Zhao Zhouqiao in ancient China was an arch bridge. Which other bridges are arch bridges?

The arch bridge is beautiful in shape, rounded in curve and dynamic. Single arch, such as Yudai Bridge in Beijing Summer Palace, has parabolic arch, the bridge body is white marble, and the bridge shape is like a rainbow and waves. Multi-hole arch bridge is suitable for wide water surface with large span, mostly with three holes, five holes and seven holes. The famous 17-hole bridge in the Summer Palace is about 150 meters long and 6.6 meters wide, connecting Nanhu Island, enriching the level of Kunming Lake and becoming the opposite landscape of Wanshou Mountain. The "open-shouldered arch" in Zhao Zhouqiao, Hebei Province was initiated by China and imitated by many gardens, such as Suzhou East Garden.

Classification: ① According to arch ring (rib) structural materials, there are stone arch bridges (see stone bridges), steel arch bridges and concrete arch bridges.

Reinforced concrete arch bridge. ② According to the static diagram of arch ring (rib), there are hinged arch, double hinged arch and triple hinged arch (see arch). The first two are statically indeterminate structures, and the latter is statically indeterminate structures. Both ends of the arch ring of the hinged arch are fixed on the abutment (pier), so the structure has the greatest rigidity and less deformation, which is more economical than the hinged arch. However, factors such as abutment displacement, temperature change or concrete shrinkage will adversely affect the stress of arch, so the construction of articulated arch bridge needs a solid foundation. The double hinged arch is provided with rotatable hinge supports at both ends of the arch ring, and the hinge supports allow the two ends of the arch ring to rotate a little. Although the structure is not as rigid as hinged arch, it can weaken the adverse effects of abutment displacement and other factors. Three-hinged arch is to add another hinge to the double-hinged arch, which makes the structural stiffness worse, but it can avoid the adverse effects of various factors on the stress of the arch ring. Most steel arch bridges are in the form of through or half-through double hinged arches. Hingeless arch must have a solid foundation, so its application range is limited. At present, among the eight steel arch bridges with a span of more than 300 meters in the world, only one is an articulated box rib arch bridge, that is, the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge over Niagara Falls in the United States, which was built in 1962 with an arch span of 304.8 meters. Three-hinged arch is only used for steel arch bridges with small span because its hinged arch and the turning point during deformation are not conducive to high-speed traffic, and the top hinge structure is complex and inconvenient to maintain. The arch ribs of steel arch bridges can generally be made into truss, box or plate girder, which are called truss arch, box arch and plate arch respectively. As early as 1874, the United States built the first steel arch bridge, that is, the St. Louis Bridge across the Mississippi River (see the history of bridge engineering development). 193 1 The Bayon Bridge with a span of 503.6 meters was built in the United States, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge with a span of 503 meters was built in Australia in 1932, both of which were double-hinged truss arches. After World War II, the bolt welded structure (the structure connecting welded members with high-strength bolts) gradually got the arch bridge.

Box-section structure has been widely used and developed. Arch bridge is no exception. For example, Adomi Bridge built in Ghana 1956 is a through crescent-shaped double-hinged truss arch bridge with an arch span of 245 meters. The chords of the arch are connected by longitudinal high-strength bolts. 1967 The ZDakov Bridge built in Czechoslovakia is a double hinged steel box arch bridge with an arch span of 330 meters. Two box-shaped arch ribs are supported on a reinforced concrete abutment extending 26 meters. Another famous arch bridge is Askrofjord (Asker? Fjord) bridge The arch ribs and columns on the bridge arch are tubular sections. The arch rib is a circular tube with a diameter of 3.8 meters welded in the factory and riveted in the construction site. The columns on the arch are seamless steel pipes with a diameter of 0.32 ~ 0.75 meters. Because the bridge is located at the mouth of the bay and the wind speed is as high as 150 km/h, the wind load can be reduced by adopting the tubular structure. This bridge is only 9 meters wide. In order to ensure the lateral stability of the structure, a wind tunnel model test was carried out to determine the reasonable wind load. The approach bridge at both ends adopts reinforced concrete pipe column structure, which is quite beautiful for the coordination and unity of the whole bridge. Unfortunately, this bridge was damaged by a cargo ship in the fog in the early morning of June 1980+ 10/8. At present, the steel arch bridge with the largest span in the world is the New River Canyon Bridge in the United States, which was built in 1977. The arch span is 518.2m and the total length is 92 1 m. The bridge deck is 267 meters away from the bottom of the canyon, and the bridge deck is a four-lane expressway. It is a through double hinged steel truss arch bridge. Concrete arch bridge is an arch ring built with concrete instead of stone, and its structural form is similar to stone arch bridge. arch bridge

