Introduce Lijiang?

World Cultural Heritage-Old Town of Lijiang

Lijiang, an ancient city, skillfully combines economic and strategic importance with rugged terrain, and truly and perfectly preserves and reproduces the quaint features. The architecture of the ancient city has experienced the baptism and vicissitudes of countless dynasties, and is famous for integrating the cultural characteristics of various ethnic groups. Lijiang also has an ancient water supply system, criss-crossing, exquisite and unique, which still plays an effective role today.

◎ Overview

Old Town of Lijiang, located in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, southwest of China, was founded in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty (1late 3rd century). The ancient city is located in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with an altitude of more than 2,400 meters and an area of 3.8 square kilometers. It has been a famous market and important town since ancient times. There are more than 6,200 households and more than 25,000 people in the ancient city. Among them, Naxi people account for the vast majority of the total population, and 30% of the residents are still engaged in traditional handicrafts and commercial activities, mainly producing bronzes and silverware, fur and leather, textiles and wine making.

Picturesque Black Dragon Tan

The streets of Old Town of Lijiang are built by mountains and rivers, and paved with red breccia, which will not be muddy in rainy season or flying dust in dry season. Stone patterns are natural and elegant, which complement the whole urban environment. Sifang street, located in the center of the ancient city, is the representative of Lijiang ancient street.

On the Yu He River system in Old Town of Lijiang, 354 bridges have been built, with an average density of 93 bridges per square kilometer. Bridges have various shapes, among which the famous ones are Suocui Bridge, Dashiqiao Bridge, Wanqian Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Ma 'an Bridge and Renshou Bridge, all of which were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (14 ~19th century). Among them, Dashiqiao, located at 100 meters east of Sifang Street, is the most distinctive.

The shogunate in the ancient city was originally the hereditary chieftain shogunate in Lijiang. Founded in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 ~ 1368), it was rebuilt in 1998 and changed into an ancient city museum. The wooden house covers an area of 46 mu, with 162 rooms. There are eleven plaques inscribed by emperors in past dynasties, which reflect the history of the rise and fall of the Mu family.

The Wufeng Pagoda, located in Guo Fu Temple, was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 160 1) and is 20 meters high. Because its architectural modeling resembles the colorful phoenix with five flying wings, it is named "Wufeng Tower", with many exquisite patterns painted on the roof. Wufeng Pagoda is a rare treasure and a typical example of ancient architecture in China, which combines the architectural styles of Han, Tibetan and Naxi.

Baisha residential complex is located 8 kilometers north of Old Town of Lijiang. It was once the political, economic and cultural center of Lijiang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (10 ~14th century). Baisha dwellings are distributed on a north-south axis, with a trapezoidal square in the middle. A spring water is introduced into the square from the north, and four alleys lead from the square to four directions, which is very distinctive. The formation and development of Baisha folk houses laid the foundation for the layout of Old Town of Lijiang.

Shuhe residential complex, located 4 kilometers northwest of Old Town of Lijiang, is a small market around Old Town of Lijiang. The residential buildings in the complex are patchwork, and the layout is similar to Sifang Street in Old Town of Lijiang. Qinglong river passes through the center of the building complex, and the Qinglong Bridge built in Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644) crosses it. Qinglong Bridge is the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang.

Old Town of Lijiang has a long history and is simple and natural. The urban layout is patchy, with both mountain city style and water town charm. Lijiang folk houses not only combine the essence of Han, Bai, Yi and Tibetan nationalities, but also have the unique style of Naxi nationality, which is a rare and important heritage for studying the architectural history and cultural history of China. Old Town of Lijiang is rich in traditional national culture, which embodies the prosperity and development of Naxi nationality. It is an important historical material for studying the development of human culture.

Lijiang Laojun Mountain "99 Longtan" scenic spot,

There are many natural lakes in the mountains and forests.

◎ Reasons for listing in the World Heritage List

Old Town of Lijiang is a famous historical and cultural city with high comprehensive value and overall value, which embodies the local history and culture, national customs and habits, and embodies the essential characteristics of social progress at that time. The flowing urban space, vibrant water system, unified architectural groups, residential buildings with appropriate scale, friendly and pleasant space environment and unique national art content make it different from other historical and cultural cities in China. The precious characteristics of ancient urban construction, such as respecting nature, stressing practical results, frankness and compatibility, reflect the unique human creative spirit and progressive significance of urban architecture under specific historical conditions. Old Town of Lijiang is a traditional settlement of ethnic minorities with great significance. Its existence provides valuable information for studying the history of human urban construction and the history of human national development. It is a precious cultural heritage, a treasure of China and even the world, which accords with the reason for joining the World Heritage List.

