Residential buildings in Tujia villages in western Hubei?

What is the specific content of the residential buildings in Tujia villages in western Hubei? Here, Zhong Da Consulting will answer your questions.

According to the preliminary investigation by the cultural relics department, there are more than 200 ancient architectural relics in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, which can be divided into temples, ancestral halls, academies, churches, ancient pagodas, official villages and folk houses. Among them, residential buildings can be divided into many kinds, which can be divided into courtyard patio (including beam-lifting type, bucket-crossing type and well type) and semi-suspended dry-column building (that is, suspended stilts) according to scale and characteristics. According to the development of building materials and Neolithic age, it can be divided into caves, stone houses, wooden houses and mixed houses. Today, in Yumuzhai, Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province,

Types and Preservation Status of Residential Buildings in Ethnic Villages in Western Hubei Province

According to the preliminary investigation by the cultural relics department, there are more than 200 relics of various cultural relics and ancient buildings in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, which can be divided into temples, ancestral halls, academies, churches, ancient pagodas, official villages and folk houses. Among them, residential buildings can be divided into many kinds, which can be divided into courtyard patio (including beam-lifting type, bucket-crossing type and well type) and semi-suspended dry-column building (that is, suspended stilts) according to scale and characteristics. According to the development of building materials and Neolithic age, it can be divided into caves, stone houses, wooden houses and mixed houses. In today's Tujia villages, such as Yumuzhai in Lichuan City, Pengjiazhai in Xuan 'en County, Gunlongba in Enshi City, Hubei Province, these types of residential buildings with national characteristics are still intact.

1. Yumuzhai Ancient Temple.

Yumuzhai, located in Daxing Management District, Moudao Township, Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, is 3.5 kilometers away from Daxing Town in the south, 60 kilometers away from Lichuan City in the southeast, 50 kilometers away from Wanzhou Port in Chongqing in the northwest, and the elevation of the village top is 1300 meters. 3 18 National Road bypasses Zhai Road. From the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty to the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1369- 1735), it was always a Tusi military fortress, where Tujia people lived for generations. There are 9 villagers' groups with 159 households and 6 10 people. This is a natural minority village isolated from the outside world. The village has three cliffs, and the checkpoints are majestic and drum-shaped. The only stone road enters the village from the "drum handle". The path is only 1 m wide and the terrain is very dangerous. Yumuzhai was approved as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council in 2006 because of its well-preserved residential buildings and rich cultural relics.

2. Pastoral Pengjiazhai.

Pengjiazhai, located at the northern foot of Wuling Mountain, is located in the southwest of Shadaogou Town, Xuanen County, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. There are more than 250 people in 45 households in the village, all of whom are Tujia people. There are 26 residential buildings in the village. The main type is Tujia diaojiao building. Diaojiaolou, formerly known as Gaolan and Gran, also known as Gran and Malan, is regarded as a kind of Gan Lan-style building in China, which is developed from a simple house based on tree blocks, and combines the concept of cave space and the construction mode of the nest. It is a kind of living room built by ethnic minorities in western Hubei according to the natural environment of few fields, many slopes and few dams, rainy and humid, and close to the mountains and slopes. It adapts to the change of terrain through the height of hanging feet, and integrates the building with the bungalow. According to the three-dimensional, there are two floors, "people live on it, and cows, sheep, dogs, dolphins and livestock are below"; Or "there are two rooms downstairs, one is the mill, and the farm tools and sundries are also stored in it, and the other is the livestock room, where chickens, dolphins, cattle and sheep are fed one by one." Or, it is built in the middle and lower floors, the upper floors are used for storing things, the middle floors are used for daily life (among which the hanging feet are used as girls' boudoir or daughter-in-law's bedroom), and the lower floors are used for livestock sundries. This structure fully embodies the living space needed for mountain farming.

There are open farmland, long cable bridges and rain pavilions with umbrellas in front of the village. On the other side of the Xihe River, we can see that 26 wooden houses in Pengjiazhai are spread out along the mountain with three main tables, forming a trinity horizontal plane, with more than 9 niches standing in front and back, cornices upturned and roofs decorated with plastic; There are more than a dozen mountain niches at the end of the main house, with the shape of "I" in front and "︺" at the back, most of which are "L", which are both "intrigued" and "tied together". Part of the space under the niche is paved with stone slabs and used as a village passage, making it dense and spaced; The transparent space formed under the diaojiao building also serves as a natural terrace in front of and behind the house, making it ventilated, transparent, beautiful and concentrated. This semi-suspended stilt residential building with national characteristics, which is widely distributed in southwest Hubei, exists in almost all districts and towns of eight counties and cities in western Hubei, such as Quanjiaba residential building in Guihua Village, Zhonglu Town, Lichuan, Labi Temple residential building in Jiusi Township, laifeng county, Liu Jiayuan residential building in Xujiatuo Village, Gaoleshan Town, Xianfeng County, Liang Ting Street, Jiaoyuan Town, Qingyang Village and so on. Among them, Pengjiazhai in Xuan 'en and Liang Ting Street in Qingyang Village have great architectural scale and characteristics, and were listed as 20 "National Folk Ecological and Cultural Protection Zones" by Enshi Prefecture Government in 2006.

