Who is the first of the four classical novels?

The masterpieces of the four major European classical novels were written by Homer, Dante, Shakespeare and Goethe.

Their corresponding works include Homer's Epic, Divine Comedy, Hamlet and Faust.

Related introduction:

(1) Homer is a legend, who lived between the 9th century BC and the 8th century BC and probably came from the Aegean Sea in Asia Minor. It is said that he was a professional musician who was blind twice, and he was also a great poet. Carrying the ancient Greek seven-stringed harp, I wandered around and sang my own poems to people. Accompanied by the lyre, his poems are beautiful and beautiful, with wonderful plots, which are deeply loved by people. The two oldest epics in ancient Greece, Ione Epic and Odysseus Epic, are his works, so they are called Homer Epic in history. The history of ancient Greece from BC 1 1 century to the 8th century is called "Homeric Age", named after Homer's epic.

(2) Dante wrote a lot in his life.

One of the most valuable is undoubtedly the Divine Comedy.

③ Hamlet, written in 160 1.

It is the highest achievement of Shakespeare, a giant of the Renaissance.

(4) Faust is an epic masterpiece that Goethe devoted his life to.

Homer is a legend, who lived between the 9th century BC and the 8th century BC and probably came from the Aegean Sea in Asia Minor. It is said that he is a blind professional musician and a great poet. Carrying the ancient Greek seven-stringed harp, I wandered around and sang my own poems to people. Accompanied by the lyre, his poems are beautiful and wonderful, and are deeply loved by people. The two oldest epics in ancient Greece, Ione Epic and Odysseus Epic, are his works, so they are called Homer Epic in history. 1 1 to the 8th century BC, the history of ancient Greece is called "Homer's Age", named after Homer's epic. According to legend, Homer is the author of two famous ancient Greek epics, Iliad and Ode to Admonition. Herodotus in the 5th century BC, Thucydides later, Plato and Aristotle in the 4th century BC all affirmed that these two epics were Homer's works. In addition, E799Be5BaA6E79Fa5E98193E58685A 5EB9313331303130 still has many lost ancient epics, and some people have said that they are his works, but those are probably the works of later generations. There is a lost satirical poem and an existing book, The Battle of Frogs and Rats, which is said to have been written by Homer, but the former is only based on Aristotle's words, and the latter has been proved to be a draft in the 4th century BC. There are also some carols dedicated to the gods, and the legend was written by Homer. In fact, it was the introduction of professional musicians who recited epic poems in ancient times, and it was written by other poets in later generations. Homer's epics "Iliad" and "Ode to Admonition" each exceed 10,000 lines; There are 65,438+05,693 lines in Iliad and 65,438+02,65,438+065,438+00 lines in Ode, all of which are divided into 24 volumes. At first, these two epics were just oral documents compiled according to ancient legends and scattered chapters handed down by musicians. Homer, if he exists, is probably the professional musician who finally finalized these two epics. On the one hand, Homer's epic is formed on the basis of folk oral literature, and its original materials are myths, legends and heroic stories accumulated over many centuries, which preserve the true and natural characteristics of ancient culture. At the same time, it shows that in the early ancient eastern Mediterranean, the ancient cultural center, its literature once reached a high degree of prosperity. After the epic began to be handed down in words, it was polished for many centuries before it became the final version. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, Europe entered the Renaissance, which was a new bourgeois ideological and cultural movement. Its center was originally in Italy, and later spread to Germany, Britain, France, Spain and other places. The concept of Renaissance was originally put forward by Italian artists, meaning to advocate the revival of classical culture in ancient Greece and Rome. In fact, it is not simply retro, but the creation of a new anti-feudal culture. The Renaissance took humanism as its ideological core. It is people-centered and advocates human dignity and value. It praises love, demands individual liberation, develops individual intelligence and advocates adventurous spirit. It advocates human nature and opposes theocracy. In a word, humanism reflects the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie. Dante is an outstanding representative of the early Italian Renaissance. His long poem Divine Comedy mercilessly criticized the evils of medieval feudal society, expressed the pursuit of human ideals, and made people see the dawn of new ideology and culture. Engels praised him as the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era. Dante was born in Florence, Italy's largest handicraft and commercial city, on 1265. He is a descendant of the ancient Romans, and his great-grandfather took part in the Second Crusade, made meritorious military service and was made a knight. Later, when his family came down to his father, he was already an ordinary citizen. His father is a court clerk. Dante spent his boyhood in his hometown. He began to study Latin, poetics, rhetoric and classical literature very early. When he was young, Dante was well-read, versatile and had deep research on various subjects. He especially worshipped Virgil, an ancient Roman poet, and regarded Virgil as his spiritual mentor. The divine comedy is not written in Latin, but in Italian dialect. "Divine Comedy" means "Holy Comedy" in Italian. The Divine Comedy has a total length of more than 14,000 lines and is divided into three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven. Thirty-three songs each, plus overture, * * * one hundred songs. 