Technical measures for heating and energy saving in residential building engineering?

The energy consumption of building area consists of enclosure wall, window, roof and ground. The thermal performance of these sub-projects has a great influence on building heating energy consumption. This paper analyzes and discusses how to improve the thermal insulation performance, reduce the heat load of the system and achieve the purpose of energy saving.

1. Improve the thermal insulation performance of the envelope.

Building envelope is mainly composed of four parts: envelope wall, window, roof and ground. The thermal performance of these sub-projects has a great influence on building heating energy consumption. Improving its thermal insulation performance can greatly reduce the heat load of the system and achieve the purpose of energy saving to a great extent.

1. 1 shell insulation.

Wall enclosure is the focus of the main structure of the building, and the energy saving of enclosure mainly starts from the insulation of wall and enclosure. At present, there are three kinds of wall envelope materials widely used: new hollow brick, block and new thermal insulation and energy-saving wallboard, and their thermal conductivity is obviously lower than that of solid clay brick. With the gradual improvement of building energy-saving requirements, the thermal conductivity of a single masonry wall structure will not meet the current energy-saving requirements. For this reason, there are composite insulation walls such as external insulation, sandwich insulation and internal insulation. This kind of wall mainly takes perforated brick, multi-material block or cast-in-place concrete wallboard as load-bearing materials, and forms a composite wall with high-efficiency thermal insulation polystyrene board, glass panel or rock wool board. The thermal insulation performance of composite wall is obviously improved, which can meet the requirements of building energy saving, and the external thermal insulation composite wall has the best energy saving effect.

1.2 window insulation.

The area of windows in modern buildings is getting larger and larger, which has become the main influencing factor of building energy consumption. According to the data, its heat dissipation accounts for more than 40% of the outer envelope structure. Therefore, window energy saving is particularly important in building energy saving.

(1) It is very important to adopt a reasonable area ratio of window to wall. According to the data, when the ratio of window to wall is in the range of 20% ~ 35%, the total energy consumption in the whole year is almost the same. When the window-wall ratio exceeds 35%, the load will increase obviously with the increase of the window-wall ratio. Therefore, the ratio of window to wall should be controlled within a reasonable range to meet the actual needs of lighting, ventilation and viewing.

(2) Ensure that doors and windows have tight air tightness. The air tightness of doors and windows is mainly related to the opening form of doors and windows, which usually includes sliding windows, casement windows and fixed windows. Because the sash of sliding window is limited to orbital motion, the sash can not be in close contact with each other, and it is only sealed with loose top, which has poor air tightness and serious cold air infiltration, so it does not belong to building energy-saving windows. The casement of casement window is axially fixed, which can be in close contact with the window frame and has good air tightness, and belongs to energy-saving doors and windows. Therefore, we should eliminate the use of sliding doors and windows and vigorously promote flat doors and windows.

(3) Improve the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows. The thermal insulation performance of doors and windows mainly depends on the form of glass used in doors and windows. Generally, the glass area of windows accounts for more than 75% ~ 85% of the whole window, so reducing the thermal conductivity of glass is the key to energy saving of doors and windows. There are two common forms of door and window glass: single-layer glass and double-layer insulating glass. The heat transfer coefficient of single-layer glass is about 5.58 W/(m2 k), and that of double-layer insulating glass is about 2.72 W/(m2 k). Therefore, double-layer insulating glass doors and windows are more energy-saving and meet the requirements of energy-saving building design standards, and have been enforced in new buildings.

1.3 roof insulation and energy saving.

Roof energy-saving measures are similar to wall energy-saving, and also adopt the form of composite insulation. Because the roof is greatly influenced by the direct sunlight and the highest climate change in the building, it also plays an important role in waterproofing, so the insulation and energy saving of the roof is very important. At present, there are four forms of roof insulation: single insulation roof, external insulation roof, internal insulation roof and sandwich roof. Now most roofs are in the form of external insulation.

2. The implementation of heating charges allows users to save energy independently.

(1) For many years, heating fees in China have been charged according to the building area, and energy consumption has nothing to do with the interests of users. Users usually have no means to control energy conservation. When the room temperature is high, users will open windows to dissipate heat, resulting in high heating energy consumption. If charging by heat meter can combine users' own interests with energy-saving consumption, it will greatly change residents' concept of using heat, promote residents' energy-saving awareness and promote the effective development of energy-saving work. According to the energy-saving experience of some developed countries, 20% ~ 30% energy can be saved by adopting heating metering and charging measures. With the continuous maturity of heat metering products, the continuous improvement of technology and the continuous accumulation of experience in China, this method will be gradually popularized and adopted in China.

(2) At the same time, the payment method of heat metering is also very important to improve the energy-saving awareness of heat users. Generally, the heat metering charge adopts two-part charging method, that is, the heat charge consists of two parts: fixed heat charge and metering heat charge, in which the fixed heat charge accounts for all the heat.

