other national key cultural relics protection units, such as Zhijin ancient building complex, Sitang ancient building complex, Dongshan ancient building complex, Jiuzhou ancient building complex and Zhaiying ancient building complex, include Wanshou Palace, Sichuan main temple, Yugong, Shoufo Temple and Tianhou Palace. Jiangxi has the largest number of guild halls, not only because there are a large number of soldiers and businessmen in Guizhou, but also because a large number of Jiangxi people were officials in Guizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Among the ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are more than 70 official buildings, among which Fu Xuansi, appeasement department, Changfu department and Tongzhi department account for the vast majority. Correspondingly, Toast Manor can be seen everywhere in residential buildings, especially the Toast Manor in Wumeng Mountain. Datun Tusi Manor, built by the descendants of She Xiangniang's family, was a national key cultural relic protection unit in 1988.