The flow of international trade

There are usually ten processes in international trade: quotation, ordering, payment method, stocking, packaging, customs clearance, shipment, transportation insurance, bill of lading and settlement of foreign exchange.

1. quotation:

In international trade, the inquiry and quotation of products are generally the beginning of trade. Among them, the quotation of export products mainly includes: product quality grade, product specification and model, whether the product has special packaging requirements, quantity of purchased products, delivery time requirements, product transportation mode, product material and so on.

Commonly used quotations are: fob, cnf, cif and other forms.

2. Order:

After the two parties to the transaction reach an agreement on the quotation, the buyer's enterprise formally places an order and negotiates with the seller's enterprise on some related matters. After both parties agree, they need to sign a purchase contract.

In the process of signing the purchase contract, we mainly discuss the commodity name, specification, quantity, price, packaging, place of origin, date of shipment, payment terms, settlement method, claim and arbitration, and write the agreement reached after negotiation into the purchase contract. This marks the official start of export business.

Usually, the purchase contract is signed in duplicate, and it takes effect after both parties affix the official seal of our company, and each party holds one copy. ?

3. Payment method:

There are three commonly used payment methods in the world, namely, letter of credit payment, tt payment and direct payment.

4. Stocking:

Stocking plays an important role in the whole trade process and must be carried out in accordance with the contract item by item. The main contents of inventory inspection are as follows:

The quality and specifications of the goods should be verified according to the requirements of the contract.

Quantity of goods: guarantee to meet the requirements of the contract or letter of credit for quantity. ?

Lead time: it should comply with the provisions of the letter of credit and be combined with the shipping date to facilitate the connection between the ship and the goods. ?

5. Packaging:

You can choose the packing form (such as cartons, wooden cases, woven bags, etc.). ) according to the different commodities. Different packaging forms have different packaging requirements. ?

General export packaging standard: packaging according to the general standard of trade export.

Special export packaging standard: packaging export goods according to customers' special requirements.

Packaging and marking (marking and number) of the goods: It should be carefully checked and verified to make it conform to the provisions of the letter of credit. ?

6. Customs clearance procedures:

Customs clearance procedures are extremely cumbersome and important. If you can't clear the customs smoothly, you can't complete the transaction. ?

Export commodities subject to statutory inspection must have export commodity inspection certificates. ?

At present, China's import and export commodity inspection mainly has four links:

Accept inspection: inspection means that foreign trade applies to the commodity inspection authorities for inspection. ?

Sampling: After accepting the application for inspection, the commodity inspection authorities will send people to the place where the goods are stored for on-site inspection and appraisal. ?

Inspection: After accepting the inspection application, the commodity inspection authorities will carefully study the declared inspection items and determine the inspection contents. And carefully review the terms of quality, specifications and packaging in the contract (letter of credit), find out the inspection basis and determine the inspection standards and methods. (Inspection methods include sampling inspection and instrument analysis inspection; Physical examination; Sensory test; Microbiological examination, etc. )?

Certification: In export, all export commodities listed in the Category List will be issued with a release form after passing the inspection by the commodity inspection authorities (or the "export goods declaration form" will be stamped with a release stamp instead of a release form). ?

Professionals with customs clearance certificates must go through customs clearance procedures with boxes, invoices, customs declaration power of attorney, export settlement verification form, copy of export goods contract, export commodity inspection certificate and other texts.

Packing list is the packaging details of export products provided by exporters.

Invoice is the export product certificate provided by the exporter.

The power of attorney for customs declaration is a certificate that a unit or individual without customs declaration ability entrusts a customs declaration agent to declare.

The verification form of export proceeds is applied by the exporter to the foreign exchange bureau, which refers to the certificate that the exporter obtains the export tax rebate.

The commodity inspection certificate is obtained after passing the inspection by the entry-exit inspection and quarantine department or its designated inspection agency, and it is the general name of inspection certificates, appraisal certificates and other certificates of various import and export commodities.

