What are the traditional Chinese medicines?

Traditional medicine in China includes China medicine, ethnic medicine and other folk medicine. The three are equal academically.

Traditional Chinese medicine in China regards "cognitive methods of TCM's birth, aging, illness and death" as an important content, which expands and deepens the connotation of "intangible heritage", which best embodies the spirit and soul of "intangible heritage" and is the general outline of intangible cultural heritage of traditional Chinese medicine.

● Industry standard is a relatively high specification and a standard. But the humanities respect originality and uniqueness. Therefore, when formulating the industry standard of digital protection of intangible cultural heritage, we should pay attention to giving a little tolerance and leaving a little gap and room.

China's intangible cultural heritage is rich in types, forms and projects. With the development of modernization, marketization and urbanization, intangible cultural heritage is facing the danger of high-speed disappearance, over-exploitation and rapid variation, and the protection task is extremely heavy. In recent years, the digital protection project of intangible cultural heritage has made great progress, and the cultural department is formulating the basic standards, technical standards, management standards and working standards for the digital protection of intangible cultural heritage, including the protection standards for intangible cultural heritage of traditional medicine. In this regard, the author talks about some superficial views.

Traditional medicine includes three parts.

China is a multi-ethnic country with a long history. Every nation has its own traditional culture and traditional medicine. According to the actual situation of medical cultural diversity in China, Article 2 1 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The state develops medical and health undertakings and develops modern medicine and traditional medicine."

Traditional medicine in China includes traditional Chinese medicine, ethnic medicine and other folk medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine is a traditional medicine based on Chinese culture, with Huangdi Neijing, Shennong Materia Medica Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Treatise on Febrile Diseases as basic classics, and has long been the mainstream medicine in China.

Ethnic medicine is the traditional medicine of ethnic minorities in China. After 30 years of exploration, nearly 40 ethnic minorities have discovered and published their masterpieces of traditional medicine.

Folk medicine has two concepts. First, the system is divided into public and private. Folk medicine refers to non-public private medical institutions and folk doctors. Secondly, academically it is divided into the ruling and opposition parties. Folk medicine refers to folk medicine scattered outside the contemporary Chinese medicine education system, which does not belong to Huangdi Neijing. For example, the "Huangjia Medical Circle" in Yunnan, the "Taibai Seven Medicines" in Shaanxi, some Taoist medicine and Buddhist medicine, and some grass roots that do not belong to mainstream medicine and have no special national and cultural background. In ancient times, there was a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, such as "prescription medicine", "herbal medicine" or "bell medicine" and "Xianya", which all belonged to this category (see Zhao Xuemin's "Xian Ya Internal and External Editions"). Folk medicine in traditional medicine refers to the second concept of folk medicine. In the past, some scholars regarded this kind of folk medicine as the primary stage of Chinese medicine, but later they found that even those who "rose" did not belong to the mainstream line represented by Huangdi Neijing, and they became independent and called themselves "alternative", still "ignorant of Chinese medicine". Therefore, out of recognition and respect for cultural diversity, it has left a place in traditional medicine and is called "folk medicine".

For example, Huang's Family Medicine Circle is a medical theory based on the philosophy of "Everything is born in China" and "Life is the first of September 1st", and it reveals the internal relationship between the functions of various parts of the human body with "Everything is bounded by a circle and everything is connected by a network". The Huang family has continued from the Tang and Five Dynasties to this day, and its ancestral home is Shaowu, Fujian (textual research by Mr. Wang Guowei), which has been passed down from generation to generation. One of them migrated and later settled in Qiaojia, Zhaotong, Yunnan, and is now practicing medicine in Kunming, Yunnan. One masterpiece handed down from generation to generation is Huang Yi Jie, edited by the chief editor.

"Taibai Seven Medicines", also known as "Qinling Seven Medicines", is a kind of medicinal materials named after the word "seven" (such as Taoerqi and Hongmaoqi), with about 1 15 species, mainly distributed in Qinling Mountain area of Shaanxi Province. Guided by the theory of "four beams and eight pillars", it is another indigenous medical building hidden in the deep mountains and forests. At present, Seven Drugs of Qinling Mountain (edited by Mao Shuilong) and Research and Application of Seven Drugs of Taibai (edited by Song Xiaomei and Liu Haijing) have been published.

