How do you think we should solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers?

"Agriculture, countryside and farmers" refers to agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

Industry, living area and subject identity are trinity, but they have different emphases, so the above three issues must be considered comprehensively. As a big agricultural country, China's "three rural issues" are related to national quality, economic development, social stability and national prosperity. The independent description of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" refers to the improvement of living conditions, industrial development and social progress of most citizens in the vast rural areas who can only focus on planting and breeding production. Systematic description refers to China in 2 1 century, which formed a dual society in history. The modernization of cities, the development of secondary and tertiary industries and the affluence of urban residents were limited by the progress of rural areas, the development of agriculture and the relative backwardness of farmers' well-off. China's national economy has great development potential, and regardless of the qualitative improvement, only from the quantitative investigation, China's major economic problems depend on the breakthroughs of rural areas, agriculture and farmers.

The most serious problem is that the essence of "three rural issues" is the unsynchronized development and uncoordinated structure of urban and rural areas.

express

(A) the institutional factors of the "three rural issues". The issue of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" has always been a basic issue in China's social and economic life, which reflects various institutional reasons. There are both the implementation of legal rights that reflect national treatment and the clarity of property rights; There are obstacles in administrative power, right to know and right to development; There is also the dual system factor of urban-rural division. However, to explore the ultimate institutional reasons related to the formation of "three rural issues", the social hierarchy rooted in China's history and culture should be its priority. In fact, the dual social system essentially reflects the order of development, the number of public services and the choice of employment opportunities according to social class. As far as farmers are concerned, except for land, which can be regarded as a guaranteed source of life, there are few other social public services and welfare guarantees; On the contrary, most rural counties and townships in China have financial difficulties and too many supporting personnel, which not only threatens the public services to farmers, but also increases the burden on farmers. Therefore, it can be said that the fundamental institutional cause of the "three rural issues" is the social operation mechanism and mode influenced by social class and its concepts. The influence of the dual system has not been completely eliminated, and the rural medical care, old-age care and social security systems are still extremely imperfect, and policies are absent.

(B) the macro-economic factors of the "three rural issues".

Judging from the historical choice of industrialization development strategy, the fundamental reason for the existence of "three rural issues" lies in the fact that the national industrialization development strategy focuses on heavy industry and cities, which leads to the redistribution of national income in a direction that is not conducive to "three rural issues". Under the planned economy system, on the one hand, the government directly participates in farmers' income distribution by levying agricultural taxes, on the other hand, it stipulates lower purchase prices of agricultural products and higher supply prices of industrial products in the form of mandatory plans, and indirectly participates in farmers' income distribution through the "scissors difference" in the prices of industrial and agricultural products. After the reform and opening up, although the price distortion of industrial and agricultural products has been corrected and farmers have benefited a lot from rural system innovation, macro-control has still failed to stop and reverse the outflow of agricultural and rural resources at the level of national economic operation, and the government's policy focus is still industrialization and urbanization. According to the calculation of relevant experts, the total amount of explicit and implicit taxes provided by China's agriculture is greater than the financial input of agriculture, and agriculture is always in a state of net financial outflow.

(C) "Three rural" resources and technical factors.

From the technical aspect of resource utilization, China agriculture has always been characterized by high land productivity and low labor productivity. As a result of long-term development, "marginal return Decline" of land appears frequently, and it still relies on modern agricultural input to break the production wandering situation, which further leads to the increasing decline of marginal return. The decreasing phenomenon of marginal return makes the increase of production cost of farmers' families faster than that of production cost, thus becoming a direct factor to reduce farmers' income. Under this condition, if we do not adjust the production structure and replace the production of low-value agricultural products with the production of high-value agricultural products, the agricultural reproduction cycle will not be sustainable. The income level of farmers in China's major grain producing areas is relatively low, which is directly related to the increase in production costs and material consumption. Another result of the extensive use of modern agricultural inputs is that capital has replaced labor in agricultural production, and agricultural surplus labor has increased greatly. Some experts speculate that since the 1990s, due to the increase in the consumption rate of agricultural materials, China has reduced the use of more than 90 million laborers. According to the level of agricultural labor productivity in China in 1988, the degree of surplus labor in agriculture rose to 60%, that is, the total surplus reached 200 million people.

(D) the economic process factors of the "three rural issues".