(A) Old Town of Lijiang's position in the famous city of China

Old Town of Lijiang has a long history, is simple and natural, and has the features of a water town and a mountain city. As a minority city with a long history, it has its own unique Naxi style from the overall layout of the city to the engineering buildings. From 65438 to 0986, China government listed it as a national historical and cultural city, and determined Old Town of Lijiang's status as a famous city in China.

(B) Old Town of Lijiang fully embodies the achievements of China's ancient urban construction.

Old Town of Lijiang is different from any imperial city in China, and is not influenced by the replication of the Central Plains city "with nine miles on the side, three gates on the side, nine latitudes in the middle and nine tracks in the road". There is no road network or tight fence in the city. The three mountains in the layout of the ancient city are connected by a screen and a river. Three rivers pass through the city, and every household flows in the utilization of water system; The setting of "meridians" and the style of "curve, seclusion, narrowness and vividness" in street layout; The architectural design art by mountains and rivers is extremely rare in the existing ancient city of China, which is the result of re-creation by Naxi ancestors according to national traditions and environment.

Naxi architecture in Old Town of Lijiang

(3) Old Town of Lijiang folk houses are one of the types of China folk houses, with distinctive features and styles.

Towns and buildings themselves are materialized forms of social life. Compared with the government, temples and halls, residential buildings can better reflect the economic culture, customs and religious beliefs of a nation and a region. In terms of layout, structure and modeling, according to their own specific conditions and traditional living habits, Old Town of Lijiang residential buildings organically combine the excellent traditions of ancient buildings in the Central Plains and Bai and Tibetan residential buildings, and make bold innovations in building earthquake resistance, shading, rainproof, ventilation and decoration, forming a unique style. Its distinctive feature is that there is no unified body, and it clearly shows the creativity of relying on mountains and rivers, learning from poverty, hiding cleverness from fools and being natural and simple. Lijiang folk houses are a rare and important heritage for studying the architectural history and cultural history of China.

Carved with the uniqueness of Naxi.

Dongba hieroglyphics woodcut

(4) Old Town of Lijiang is an organic unity of natural beauty and artificial beauty, art and practical economy.

Old Town of Lijiang is a model of a well-preserved ancient city. Relying on the three mountains, the ancient city and nature are organically integrated. There are rows of tile houses in the ancient city, surrounded by verdant green hills, closely surrounding the closely connected ancient city. The houses in the city are simple and vivid in modeling and exquisite and elegant in decoration, which is the crystallization of Naxi culture and technology. The art contained in the ancient city comes from the Naxi people's profound understanding of life and embodies the wisdom of the people. It is the product of the exchange and integration of local national culture and technology and an important part of the precious architectural heritage of the Chinese nation.

(5) Old Town of Lijiang is rich in national traditional culture, which embodies the prosperity and development of Naxi nationality and is an important historical material for studying the development of human culture.

After more than 800 years of prosperity, Old Town of Lijiang has gradually become the economic and cultural center of northwest Yunnan, providing good environmental conditions for the development of national culture. The Naxi people living here have created splendid national culture together with other ethnic minorities. No matter the streets, squares, archways, water systems, bridges, residential decorations, courtyard sketches, sills and stone tablets in the ancient city, they are permeated with the cultural literacy and aesthetic taste of the Naxi people, fully embodying the cultural connotation, artistic conception and charm of local ethnic religions, aesthetics, literature and other aspects, and showing the profound and rich contents of history and culture. In particular, Dongba culture, white sand murals and other traditional cultures and arts with rich connotations have left a brilliant chapter for the history of human civilization.

Folk artists play the world-famous Naxi ancient music.

(6) About the authenticity of Old Town of Lijiang.

Old Town of Lijiang has well preserved its ancient features from the overall layout of towns to the forms of residential buildings, as well as building materials, craft decoration, building technology and environment. First of all, roads and water systems remain intact, and Wuhuashi pavement, stone arch bridge, wooden bridge and Sifang Street commercial plaza are all preserved. Traditional techniques and materials are still being used to repair and build residential buildings. The style of the ancient city has been protected by the local government to the maximum extent, and all construction activities are controlled and guided by the rock lattice. Old Town of Lijiang has always been created by the people, and wells will continue to be created. As a residential area, the appendages or "new buildings" that deviate from the original form and structure of the ancient city are being gradually demolished or rectified to ensure that the artistic or historical value of the ancient city itself can be fully developed.

The above-mentioned Old Town of Lijiang is a famous historical and cultural city with comprehensive value and overall value. Only by being included in the world cultural heritage list for protection can it be circulated for a long time and give full play to its world significance.

cultural heritage

1, ancient street

Lijiang Street is built according to the mountain, along with the water flow, paved with red breccia (Wuhuashi), which is not muddy in rainy season and does not fly ash in dry season. The pattern on the stone is natural and elegant, with delicate texture, which complements the whole urban environment.