132 1 year, Dante was unfortunately infected with malaria and died in Lavan on September 14 of the same year, shortly after the release of Paradise, the last film of The Divine Comedy. The people of Lavan solemnly buried Dante. William shakespeare (1564— 16 16) is a representative writer in the European Renaissance. His works widely reflect the politics, economy, thoughts, culture and customs of Britain at that time, and can be read as a visualized history of this era. His plays occupy an important position in the history of European drama development or literary development, which deserves our summary and critical reference. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in central England on April 23rd, 564. My ancestors were engaged in agriculture, and my father was engaged in glove business and agriculture, and served as a local councillor and mayor. The tragedy Hamlet (160 1) is the highest achievement of Shakespeare's drama creation, which tells the story of Hamlet, a Danish prince, revenging his father. Shakespeare talked about the purpose of drama (or literature and art in a broad sense) through Hamlet's mouth: "Since its birth, the purpose of drama has always been to reflect nature, show the true colors of good and evil, and show its own evolution and development model to its times." In other words, the purpose of literary and artistic creation is to reflect the times and reality. As we know, Shakespeare's plays are generally based on ancient or foreign stories, but they show the life and struggle in contemporary Britain. Hamlet not only has strong anti-feudal significance in ideological content, but also marks the maturity of Shakespeare's art. In Hamlet, Satubia also makes full use of the traditional technique of "monologue" to reveal the inner activities of the protagonist, thus enriching his characters. Shakespeare is a master of language, and his language is rich and vivid. His plays are mainly written in blank poems. It also combines prose, rhyming poems and lyric songs, and different styles play different roles in the play. Shakespeare uses different languages according to the identity and situation of the characters, either elegant or vulgar, or philosophical or lyrical, in order to help express the characters better. Claudius and Polonius, Laertes and osric, Quinn and Mr. filia, Hamlet and Horatio all use different languages. The same Hamlet, when playing the fool, spoke a different language in peacetime. In addition, Shakespeare is also good at using metaphors. Visualized language, such as metaphor. Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749- 1832) was the most important German and European writer from the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century. His life spanned two centuries, which coincided with great social turmoil and changes in Europe. The gradual disintegration of the feudal system and the rising revolutionary forces prompted Goethe to constantly accept the influence of advanced ideological trends, thus deepening his understanding of society and creating the best contemporary works. Goethe was born in Frankfurt, central Germany, on August 28th, on 1749. My father is a wealthy middle class and a local senator. He attached great importance to Goethe's education. My mother, the mayor's daughter, is good at telling stories and cultivated Goethe's interest in literature and art from an early age. Goethe came into contact with the plays of Moliere, Gao Naiyi and Racine by watching the performances of the French Army Troupe. Faust is Goethe's masterpiece, his ideological summary and artistic summary of the realistic exploration of Europe and Germany during the rising of the bourgeoisie, and in a sense, it can also be regarded as the artistic summary of the Enlightenment. Faust's creation lasted nearly 60 years. Goethe wrote the original Faust while studying in Strasbourg. The first part of Faust was completed in 1806, and the second part was completed in 18 13. Faust was a figure in16th century, and later became an image in folklore. Legend has it that he is familiar with astronomy, geography and magic; After his death, people focused on him, the legendary story of a contract between a man and the devil. In the legends and literary works of later generations, Faust's image is constantly enriched and developed, which more and more obviously reflects the aspirations and spirit of the bourgeoisie in the rising period. On this basis, Goethe deepened and enriched the social significance of this image through artistic processing. Faust is based on the social reality of Germany and Europe from the Renaissance to the beginning of the 9th century. Through the protagonist's life, this paper summarizes the whole process of advanced intellectuals' dissatisfaction with reality and their efforts to explore the meaning of life and the ideal society during the rising of the bourgeoisie. The structure of Faust is huge and complicated. The first part consists of 25 scenes, and there are three small parts in front of it: poem dedication, stage prelude and sky prelude. The second part also includes 147, with 25 scenes and five acts. The whole drama has no coherent storyline, but it runs through the development of Faust's thought, which can be called philosophical poetic drama.