Judging from the process of national economy, one of the factors that have a great influence on agriculture and rural economy is the change of consumption structure of urban residents in China. Although the proportion of urban residents in the total population in China has just exceeded 37%, due to the long-term urban-rural division in China, the income gap between urban and rural population is huge, about 3: 1. So in fact, only 37% of the urban population accounts for 64% of the total retail sales of consumer goods, and it is still increasing. This determines that the changes in the consumption structure of urban and rural residents will inevitably have a vital impact on the entire national economic process. The reality is that since the 1990s, the consumption structure of urban residents in China has been upgraded, and the Engel coefficient has dropped from 55% in the 1980s to below 50% in 1994, to below 40% in 2000, and further to 37.9% in 200 1. The influence of this change on agriculture, rural economy and even national economy is obvious. First of all, the slow growth of food consumption expenditure of urban residents directly affects the development of agricultural production and the increase of farmers' income. Secondly, due to the slow growth of urban residents' consumption expenditure and the weak growth of agricultural production and farmers' income, the potential domestic demand market in rural areas cannot be released. Thirdly, the upgrading of urban residents' consumption structure has triggered a change in industrial structure from light to heavy, and similar changes have taken place in rural non-agricultural industries. And this process has just begun, which will inevitably lead to the difficulty of transferring agricultural surplus labor.

Countermeasures

(A) change the concept of development, innovative development model.

In terms of guiding ideology, we should change the long-standing traditional concept of "attaching importance to cities over rural areas, attaching importance to industries over agriculture, and attaching importance to citizens over farmers", establish the overall awareness of promoting agriculture by industry, taking cities over rural areas, promoting each other and coordinating development, realize a chess game of urban and rural development, and give ideological priority to the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers. In the way of development, we should reverse the thinking inertia of solving the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers, establish the systematic concept of solving the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers with industrialized rich peasants, developing agriculture with industrialization and prospering rural areas with urbanization, and plan the development of agriculture with industrialized vision and systematic engineering methods. In terms of development strategy, we should coordinate industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, speed up the establishment and improvement of a long-term mechanism to promote agriculture through industry and bring rural areas through cities, fully implement the policy of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers, increase support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and focus on "three directions": tilt towards rural infrastructure, focus on improving rural production and living conditions, and improve the development capacity of agriculture and rural areas; Incline to rural social undertakings and strive to improve the level of rural culture, education and health protection; Incline to rural grassroots public services, straighten out the relationship between grassroots affairs and financial rights, improve the functions of grassroots governments and grassroots organizations, and strive to improve the administrative management and service level of rural grassroots organizations.

(2) Further adjust and optimize the structure,

Accelerate agricultural marketization, industrialization and standardized production. To promote the adjustment of agricultural and rural economic structure, we must take market demand as the guide, take scientific and technological innovation as the means, take quality and efficiency as the goal, and start from three levels: strategic leading industries, regional advantageous industries and local characteristic products to accelerate agricultural marketization, industrialized operation and standardized production. First, vigorously promote agricultural industrialization. Give full play to comparative advantages, do a good job in industrial layout planning, scientifically determine the development priorities of regional agricultural industries, promote the formation of industrial belts with outstanding advantages and distinctive characteristics, and make leading industries bigger and stronger; Vigorously develop deep processing of agricultural products, extend the agricultural industrial chain, and accelerate the construction of an integrated development pattern of planting, breeding, production, supply and marketing; Support and expand leading enterprises, cultivate well-known brands, guide leading enterprises and farmers to form the same interests in production, processing and sales, and enhance the market competitiveness and radiation-driven ability of leading enterprises. The second is to diversify the agricultural product sales market. It is necessary to face the domestic and foreign markets, connect with the agricultural industrial belt, speed up the construction of the rural market, vigorously develop the rural logistics industry, and raise the level of warehousing, transportation, packaging and service to a new level. Strengthen the construction of agricultural product market information service system, increase the amount of information, enhance timeliness and expand coverage. Study the demand characteristics of different countries and regions, adjust the structure of agricultural products in time, expand exports and increase income. The third is to strengthen agricultural standardization and the quality and safety of agricultural products. Without standardization, there will be no marketization. On the basis of establishing a quality and safety inspection system for agricultural products based on wholesale markets in counties, townships and rural areas, and taking the production base as the carrier, in accordance with the requirements of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety, we will strengthen the publicity of standards, increase publicity efforts, guide farmers to organize production according to standardized requirements, and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products from the source.

