What is a wooden ox and a flowing horse?

Cattle herding Liu Ma was a means of transportation invented by Zhuge Liang, prime minister of Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms period, which was divided into cattle herding and Liu Ma. It was used by Zhuge Liang in the Northern Expedition from the 9th to 12th year of Jianxing (23 1-234). Its carrying capacity is "one-year-old grain", about 400 kilograms, and its daily journey is "dozens of treks, three miles in groups", providing food for 100 thousand troops in Shu and Han dynasties. But the specific way and appearance are unknown now, and there are different explanations.

The source name of Mu Niu Liu Ma Pinyin müniúLiúmü

source

1, Chen Jinshou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang": "Ming Zhi is better at ingenuity, and the gains and losses are very embarrassing, and they are all unexpected."

2. Chen Jinshou's "Biography of the Three Kingdoms" records: "In the nine years of Jianxing, Liang returned to Lushan, and he retired; In the spring of the twelfth year, I learned that the masses were out of the valley. According to Wugong Wuzhangyuan, Sima Wangxuan and Weinan. "

Explain the wooden transport equipment with containers that are manually walked or wheeled or combined with walking and wheeled.

Used as subject, object and attribute refers to transportation.

Example Zhuge Liang is just transporting grain and grass. Now you are building an ice wheel to attack Tongbai City.

1. Means of transport: animal-drawn vehicles, rickshaws, dry boats, zip lines, bridges, back frames, etc.

2. Road conditions: it is difficult to travel out of Sichuan mountainous area, and it is inconvenient to transport by conventional chariots and horses.

3. State of war: frontline troops consume a lot, and all food and grass are supplied by Hanzhong.

(Restoration of Cattle Liu Ma)

There are many explanations about wooden cows and flowing horses. One of them is a single-wheeled wooden cart, which is a wooden human-powered walking cart with a swing box and is used to transport granular goods on mountain roads.

Imagine a horizontal wooden bar three feet off the ground, four feet long and six inches high. The left end of the batten is cut into the shape of a handlebar, and the right end has three zigzag holes. Imagine that these two pieces of wood are arranged in the left and right axes of a rickshaw. Imagine inserting a three-foot-long shaft between two pin-shaped top holes, and hinging a wooden column that can swing along the small shaft in the two holes below the pin shape, and the other end is supported on the ground. This four-legged rickshaw is a wooden cow. Liu Ma is a wooden box with an upward opening, and there is a hole on the vertical center line near the upper edges of the left and right side walls. The three-foot shaft of the wooden ox passes through two holes of the flowing horse, and the flowing horse can move back and forth on the shaft. In order to prevent the loads such as millet and rice in the box from moving left and right, there is a longitudinal partition to divide the box into two parts, first put the grain into the bag and then put it into the box. When the wooden cow spreads its front and rear legs, it can stop on the slope at any time. The degree of bifurcation is limited by the limit pin on the four-foot axle. When the important official handle is pulled forward and pressed down, the pin top hole moves above the pin left hole, that is, the center of gravity moves to the front leg. At this time, the right hole of the pin is pried high, that is, the rear leg is lifted by air without force, and moves closer to the front leg under the action of gravity or the push of the pin to the wheel. When the center of gravity moves to the left hole of the pin, the wooden cow has moved forward half a step, and then it will be subverted. At this time, you can pull up the handle and pull it forward quickly, so that the top hole of the needle moves backward above the right hole of the needle and the center of gravity falls on the hind leg. The result of pulling forward is that the hind legs are opened, and the front legs are pushed forward by the flowing needles on the horse. Mu Niu walked the remaining half step like this.

(Restoration of Cattle Liu Ma)

Does a wooden ox have wheels or four legs? There are the following written records in the Northern Song Dynasty: "There is a small car in Shu, which pushes eight stones alone and looks like a bull's head in front; There is also a cart with four people pushing it and carrying ten stones. "In the Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng's book" The Origin of Things "also recorded:" The wooden ox has a front axle today; This horse is the only pusher today. "

Lin Qing, a Manchu water conservancy expert in the Qing Dynasty, also said that the earth trucks used in water conservancy projects at that time were wooden oxen and flowing horses recorded by Chen Shidao: "Earth trucks, single wheels, hope to fill the soil and transport barnyard grass. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, went to war and began to build wooden cows and horses to transport salaries. Today, the earth car is pushed alone, and the legacy of Ge still exists. " Cattle herding is a wheelbarrow with a front axle, while Liu Ma is a wheelbarrow without a front axle, which is also a main point about Liu Ma.

