What is the most important invention in the past two thousand years?

Personally, printing is for reference only. In BC 1324, people in China were able to carve seals and watermark files with ink. Printing is the first medium in the world, and only by using it can information be disseminated. Printing is one of the four great inventions in China. We in China have used seals to carve people's names or official titles since ancient times. Seal was originally the title of official title, and it was used to affix documents again in BC 1324. At first, ink was used, and it was not until the fifth and sixth centuries that red inkpad was used. China seals are mostly carved with soapstone, jade, bamboo and even ivory. China people think that documents, letters and bills based on seals are more reliable after being signed. Among the books printed now, the oldest one is the Diamond Sutra, written by China and Wang Yin, which has now become an orphan. In 868, people in China invented block printing. Diamond Sutra is a relief printing. It is a 5.25-meter scroll with pieces of wood 9 1 cm long and 36 cm wide printed on it. Later, it fell into the hands of the British and is now hidden in the British Museum in London. In A.D. 1040, China lettering worker Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in Beijing. Heat and harden the clay hexahedral movable type mold and arrange it on the turntable according to rhyme. When printing, the movable type is spread on the iron plate with adhesives such as turpentine and wax, and the surrounding is tied tightly with an iron frame, and the adhesive is melted by heating on the fire. After cooling, the movable type sticks to the iron plate. After printing, bake the hot iron plate and take out the movable type for later use. 1403, Li Taizong of North Korea founded the earliest metal foundry (at that time, North Korea also used square characters), and 30 years later, North Korea created a set of pinyin letters instead of square characters with reference to ancient Indian Sanskrit. Now there are 40 letters in Korean, and it only takes a few letters to spell all the words. 1438, Genfertier (German) who lived in Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany, created a set of molds for casting metal letters. Carve a punch with hard metal, then press the punch on soft copper with a hammer to make a female die, and female die are arranged on a frame for printing. By the15th century, lead-tin alloys may have been used. 145 1 year, he printed the first book printed with movable type in Europe ―― Grammar of donato Slade. The Latin Bible was printed around 1453. His printing machine was modified with an ordinary screw press. Put a page as a printing plate on the printing table, brush with ink, spread out the paper, and flatten it with a paper pressing drum installed under the screw. Only one page can be arranged every day, and only about 16 pages can be printed every hour. 1457, Foster and Xiao Erfu invented multicolor printing and printed the first two-color book-Latin Hymn. 146 1 year, Jester in Banburg combined block printing with movable type printing and printed the first illustrated book-German Fable with illustrations 10 1. 1470, the Frenchman Jean Sen designed the first batch of Roman movable type in Venice. 1477 Toremi's map of the world was printed in intaglio with 26 copperplate plates. It is not easy to imitate, and the ink on the paper is slightly increased, with many features and easy to distinguish authenticity, so it is still used to print banknotes, stamps and securities. 150 1, a set of italics was published by Griffaud in Italy; 156 1, he reduced these words and printed them into a pocket book. (Western italics are mainly used to emphasize sentences. ) 1620, Bogina of the Netherlands invented the convenient printing method, which can print 150 copies per hour. 1642, Germany Segen invented intaglio printing, which is most suitable for printing. The first painting is a portrait of Elisha, a German countess. 1 107, China people also invented color printing. More than 600 years later, in 17 19, the color printing machine designed by LeBron in Germany was patented. The first book printed was Harmony of Oil Painting Colors. 1727, the British Scottish goldsmith Gert invented the casting method. 1775, Dido, a Frenchman, made a unit for measuring the size of movable type. 1798 nuffield invented lithography, which is most suitable for printing illustrations. 1875, the image was printed on the blanket by offset printing method for the first time in Britain, and then it was officially printed on the material that needed elasticity. /kloc-in 0/800, Steiner, England, made the first iron frame printing machine, replacing the wooden printing machine. It can print 250 sheets per hour. 18 10, Germans worked in London, and Koenig obtained the patent of steam printing machine (mechanized manual printing machine), which can print 400 pages per hour. 18 12 Germans Koenig and Bauer designed the roller printing machine. This machine sold by The Times can print 1 100 sheets per hour. Later, Koenig also designed a printing machine that can print both sides at once. 1839, Britain, the United States and Russia invented electroforming plates respectively. Use electroformed metal plate instead of wooden plate. 1845, Hoao of new york obtained the first patent of practical rotary printing machine. The Philadelphia Chronicle bought this machine. 1848 Apps and Cowper, engineers of The Times of London, designed a rotary printing machine, which can print 8,000 sheets per hour. 186 1 year, the curved type made by Hoao in the United States used paper movable type, and since then it has a completely circular printing format. 1852, Talbot, the pioneer of British photography technology, discovered the principle of steel wire relief printing. 1880, he used this method to copy a photo for the first time in new york Pictorial with the title "A Slum Scene in new york". 1886 German Morgan Soller worked in the United States and invented the high-speed automatic typesetting Zhi Nuo typesetting machine, which was used in The New York Times. It was officially put into production two years later, with about 6,000 typesetting modules per hour, which is four times the speed of the most skilled workers. 1887 Langston, a British civil servant, invented the Mono casting machine with excellent typesetting, which was officially put into production in 1897. Before this, people knew the gravure printing method of copper engraving before 1477; 1895 Austrian Crick invented gravure printing; 1839, Xu Bushuo invented the imagesetter in the United States. Since then, printers have replaced traditional letterpress printing with flat printing instead of metal movable type. This method is to project letters one by one onto photographic paper, then develop them and stick them on a page of samples. The assembled plate is transferred to the photosensitive film of metal plate by camera. After acid etching, the plate has the properties of lithography invented by Nufield in 1798. Ink is only attached to the plate with graphics. Nowadays, photographic typesetting has replaced most traditional typesetting methods. 1965, the era of computer-controlled typesetting began after Germany invented the electrophotographic typesetting machine. Advanced printing houses can design full-page layouts on computer screens. After the designer arranges the page layout properly, he uses a computer memory device to store all the contents, including words, titles, picture positions and so on. Then use computer-controlled laser to scan the photographic paper, print out the image of the whole layout, and then print it on the printing plate by photography. This is called laser phototypesetting. Nowadays, many large newspapers and periodicals in the world use advanced printing methods. For example, China Science and Technology Daily, China TV News and Beijing Evening News all adopted this advanced printing technology.