Reinforced concrete arch bridges Reinforced concrete arch bridges are usually hinged, and only double-hinged or triple-hinged arches are used for small spans, mostly through or through. Because of the plasticity of concrete material, it is easier to shape and decorate than steel arch bridges, and can be used to build arch bridges of various shapes, such as multi-span elevated canyon arch bridges and arch bridges with different curves (arc, ellipse, parabola, catenary, etc.). ), as well as the leaf arch and truss arch which are separated from the traditional stone arch bridge. In the first half of the 20th century, the construction method of reinforced concrete arch bridge was changed from expensive cast-in-place arch rib with floor support to more economical cast-in-place arch rib with wood or steel arch frame, which not only saved the construction cost, but also opened up the application scope for crossing the wide deep river canyon, making the span record reach 264 meters. From 1950s to 1970s, due to the successful construction methods of cantilever assembly and cantilever pouring, the long-span reinforced concrete arch bridge was further developed. For example, in 1964, the Glades weir bridge in Sydney Harbour with an arch span of 304.8m was built, and the four box-shaped arch ribs and the structures above the arch (columns, beams and longitudinal beams) were all prefabricated arch bridges.

Assembly of components; 1966, Yugoslavia built the Xi Benic Bridge with a span of 246.3m by cantilever casting. At present, the reinforced concrete arch bridge with the largest span in the world is the Yugoslav Kerk Bridge with an arch span of 390 meters, which was built in 1980. It is a through hinged arch bridge with single box and three rooms. There are 17 oil pipelines, water pipelines and industrial pipelines under the bridge deck, which are constructed by prefabricated components and cantilever assembly.

Edit this section of China Arch Bridge.

China arch bridge has a long history. In ancient bridges, arch bridges were used.

Stone arch bridge is the main bridge type. There are still various stone arch bridges in valleys, hills, plains and water networks. Since 1950s, China's industry has developed rapidly, and so have arch bridges with different materials and systems. In the construction of railway arch bridge, a single-track deck reinforced concrete ribbed arch bridge of the Yellow River in Donggang Town of Baolan Line was built at 1956, with an arch span of 3 holes and 53 meters. 1959, Danhe through reinforced concrete arch bridge on Zhan (Dian) East (Guan) line was completed, and the arch span was increased to 88 meters, both of which were two I-section arch ribs. At present, the largest span reinforced concrete railway arch bridge in China is Yongding River No.7 Bridge on Feng (Tai)-Sha (Cheng) line, which was built at 1966. It is a single-line half-through bridge with arch span150m and box-shaped arch rib. It is assembled by steel arch frame. In the construction of expressways and urban bridges, such as Xiangtan Bridge in Xiangtan City, it was built in 1959. It is an 8-hole 60-meter deck arch bridge with 6 I-shaped ribs, with a bridge height of 1.6 m and a bridge width of 2 1 m. Since the 1970s, the arch bridge has developed to a larger span, mainly using precast reinforced concrete arch bridges, such as A?vagho?a River Bridge in Yibin, Sichuan, with an arch span of 150 m, that is, At present, the reinforced concrete box arch bridge with the longest span on China highway is Baoding Bridge at Sichuan Ferry, which is built at 1982 and spans170m (Figure 3). The steel box arch bridge at Sichuan Ferry is Jinshajiang Bridge, which is built at 1966 and spans180m.  Ferry Truss Arch Bridge was built at 1969 with a span of180m. In 1960s, in order to meet the requirements of developing agriculture in rural areas, a double-curved arch bridge was built with simple machines and tools. The main characteristics of this bridge type are: the arch ring is segmented and the corrugated arch rib section is adopted, because of its simple structure.

, easy to manufacture, convenient to install, lightweight, has been widely used in highways and urban bridges. For example, Xiangjiang Bridge in Changsha, Hunan Province, built in 1972, is a reinforced concrete hyperbolic arch bridge with 8 holes and 76 meters. With the progress of bridge construction technology, the improvement of construction machines and tools, and the improvement of hoisting capacity, in order to obtain better integrity of assembled components, it will inevitably develop into larger assembled units. Therefore, from the end of 1970s to the present, the long-span arch bridge in China is mainly reinforced concrete box arch, while the truss arch bridge in the middle and small-span arch bridge is quite developed. Truss arch bridge is a truss structure composed of arch superstructure and arch ribs, with a common span of 20 ~ 50 meters. At present, the reinforced concrete truss arch bridge has reached 60 meters, such as the Midu Bridge in the suburbs of Suzhou. The maximum span of prestressed concrete truss arch bridge reaches 150m, such as Jianhe Highway Bridge in Guizhou, which was built in 1985, and the prestressed concrete truss arch bridge has cantilever.

Edit this famous arch bridge in China.