3. Gunlongba.

Gunlongba Village, Cuijiaba Town, Enshi City, Hubei Province, which is currently applying for the title of "Famous Chinese Historical and Cultural Village", is a small natural village dominated by Tujia people and one of the "National Folk Ecological Cultural Protection Zones" in Enshi Prefecture. Because it is located in the hilly area, there is the "Huanglong" Jianlong River on the left and the "Qinglong" foreign fish ditch on the right, such as the rolling dragon, which flows into the sinkhole and continuously protects the descendants of the Xiang family. Named after its unique surname 800 years ago, it has developed four houses and become a small mixed ethnic village with more than 200 households and more than 800 people today. There are 13 ancient buildings and modern buildings of Ming and Qing dynasties with protection value, and there are more than 200 houses in the village, with a total construction area of more than 30,000 square meters, of which 70% are well preserved. The main type is a courtyard-style patio house built with wood, brick and stone, surrounded by walls in a "back" shape; Some two mountains are sealed with volcanic walls, with decorative reliefs and colorful patterns on the wall caps, and the roofs have two forms: hanging mountains and hard mountains. For example, the "four-room foundation" in the Maokan Mountain complex, the four-in-one patio brick-wood structure with three rooms in the front, three rooms in the back and four rooms on all sides, has preserved the integrity of the foundation wood, the uphill wall is towering, and the carved stone pillars, door leaves and window sashes are simple, complicated and exquisite. Another example is the "long street eaves house", brick and wood structure building, three stone doors, three entrances, nine front rooms, nine back rooms, eight side rooms, a holding hall (pavilion house), four patios, a back garden, and more than ten enclosed houses at both ends. It is one of the largest houses in the ancient architectural complex of Gunlongba, and it is called long street eaves because of its strip growth. Except for the right enclosure, the holding hall was removed and the middle door of the front house was rebuilt, and the rest were well preserved.

Similarity of residential characteristics and architectural differences

The existence and continuation of Tujia village residential buildings are closely related to their specific natural environment, historical background and national cultural conditions. They all have their relatively complete characteristics, but they also have certain differences and personalities.

1. Clan thought "cohabitation".

No matter what kind of living structure above, cottages or villages are generally formed in places where ethnic groups live together. Most cottages are built on the mountain, and villages are generally close to the dam, with a surname of one village or the whole village. For example, Yumuzhai is mainly occupied by Tujia Tan Tusi; Pengjiazhai is naturally the most popular family name of Tujia people, and the nine families of Xuanen Zhangjiazhai in the same county as Pengjiazhai are all surnamed Zhang. There is also Gunlongba Village in Enshi, where the only surname is Xiang. Their brothers often live in two places, which leads to the formation of large-scale residential buildings in Zhong Ping, such as: three rooms and ten rooms, two wells and two days, five rooms and eleven two-day wells, seven rooms and fifteen patios, and six rooms and two rooms and ten patios. It embodies the strong national clan thought and the big family concept of "four generations under one roof" and "family happiness" in feudal society. However, with the strengthening and expansion of the internal and external relations of ethnic groups, these relatively independent stockades gradually moved from closed to open, becoming today's multi-ethnic villages. The layout of the village is also separated from the "shared" courtyard, forming a single house, while retaining some traditional courtyards.

2. Religious custom of "Man and God live together".

Tujia people respect their ancestors and have the traditional custom of offering sacrifices. There is a shrine on the front wall of Tujia people's hall. Even in the cave rock house in Yumuzhai, people erected two wooden stakes in front of the uneven cave wall of the main room to set up a shrine for the "relationship between heaven and earth". Because Tujia people mostly moved from Xiangxi, Jiangxi and Southwest China, the gods sacrificed in each village are different. Most of the family gods of the scholarly family are titled "Heaven, Earth, Family and Teacher", and some of them are dedicated to the tablet of "Most Holy Master", which is unique to Xiang family. With the changes of the times, the gods that people respect and believe in have also changed. Walking into the modern residential building built in the village now, you can see the striking portrait of Chairman Mao hanging on the front wall of the hall, with traces of shrines and incense burning. This shows that the villagers still worship Chairman Mao today and think that he is the god who brings them a happy life. This is a demonstration of the authoritative space of the house. They believe that the interior of the house is not only the place where future generations live, but also the place where ancestors and gods live. Only the "well diggers who never forget to draw water" serve their ancestors and gods well, and they will bless their descendants in the spirit of heaven. Another phenomenon of "the coexistence of man and god" is that there are fire pits in the traditional houses of Tujia nationality. There are also many forbidden fire pits. Tujia people have a ceremony to move their new houses to the fire. The fire in the fire pit symbolizes the eternal fire of family livelihood and the endless national incense, which is the psychological embodiment of the deification of Tujia religious culture.

