When to use the past participle

Things have happened and are over. Use past participle. Past participle The past participle of regular verbs consists of the prototype of verbs plus ed, and the past participle of irregular verbs is displayed in the irregular verbs table.

Past participles belong to quasi-verbs.

1. The past participle of the transitive verb is a predicative, which has a passive relationship with the subject of the sentence, indicating the state of the subject, indicating both passivity and completion.

The cup is broken. The teacup is broken.

2. The past participle of intransitive verbs is predicative, which has an active relationship with the subject of the sentence, indicating the state of the subject and only indicating the completion of the action.

He retired. He has retired.

3. When some past participles are used as predicates, the predicates are very close to the passive structure.

Rules of past participle formation

1. Regular verbs: The rules for forming the past participle of regular verbs are the same as those for forming the past tense of regular verbs. Four-point change rule:

(1), a general verb, directly adds "ed" at the end of the word.

Work-work-work, visit-visit-visit.

(2) Verbs ending in "e" only add "d" at the end.

Live-live-live,

(3) For verbs ending in consonant +y, change "y" into "i" and add "ed".

Learning-learning-learning, crying-crying-crying,

Play-play-play, stay-stay-stay.

(4) Stress the end of the closed syllable. There is only one consonant at the end. Write the consonants twice before adding "ed".

Stop-stop-stop, drop-drop-drop.

2. For irregular verbs, see the irregular table.

First, when the past participle is used as a predicative.

The city is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The city is surrounded by mountains on three sides.

Pay attention to the difference between past participle as predicative and passive voice: past participle as predicative mainly indicates the state of subject, and passive voice indicates action.

(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. The teacup was broken by my sister yesterday.

The library is closed now. The library is closed.

Note that the past participle means passive or complete, and v-ing means active or progressive. Some verbs, such as interest, bore, worry, surprise and scare, usually use their past participles to modify people and v-ing to modify them.

(3) I am interested in books. This book is very interesting, and I am very interested in it.

Second, when the past participle is used as an attribute,

The past participle used as an attribute is equivalent to an adjective, and its logical subject is the noun it modifies. The past participle of intransitive verbs is used as an attribute, which only means completion.

1. The past participle is used as an attribute. If it is single, it is often placed before the noun it modifies.

We must adapt our thinking to the changed situation. We must adapt our thinking to the changed situation.

2. In the past, when a participle phrase was used as an attribute, it was usually placed after the noun it modified, and its meaning was equivalent to the attributive clause, but it was simpler than the clause and was mostly used in written language.

The concert given by their friends was a great success. The concert given by their friends was a great success.

3. Past participle phrases can sometimes be used as non-restrictive attributes, with commas before and after them.

The meeting attended by more than 5,000 people welcomed the great hero. They held a meeting to welcome heroes, which was attended by more than 5000 people.

The past participle used to modify people can sometimes be used to modify inhuman things. Although this past participle does not directly modify people in form, what it modifies is still directly related to people.

The boy looked up with a happy expression. The boy looked up with a satisfied expression.

Third, when the past participle is used as an adverbial.

1. The past participle as an adverbial indicates passive and complete actions.

(1) written in a hurry, this article is not very well written! This article is not very good because it was written in a hurry.

Note that written is an adverbial of the past participle, which means that this article has been written and has been written. It is worth noting that some past participles are not passive but active when used as adverbials. Such past participles and phrases are common: lost to sit down; Hide (hide); Stationed (stationed); Lost/preoccupied; Born (born in); Dress; Bored (bored)

Deep in thought, he didn't hear the sound. Because he was absorbed in thinking, he didn't hear the sound.

2. In the past, when a participle was used as an adverbial, its logical subject was the subject of the main sentence. People should be consistent at this time.

Give me another hour and I can work out the problem, too.

Give me another hour, and I can solve this problem.

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks more beautiful to us.

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. (seen is an adverbial of the past participle, meaning "watch". From the context, its logical subject must be the city, not "we", because "we" should take the initiative to look at the city. )

Note that if the logical subject is added as an adverbial before the past participle, the subject of the main sentence is no longer the logical subject of the participle, and this past participle structure with logical subject actually belongs to the absolute construction.

After the (1) signal was given, the car started. As soon as the signal was given, the car started. (The signal is the logical subject of given, so the subject bus of the main clause is not the logical subject of given.

She walked past with her head held high. She walked past here with her head held high. Her head is a logical subject held high, so she is no longer a logical subject held high. )

3. The past participle as adverbial comes from adverbial clause.

Caught in a heavy rain, he was soaked to the skin. He was soaked to the skin because he was caught in a heavy rain. (catched in a heavy rain is the reason adverbial of the past participle phrase, which comes from the adverbial clause of reason because he was caught in a heavy rain. )

These seeds can grow quickly in fertile soil. If planted in fertile soil, these seeds will grow quickly. (Grow in rich soil is a conditional adverbial of the past participle, which comes from the conditional adverbial clause if these seeds grow in fertile soil.

Note that when adverbial clauses are changed into past participles as adverbials, sometimes conjunctions can be retained and the structure of "conjunctions+past participles" can be formed as adverbials.

When giving a physical examination, keep calm during the physical examination.

4. The position of past participle as adverbial. The past participle can be placed before the main sentence as an adverbial at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a comma separated from the main sentence; It can also be placed after the main sentence and preceded by a comma.

He sat there quietly and was moved to tears. He was moved to tears and stood there silently. He stood there quietly, moved to tears.

Fourth, when the past participle is used as the object complement.

(1) There are four types of verbs that can take past participles as object complements:

1. Verbs that express feelings or psychological states, such as: look, look, observe, look, listen, listen, feel, pay attention, think, etc.

I heard this song was sung in English. I heard someone sing this song in English. )

_ He found that great changes had taken place in his hometown. He found that his hometown had changed a lot.

2. Verbs that express the meaning of "causing", such as: having, making, getting, staying, leaving, etc.

I'm going to have my hair cut tomorrow.

He pulled out a tooth yesterday. He pulled out a tooth yesterday.

Don't give up halfway Finish these things.

3. Verbs expressing thinking activities such as considering, knowing and thinking. For example:

I think this matter has been settled. I think this matter has been settled.

I think I was fooled in this transaction.

4. Show love and hate? 1? After verbs expressing will such as want, hope, like, hate, etc. For example:

I'd like to reserve two tickets. I want to book two air tickets.

He didn't want it to be mentioned.

Note that the action represented by the past participle must have a logical verb-object relationship with the object.

(2) There are two situations in which the causative verb have is followed by the past participle as the object complement.

1. The action indicated by the past participle was completed by others.

His money was stolen. His money was stolen.

The action represented by the past participle is what the subject experienced in the sentence, for example, his leg was broken.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) "with+ object+past participle" structure

In this structure, the past participle is used as the object complement of the preposition with. This structure is usually used as an adverbial of time, way, condition, reason, etc.

The murderer was brought in with his hands tied behind his back. The murderer was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.

As water is heated, we can see steam. Once water is heated, we will see water vapor.

We all went home after the problem was solved. The matter was settled, and we all went home. (Table reason)

_ She stood in front of him, her eyes fixed on his face. She stood in front of him, her eyes fixed on him.

He paused for a moment, his hand still up. He still stood for a while with his hands up.