The Zhaozhou Bridge

The earliest and best-preserved bridge in China is Anji Bridge in Zhaozhou of Sui Dynasty, also known as Zhao Zhouqiao. The bridge is an open circular stone arch with 28 arches juxtaposed, with a clear span of 37.02 meters, a rise of 7.23 meters and a total width of 9 meters. The thickness of the main arch coupon is 1.03m, and the main arch coupon is provided with an arch protector. On both sides of the main arch ticket, two small arches with a clear distance of 3.8 meters and 2.85 meters are opened respectively to drain water from the arches and reduce their own weight. The bridge deck is curved, with horizontal bars and columns, and dragons and beasts are carved. The history of the bridge was built in the 15th year of the Sui Dynasty (AD 595) and completed in the first year of the Sui Dynasty (AD 605), with a history of 1387 years. Anji Bridge is well-made, novel in structure, well-proportioned and beautiful in shape, carefully carved and vivid, which has been valued and protected by all dynasties. Due to the different nature of the north and south rivers and the different land transportation, the reconstruction of the stone archway in China is also different. Bridges in the north are mostly flat bridges (or flat slope bridges) with thick piers and thick arches. The southern water network area is a hump-type thin pier and thin arch. Lugou Bridge

Lugou Bridge

Beijing Wanping Lugou Bridge is 30 miles outside Guang 'anmen in Beijing, across Yongding River. The bridge was built in the 28th year of Jin Dading (A.D. 1 188) and completed in Yu Jinming for three years (A.D. 1 192). The total length of the bridge is 212.2m, with * * 1 1 holes. The net span ranges from1/0/.4m to13.45m, and the bridge width is 9.3m. The pier width ranges from 6.5m to 7.5m.. The arched coupon is almost semicircular. The water front surface of the pier has a diversion tip with a triangular iron column at the tip, and the back surface is chamfered into a square. There are ***269 stone railings on the bridge deck, and stone lions are carved on each pillar. The original objects in the Jin dynasty were simple and unified, and changed throughout the dynasties. Stone lions are well-made, with different shapes, and there are many little lions, which are full of fun and comfort. The stone lion on the bridge and the stone lion on the huabiao column become the focus of appreciation, which is the concrete application of the aesthetic principle of unified change. Lugouqiao has long been listed as a national cultural relics protection unit. Qiao Feng

Qiao Feng

In the water network areas along Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the south, the cycle is dominated. Tidal rivers, soft soil foundation, so even stone arch bridges are built as thin piers and arches as possible. The number of bridge holes varies from single hole to 85 holes (Hongqiao in Wujiang, Jiangsu has collapsed, leaving 8 holes). The minimum arch thickness of thin arch is only 1/66.7 of the arch span, while the average arch thickness is about 1/20. The existing Maple Bridge (built in Qing Dynasty) in a night-mooring near maple bridge, a famous poem of Tang Zhangji, is also a thin arch. Thin pier is thin, and two adjacent arches are connected, especially the three-arch thin pier bridge, which has a large middle hole and a small side hole, and both sides step on the bridge. The bridge has a hump shape and a beautiful appearance. For example, the Chen Gong Bridge in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province was built in the fourth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 163 1) and rebuilt in the eleventh year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1885). The clear distance of the middle hole is 15.8m, and the clear distances of the holes on both sides are 1 1.9m respectively. The arch coupon stone is 30cm thick, which is 1/52.7 and 1/39.7 of the arch span. The thickness of the middle pier is about 1m, which is115.8. The longest existing multi-arch with porous thin arch and thin pier is baodai bridge, Suzhou, Jiangsu.

baodai bridge

Baodai bridge was built in the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt many times. There are 53 bridges, with a total length of 316.8m, with 3 holes raised in the middle for ships to pass, and a bridge width of 4. 1 m.. There are stone lions, stone pavilions and stone pagodas at the bridge head.

Five pavilion bridge

Stone arch bridge is also very common in Chinese classical gardens. It not only plays a leading role in traffic, but also organically combines with landscape, either as the main scene or as the background. For example, the Slender West Lake in Yangzhou is a masterpiece. This bridge is also the only existing "Wu Ting Bridge" in China. Five pavilion bridge

Rainbow bridge

The wooden arch bridge in China began in Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Zhang Zeduan painted a wooden arch bridge across Bianshui at the highest point of the picture, named Hongqiao. In order to transport water, there are no piers in the water. The bridge adopts the "Tongmu" bridge invented by a single soldier in the Song Dynasty (A.D. 1032- 1033), that is, big trees are interspersed and stacked into wooden arches. The span of Hongqiao is about18.5m, the arch vector is about 4.2m, and the total width of the bridge deck is 9.6m.. The bridge was destroyed in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and has been regarded as a swan song for hundreds of years. In recent ten years, it has been found that with the southward migration of the Northern Song Dynasty, there are dozens of ancient wooden arch bridges in the mountainous areas of Zhejiang and Fujian, which are similar in structure to Hongqiao and have been improved, and the span of the bridge has increased to about 35 meters. For example, Zhejiang Yunhe Meichong Bridge was built in the seventh year of Jiaqing (AD 1802). Another example is the Sixi Dong Xi Bridge in Taishun County, Zhejiang Province. The bridge is 4 1.7m long, 25.7m long, 5.85m high and 4.86m wide ... There are beautiful corridors on the bridge. In order to protect the wood, both sides are nailed with hemp fiber board. The bridge was built in the fourth year of the Dragon (AD 1570). Ye Shuyang Bridge in Taishun County has existed for 5 1 1 year. Hongqiao and other wooden arch structures are original in China, and there are other unique bamboo arch bridges which are different from similar bridges in the world.

Seventeen-arch bridge

Seventeen-hole bridge is in the Summer Palace. This bridge has seventeen arches. This bridge is modeled after the Lugou Bridge.

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