3. The architectural model of "half man and half beast".

Farming productivity is low in mountainous areas of western Hubei, and people live a life of self-sufficiency, openness and closeness to nature. No matter what kind of houses in Tujia village, people and animals are basically mixed, that is, people live in their homes and animals raise their homes; Living above and below the corral, the primary and secondary relationship of its spatial form is very clear. In particular, diaojiao building will be built, most of the horizontal houses are overhead, and the upper part of multi-room houses is embroidered building (Tujia called girls' room); The lower part is used as pigsty, cowshed, mill house, or for storing farm tools and sundries. The raised floor can isolate the ground air, so that ventilation is conducive to driving away moisture, which is suitable for the geographical environment and humid climate in mountainous areas, convenient for raising cattle and pigsty, and beneficial to drying crops. However, the mixed living of people and animals is not conducive to cleanliness and sanitation, and it is not convenient to install modern equipment. In recent years, with the overall advancement of rural modernization, many people have moved their cattle and pig pens to areas far away from human settlements, trying to separate people from animals, but some villagers still find it inconvenient to raise them and return to the semi-mixed farming mode.

4. The life concept of "harmony between man and nature".

Yumuzhai people live by the mountain and choose risks; Pengjiazhai people are built on the mountain and surrounded by bamboo forests; The Gunlongba people are "dragon mouths" and form their own school. This kind of mountains and water live in groups, and mountains, water, bridges and trees are all lacking; The architectural style of harmony between man, house and landscape is the residential feature of "harmony between man and nature" embodied in minority dwellings in western Hubei. In particular, the Diaojiao Building, which is an ecological building with distinctive regional characteristics, is built in stages, with terraced fields and hanging feet near the ridge, horizontally and along the slope, which not only makes full use of the limited land, but also achieves harmony and unity with the surrounding environment, reflecting the metaphysical consciousness of "taking heaven and earth as home". The residential buildings in Yumuzhai, Pengjiazhai and Gunlongba, as the carriers and representatives of the regional culture of Tujia villages, show the footprints of the development of Tujia architecture, condense the wisdom and creativity of Tujia people, and are full of Tujia long history and culture.

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5. Regional and cultural differences.

Tujia folk houses in western Hubei are mainly made of mixed materials of stone, wood and brick, and they all pay attention to "comparable public opinion" in village location. However, geographically, the same materials are different due to the influence of different regions. Most of the craftsmen in Rumuzhai are Sichuanese, and the architectural design is influenced by the folk culture of the Qiang nationality in the southwest, or the archways fly by, the mountains are looming, or the pagodas are majestic, and the architectural rhythm is simple and original. According to Xiang's Zongyuan, the ancestor of Xiang's family, Gunlongba, was the leader of the Ming government army. In the seventh year of Chongzhen (1635), he fought with his family, starting in Henan, passing through Chu, and then passing through Shizhou by Pengshui, and arrived at Gunlongba to pull weeds and settle down. In their own words, the earliest ancestors were actually not Tujia, but Han. It was only in Tujia area that they lived and multiplied with Tujia children here for nearly 20 generations before they evolved into a native Tujia. Therefore, its architectural structure is a courtyard-style patio house with Chu-Han cultural characteristics, or the gables are towering in relief, or the courtyard surrounds the deep palace and stays indoors, which is different from other Tujia diaojiao buildings and is a precious object combining Tujia architectural art with foreign architectural art.

Architectural protection and development design

1. Closed protection and change of life concept.

Nowadays, most young people in Tujia village go out to work as construction workers. They not only earned money back, but also learned some new construction techniques and brought back some new living concepts. So in these quaint and natural villages, new tile houses or flat top floors will suddenly appear, and some even install rolling gates in fashion, but farm tools and sundries are still inevitably piled up in the living room, which will ruin the scenery. Although the government has banned the construction of new houses in this village, a family's new house is still being built quietly. Because this is a sign of wealth, a modern flavor and an innovation of life concept. But this unplanned construction will undoubtedly affect the architectural ecology of the whole reserve. Therefore, in a national cultural relics protection unit similar to Yumuzhai, the author thinks that the whole family should be moved to the other end of the village to design and establish a new village, and the area where ancient buildings are concentrated should be closed for protection, and the development and utilization should be regarded as a tourist visit and inspection project. Let those silent ancient buildings bring living economic benefits to the villagers, thus consciously strengthening the awareness of protection.

2. Open protection and design innovation.

Opening-up does not refer to the indiscriminate dismantling and innovation, but it is more appropriate to get rid of its unreasonable shoddy work and take its essence. For example, Diaojiaolou is the main architectural form of Tujia villages in western Hubei, but its way and environment are not conducive to people's lives, such as mixed people and animals, narrow windows, and a fire pit can't smoke, which needs improvement and innovation. It can retain its beautiful and multifunctional modeling style in architectural form, and introduce the design of "changing roads, changing water, changing kitchens, changing toilets, changing biogas digesters and changing gardens" in the construction of new countryside to improve internal facilities and optimize the external environment. Its building materials can also be designed as steel-mud brick-concrete materials, and then the appearance is transformed, so that the diaojiao building, the world architectural culture, can be preserved, inherited and developed, and become a unique architectural culture and characteristic symbol of Tujia villages in western Hubei.

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