Sifang street is the representative of Lijiang ancient street, which is located in the core of the ancient city. It is not only the center of Dayan ancient city, but also the market and commercial center of northwest Yunnan. Sifang Street is a trapezoidal Little Square with an area of about 100 square meter, paved with five flowers and five stones, and there are rows of shops on both sides of the street. The commanding height on the west side is Gong Ke Square, a three-story gatehouse with unique style. There is Xihe River in the west and Zhonghe River in the east. There is a movable gate on the Xihe River, and the height difference between the Xihe River and the Zhonghe River can be used to flush the street.

Four main streets extend from the four corners of Sifang Street: Guangyi Street, Qiyi Street, Wuyi Street and Xinhua Street. Many streets and lanes extend in all directions like cobwebs, forming a detailed and open pattern with Sifang Street as the center and extending along the street layer by layer.

Founded in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, it has a history of more than 800 years.

Old Town of Lijiang has the reputation of "highland water town".

"Clear water around the ancient city" is a major feature of Lijiang.

2. Ancient bridge

On the Yu He River system in Old Town of Lijiang, there are 354 overpasses with an average density of 93 per square kilometer. There are covered bridges (rain bridges), stone arch bridges, stone slab bridges, wooden bridges and so on. The famous ones are Suocui Bridge, Dashiqiao Bridge, Wanqian Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Ma 'an Bridge and Renshou Bridge, all of which were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Dashiqiao, the first bridge of the ancient city, is located at the east of Sifang Street 100 meters. It was built by Mu Tusi in Ming Dynasty. Because the reflection of Yulong Snow Mountain can be seen from the river under the bridge, it is also called Xue Ying Bridge. The bridge is a double-hole stone arch bridge, and the arch ring is supported by slab rock. The length of the bridge 10 meters, and the width of the bridge is nearly 4 meters. The bridge deck is paved with traditional five-flower stone, and the slope is gentle, which is convenient for cross-strait communication.

3. Mufu

Mufu was originally the official office of Lijiang hereditary toast wood and stone, "slightly prepared in Yuan Dynasty, prosperous in Ming Dynasty". After war and turmoil, it was rebuilt in the spring of 1998, and the ancient city museum was established in the government.

The restored and rebuilt wooden house covers an area of 46 mu and sits west to east. There are 15 buildings along the central axis, such as Fang Zhongyi, Yimen, Qianting Hall, Wanjuan Building, Guarding Hall, Guangbi Building, Yuyin Building, Sanqing Hall, Annex Hall, Attic, Stage, Street Building, Courtyard, Corridor and Palace Column, all of which are 65,438+. "Official's Son" has eleven plaques given by several generations of emperors, which read "loyalty", "loyalty to the country" and "Nanjing border". Someone commented: "Mufu is a solidified Lijiang ancient music and a contemporary epic."

4. Wufeng Tower of Guo Fu Temple

Wufenglou (formerly known as Fayunjian), located at the northern end of Heilongtan Park, was founded in the 29th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 160 1) and was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Yunnan Province in 1983. The building is 20 meters high, with a three-story structure, zigzag base, three terraces, octagonal roof and 24 cornices on three floors, just like five Cai Feng flying wings, hence the name Wufenglou. There are 32 landing columns in the whole building, among which 4 middle columns are12m high. The upper columns are constructed by barrel frame technology, and the tops are gold plated. There are Tai Chi pictures, flying gods, dragons and phoenixes painted on the ceiling. The lines are smooth and the colors are gorgeous. It has the architectural artistic style of Han, Tibetan, Naxi and other nationalities, and is a rare treasure and typical example of ancient Chinese architecture.

On May 1 2002, the State Post Bureau issued a set of three Old Town of Lijiang special stamps and a souvenir sheet of 1. & gt& gt

5. Baisha Residential Building

Baisha residential area is located 8 kilometers north of Dayan ancient city. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Lijiang was once the political, economic and cultural center. Baisha residential buildings are distributed on a north-south axis, with a trapezoidal square in the middle and four alleys leading from the square to four directions. Residential pavement is set along the street, and a clear spring is introduced into the square from the north, and then integrated into the residential area, which is very distinctive. The formation and development of Baisha residential buildings laid the foundation for the layout of Dayan ancient city in Lijiang.

6. Shuhe dwellings

Shuhe Residential District is located 4 kilometers northwest of Old Town of Lijiang, which is a small market around Old Town of Lijiang. Shuhe River is surrounded by mountains and waters, and houses are scattered all over the place. There is a pool of spring water in the street, named "Jiuding Longtan", also known as "Longquan". Qinglong river passes through the center of Shuhe Village, and Qinglong Bridge, built in Ming Dynasty, straddles it. Qinglong Bridge is 4m high, 4m wide and 23m long. It is the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang. On one side of the bridge, there is a square with a length of 32 meters and a width of 27 meters, which is similar to the square street in Old Town of Lijiang and can also be used to draw water from the street.