It is an effective certificate with legal basis for all parties concerned in foreign trade to fulfill their contractual obligations, handle claims disputes, negotiate arbitration and provide evidence in litigation. It is also a necessary proof of customs clearance, tariff collection and tariff reduction and exemption. ?

7. shipment:

In the process of loading goods, the loading method can be determined according to the quantity of goods, and insurance can be carried out according to the types of insurance stipulated in the purchase contract. When assembling containers, freight is generally calculated according to the volume and weight of exported goods. ?

8. Transportation insurance:

Usually, when signing the purchase contract, both parties have already agreed on transportation insurance in advance. Common insurances include marine cargo transportation insurance, land transportation insurance and air postal cargo transportation insurance. Among them, the risks covered by marine cargo insurance clauses are divided into basic risks and additional risks:

There are three basic risks: FPA, WPA and All Risks.

The coverage of FPA includes: total loss of goods caused by natural disasters at sea; Total loss of goods during loading, unloading and transshipment; Sacrifice, contribution and salvage expenses in general average; Total loss and partial loss of goods caused by collision, collision, flood and explosion of transport ships.

W. W. P.A. insurance is one of the basic risks of marine insurance. According to the insurance clauses of People's Insurance Company of China, its liability scope includes not only the risks listed in FPA, but also the risks of natural disasters such as bad weather, thunder and lightning, tsunami and flood. The coverage of all risks is equivalent to the sum of W.P.A. and general additional risks. ?

Additional risks. There are two kinds of additional risks: general additional risks and special additional risks. General additional risks include theft, tpnd, fresh water rain, theft, leakage, breakage, hook damage, mixed pollution, package breakage, mildew, damp heat and peculiar smell. Special additional risks include war risks and strike risks. ?

9. Bill of Lading:

The bill of lading is a document signed by the shipping company for the importer to pick up the goods and settle the foreign exchange after the exporter goes through the formalities of export declaration and customs clearance. ?

The signed bill of lading is issued according to the number of copies required by the letter of credit, usually three copies. The exporter keeps two copies for tax refund and other businesses, and one copy is sent to the importer for delivery and other procedures. ?

When the goods are shipped by sea, the importer must take delivery with the original bill of lading, packing list and invoice. The exporter shall send the original bill of lading, packing list and invoice to the importer. )?

If the goods are transported by air, you can directly fax the bill of lading, packing list and invoice to pick up the goods. ?

10, foreign exchange settlement:

After the export goods are loaded, the import and export company shall correctly prepare documents (such as packing list, invoice, bill of lading, export certificate of origin, export settlement, etc.) in accordance with the provisions of the letter of credit. Submit to the bank for negotiation and settlement of foreign exchange within the validity period of presentation stipulated in the letter of credit.

Extended data

In recent years, with the continuous development of commodity classification in China Customs, the concept of commodity classification is becoming more and more mature, and the management mode is constantly improving. On the basis of summing up the work results, the customs has also made great adjustments to the classification system and rules and regulations.

For example, according to Order No.80 of the General Administration of Customs, the binding pre-classification system, the announcement system of commodity classification decision and the declaration system of import and export commodities have been implemented for the counterpart, and the implementation of these systems has brought great influence on the management of the counterpart's obligations and legal responsibilities and the relevant work of the customs.

In order to ensure the justice, transparency and unity of customs enforcement and further provide convenient customs clearance services for taxpayers, it is necessary to formulate classification management regulations, reorganize and locate the relationship between various systems, and design a reasonable and standardized classification management system.

Clarify the level of various customs classification activities, and then realize the openness and transparency of classification basis, ensure the unity of customs enforcement, promote rapid customs clearance at ports, prevent illegal acts and reduce administrative disputes.

Therefore, the promulgation of "Regulations on Classification Management" is based on summarizing the implementation experience of the above-mentioned customs commodity classification system, systematically clarifying the legal status of the classification system, making up for the defects of some commodity classification systems in laws and regulations, and further improving the legal level of the existing classification system.

China. com-General Administration of Customs Interprets Regulations on Customs Classification of Import and Export Goods.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Export Process