30% ~ 50% of the cost. The fixed heat fee is generally calculated according to the actual area of the building, and the metering heat fee is calculated according to the heat meter. The calculation formula of heat fee is:

Where: c is the heating fee;

PS-the price of heating fee per unit area;

S-heating area;

A %- the proportion of fixed heating costs;

PQ-heating cost price per unit flow;

K- is the position correction coefficient;

Q—— Measure the heat for the heat meter.

3. Take various measures to improve heat dissipation efficiency.

3. 1 Radiator is installed in thermostatic valve for automatic heating and temperature adjustment. In the heating process, due to the change of heating load and the adjustment of heating station, the water supply temperature and flow rate often change, which will inevitably affect the indoor heating temperature, outdoor temperature and other indoor heat sources will also affect the indoor temperature. If the water circulation flow of radiator is not adjusted in time, there will be abnormal situations that the room temperature is too high or too low, which will not only affect the heating comfort, but also waste heat energy. Therefore, it is necessary to install an automatic temperature regulating device in the heating system. Radiator thermostatic valve is a widely used room temperature regulator in developed countries. It can automatically adjust the heating flow according to the change of room temperature, which can not only meet the comfortable room temperature, but also save a lot of heat energy, and the energy saving rate can reach about 20% ~ 30%.

3.2 Choose efficient and high-quality radiator.

(1) At present, there are many kinds of radiators sold in the construction market, and their quality coexist. How to choose an efficient and high-quality radiator needs to analyze the performance and effect of various radiators. High efficiency mainly refers to good heat dissipation performance, small radiator volume but high heat dissipation efficiency; From the comparison of materials, aluminum radiator and copper radiator have better heat dissipation performance, but the processing technology requirements are relatively high.

(2) High quality mainly refers to the characteristics of high compressive strength, strong corrosion resistance, fine production and beautiful appearance. Compared with materials, steel radiators have high compressive strength and can be made into various shapes, with beautiful appearance, but poor corrosion resistance and easy to be polluted and corroded. The cast iron radiator used in the past has strong corrosion resistance, but its compressive strength is low, its appearance is rough and bulky, and its production energy consumption is high. It has been listed as an obsolete product in China and is no longer produced. With the improvement of anti-corrosion and treatment measures of steel in China, the corrosion problem of steel radiator is not difficult to solve, so the market prospect of steel radiator is great. Because the combination of steel and aluminum materials and copper and aluminum can give full play to the advantages of various materials, composite radiators will become the mainstream of energy-saving radiators in the future. Steel-aluminum composite radiator is more easily accepted by consumers in terms of its processing technology and product price. 3.3 Improve the radiator grille.

3.3. 1 With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, radiators and covers have become an indispensable part of room decoration. In order to pursue beauty, many families completely close the radiator during decoration, leaving only a few radiator holes in the middle, which is not conducive to air convection and radiation heat transfer, thus greatly reducing the heating effect of the room.

3.3.2 Therefore, when manufacturing and installing the radiator, it is necessary to reduce its influence on the convective heat transfer of the radiator. Generally, we should pay attention to the following basic requirements: (1) Ensure the size ratio of air inlet and air outlet. According to the data, the clearance area of the air inlet of the heating cover with grille should not be less than the net area of air passing through the heat dissipation part, and the air outlet should be 0.9 ~ 1.3 times of the net area of air passing through the heat dissipation part. (2) Reasonably set the positions of air inlet and air outlet. The air inlet is generally located at the front lower end of the heating cover, and the air outlet should be located at the upper end of the heating cover. If the air outlet is located at the upper part of the radiator, it is beneficial to heat dissipation, but it is easy to make the heat dissipation elements accumulate dust. Long-term use will make the hot air carry various particles to pollute the wall of the air outlet, which is not conducive to improving the comfort of people's living space.

3.4 Install radiator insulation board.

(1) Radiators are usually installed on the inside of the external wall or under the window sill, generally 30 mm ~ 60 mm away from the wall. There is basically no gap between the radiator and the wall, and there is no shelter. From the point of view of heat transfer, this method is not conducive to heating and energy saving. The inner surface temperature of the indoor and external walls of a room is relatively low, while the surface temperature of the radiator is relatively high, so radiation heat transfer is bound to form between them. After the external wall absorbs heat, it will be continuously transmitted to the outside, which will inevitably cause some heat energy loss. If an insulation board is installed between the radiator and the wall, this kind of heat waste can be effectively reduced, which is a very necessary and urgent problem.

(2) Insulation board shall be made of insulation board material with small heat transfer coefficient, such as expanded polystyrene board. In addition, a layer of silver-aluminum foil paper is pasted on one side of the insulation board to reduce the radiation heat transfer of the radiator insulation board. The thickness of the insulation board is about 10mm, and the plane size is 50mm larger than the radiator on each side. The insulation board should be installed close to the wall to ensure that there is enough space between the insulation board and the radiator to enhance the convective heat transfer of the radiator.

To sum up, the vast areas of China need heating in winter, because residential and public buildings have large heating areas, poor indoor facilities, high energy consumption and great energy waste. In residential buildings, taking effective energy-saving measures will greatly reduce the loss of heating energy consumption and reach the residential energy consumption standard stipulated in the building energy-saving code.

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