Extended data:

Zhuge Liang (a historical figure in the Three Kingdoms period)

Zhuge Liang (181-23410-8) was born in Xuzhou (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province) and was an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, writer, calligrapher and inventor during the Three Kingdoms period.

In his early years, he went to Jingzhou with his uncle Zhuge Xuan. After Zhuge Xuan's death, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Xiangyang. After Liu Bei arrived at the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang was invited to come out, but Sun Lian resisted Cao and was defeated by Battle of Red Cliffs. Formed the trend of the Three Kingdoms and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and won Hanzhong. In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (22 1), Liu Bei established the Shu-Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed as the prime minister to preside over state affairs.

Liu Chan, the ruler in the last years of Shu and Han Dynasties, succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was made the marquis of Wuxiang, leading Yizhou as a shepherd. Diligent and prudent, big and small political affairs must be personally done, and rewards and punishments are strict; Make an alliance with Wu Dong to improve relations with all ethnic groups in southwest China; Carry out the reclamation policy and strengthen combat readiness. Most of the six northern expeditions to the Central Plains were based on grain. Eventually, due to overwork, he died in Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan, Baoji, Shaanxi) in the twelfth year of Jianxing in Shu at the age of 54. Liu Chan made him a loyal minister, and later generations often called him Zhuge Liang by Wuhou. Because of his military ability, the Eastern Jin regime named him King Wuxing.

The representative works of Zhuge Liang's prose include A Model and A Book of Commandments. He once invented the wooden ox, the flying horse, the Kongming lantern and so on, and transformed the crossbow, called Zhuge Lian crossbow, which can hit all targets with one crossbow. Zhuge Liang is the representative of loyal ministers and wise men in China traditional culture. He devoted himself to his life and died.

Anecdotal allusions

Eight swords of Shu master

According to the records of ancient and modern swords, in the first year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei collected iron ore in Jinniu Mountain and cast eight swords, one for Liu Bei to wear, and the other seven were given to Liu Chan, Liu Yong, Liu Li, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun. The name of each sword is very nice, and Zhuge Liang wrote an inscription on it.

After the death of Shu Han, the whereabouts of the eight swords of Shu Lord were unknown. Later, Zhuge Liang Pei Jian Zhang was acquired by Li Gugu, who took it for himself and changed it to a famous teacher Gu Jian.

Related inventions

Zhuge Liang won the hearts of the people in Sichuan, and residents in many parts of Sichuan still wore white cloth until modern times. It is said that this is Zhuge Liang Dai Xiao, which lasted for more than 1000 years.

Gao Cheng's Jiyuan Incident records that Zhuge Liang was unable to cross the river when recruiting troops in the south. Meng Huo said it was an evil spirit. As long as the head and livestock were sacrificed, it would be calm. However, Zhuge Liang felt that it was too cruel to use people's heads, so he rubbed people's heads with flour and mixed them with beef, sheep and other meat instead, and named them steamed bread. It is also said that steamed bread was invented by Zhang Fei when he went to Shu.

In addition, it is said that Zhuge Liang, as the military commander, asked the people about the planting method of wild vegetables named "Man Jing" at that time to solve the food problem, and ordered the soldiers to start planting Man Jing to supplement the rations. Later generations called this dish Zhuge Cai.

Legend has it that Zhuge Liang also has a son Zhuge Huai and a daughter Zhuge. During the Jin Dynasty, the descendants of the famous ministers of the Han Dynasty were recruited to work in Beijing, but Zhuge Huai refused and died at home on his own. Zhuge Guo, on the other hand, is said to have ascended to heaven in the southwest of Chengdu.

In the past, residents in mountainous areas were used to broadcasting news and flying lanterns. According to legend, it was handed down by Zhuge Liang. In Yunnan (the land in the south of the Three Kingdoms), there is a legend among Wa people that Zhuge Liang once taught their ancestors to build houses and weave bamboo rafts. According to Dai's legend, the roof of the main hall of the local Buddhist temple was modeled after Zhuge Liang's hat. It is also said that Zhuge Liang invented a bronze drum called Zhuge Drum during the southern expedition, which can cook during the day and ring as an alarm clock at night. However, there are also many slangs, such as "knowing after the event", which means waiting until after the event to make all kinds of remarks and think that you are a prophet; There is also "three heads are better than one", which means to describe the greatness of collective wisdom.

References:

Mu Niu Liu Ma _ Baidu Encyclopedia