(3) Vigorously develop the labor service industry

Strive to broaden the channels for farmers to increase their income. To promote the sustained growth of farmers' income, we should not only do enough articles on agriculture and rural areas, but also vigorously promote the transfer of rural labor force. Based on the reality that farmers' employment channels and employment space are limited, labor export should be implemented as a major strategy, developed as an important industry to enrich the people, and promoted as the largest economic project. The key point is to actively explore new ways of mass transfer and form a new mechanism of orderly transfer. The first is to improve the degree of organization. Strengthen the construction of rural labor service organizations, establish a four-level labor export network at city, county, township and village levels, provide information, policy consultation, employment guidance, employment introduction and other services for migrant farmers, organize labor export in a planned and targeted manner, and reduce blindness. The second is to do a good job in training. Gradually reform the rural education system, vigorously develop vocational and technical education and applicable technical education, carry out labor employment training, improve the quality and skills of the labor force, and increase employment opportunities and income. The third is to create a good environment. Establish a reasonable land transfer system, clean up and abolish discriminatory regulations, unreasonable restrictions and arbitrary charges against farmers and migrant workers, solve outstanding problems such as arrears and deduction of wages for migrant workers, poor working environment and insecure labor safety, and provide convenient conditions for their children to go to school, medical care and family planning management.

(D) Correctly handle the relationship between urban development and rural development.

Accelerate industrialization and urbanization. Industrialization and urbanization are the fundamental ways to change the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas, coordinate the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, and are also important signs to measure the level of agricultural modernization. Generally speaking, the whole country has entered the development stage of promoting agriculture by industry and bringing rural areas by cities, entered a critical moment of accelerating the transformation of traditional agriculture and taking the road of agricultural modernization with China characteristics, and entered an important period of trying to break the dual structure of urban and rural areas and form a new pattern of urban and rural economic and social development integration. First of all, we should make scientific planning and rational layout. Adhere to the principle of "moderate scale, strengthen characteristics and functions", coordinate all kinds of resources in cities and towns, comprehensively deploy various constructions, coordinate the implementation of industrial, commercial, transportation, cultural, educational, housing, environmental protection and public infrastructure construction projects, improve urban functions, and enhance the ability of sustainable development. Secondly, give full play to comparative advantages and do a good job in positioning urban characteristics. Adhere to local conditions, scientifically define urban functions, pay attention to the development of characteristic leading industries, and gradually form a number of small towns with distinctive characteristics such as marketization, tourism, processing and ecology, and strong radiation-driven ability. Third, we should take projects as the carrier and strengthen infrastructure construction. Focusing on the five key points of "road, water, electricity, medicine and learning", we will increase investment and constantly improve infrastructure to create good conditions for urban residents' production and life. Fourth, adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to construction and management, and actively explore a new mechanism for the effective combination of construction and management of small towns. Through management according to law and comprehensive management, a new urban management system combining rule of law, socialization and democratization will be gradually established.

(5) Accelerate the implementation of the strategy of developing agriculture through science and education.

Continuously improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity. It is necessary to effectively shift the development of agriculture and rural economy to the track of relying mainly on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of farmers, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and continuously improve the scientific and technological content of agriculture. According to the idea of "government guidance, scientific and technological support, policy support and legal guarantee", the measures and methods to accelerate the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements were studied and discussed. Accelerate the construction of agricultural science and technology extension service system, promote the combination of Industry-University-Research, agriculture and education, improve the contract extension system of science and technology, accelerate the implementation of "agricultural science and technology household project", further promote agricultural applicable technologies such as plastic film mulching, seed engineering, pest control, water-saving irrigation and rural biogas, and accelerate the development of pollution-free agriculture, green agriculture and organic agriculture. Actively organize and integrate resources, strengthen the construction of high-tech agricultural science and technology demonstration parks, increase the development and application of agricultural high-tech, and improve the overall level of agricultural science and technology popularization and application. Stabilize and expand the ranks of agricultural scientific and technological talents, vigorously develop rural compulsory education and vocational and technical education, take various other effective ways and measures, and conduct multi-level, multi-form and multi-category applicable technical training for rural cadres and rural labor force, strive to improve their scientific and cultural quality and professional skills, and enhance their ability to apply and popularize agricultural scientific and technological achievements. It is necessary to adjust the structure of fiscal expenditure, increase investment in agricultural science and technology and farmers' education and training, and provide necessary financial guarantee for the introduction, experiment, demonstration and popularization of agricultural science and technology.