Other folk medicines, including folk skills, are not listed here.

Viewing the content of traditional medicine from the perspective of "non-legacy"

Chinese medicine is equal to Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Uygur medicine, Dai medicine, Zhuang medicine, Miao medicine, Yao medicine, other ethnic medicine and folk medicine academically, and each can show its beauty and get its own beauty. Mutual, more should be the beauty of beauty, beauty and * * *.

From the perspective of intangible cultural heritage, the basic contents of all kinds of medicine can be roughly divided into four parts: general outline, medical treatment, medicine and festivals: first, general outline, or general introduction. For example, the cognitive methods of life and disease in traditional medicine. The second is health care. Including health care, diagnosis and treatment (or collectively referred to as diagnosis and treatment). The third is drugs. Such as medicinal materials, processing techniques of decoction pieces and manufacturing techniques of finished medicines; A long history of corporate culture. Fourth, customs and festivals, such as Tomb-Sweeping Day customs, drinking Tu Su wine on New Year's Eve and traditional medicine markets. Chinese medicine is divided into these four parts, and so is ethnic medicine. In order to leave room, you can also add the category of "other", for example, Tibetan medicine and astronomical calendar are linked together. It is very common that medicine and astronomy are linked together. Traditional Chinese medicine has five movements and six qi, and the change of medicine is closely related to the solar calendar. This is determined by the internal factors of the intersection of various cultures. Qigong, Tai Ji Chuan, Wuqinxi, Baduanjin and traditional sports, medicated diet and traditional handicraft skills (cooking), health culture and traditional music and dance all intersect.

"The cognitive method of traditional medicine on life and disease" is an important proposition, but some people think it is lost in the space and language of metaphysics and difficult to understand. In fact, different nationalities and different medicines have different understandings of life and disease, and each kind of cognition is a window and a key to open the mystery of life. Miao people have a Miao doctor to learn. Lao Liu, the late Miao Yilong in Huayuan County, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, once dictated the book The Origin of Everything, which is recognized as the philosophical basis of Miao medicine. Gayashan Haya, the holy book of A Dai, is a book about the origin of life and the growth and development of human body. The doctor of the Yi nationality has a book "A Baby is Born into a Book", which is extracted from the Bimo Sutra of the Yi nationality and describes the whole process of human growth. As far as Western medicine and Chinese medicine are concerned, Western medicine divides the human body into nine systems, namely, motor system (musculoskeletal system), digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, circulatory system (cardiovascular system), endocrine system, nervous system and sensory system, which is a microscopic observation and accurate understanding of human life. Traditional Chinese medicine divides the human body into yin and yang, viscera (viscera), meridians (fourteen meridians) and qi and blood, which is a macroscopic cognition and dynamic grasp of human life. Traditional medicine understands human life from different angles, beliefs and levels, and derives different methods of health preservation and diagnosis and treatment, each with its own views and strengths, which provides diversified choices for human medical care.

In the part of traditional medicine, we generally attach importance to the production skills of decoction pieces and finished medicines, because manual skills are one of the important contents of "intangible heritage". However, in business, businessmen pay too much attention to physical "things" and "techniques", and it is easy to ignore the original spirit, thinking characteristics, intangible value and cultural connotation of production techniques. In ancient times, the degree of commercialization in ethnic areas was extremely low, and there were no ancient ethnic medicine pharmacies, let alone any business philosophy. However, Chinese medicine shops have existed since ancient times, thus forming the "old school" corporate culture and business philosophy of Chinese medicine, which contains unique values and humanistic spirit, such as Beijing Tongrentang's "Although your taste is expensive, you will not dare to reduce material resources; Although the processing is complicated, you dare not save labor. " The former's "dare not" is "do not reduce materials"; The latter "dare not" means "don't cut corners", which together means "dare not cut corners". There is another layer above, called "no one sees reconciliation, but intends to know it." Somehow, God is monitoring how people do it. This involves the belief form of China people. This belief form is an important part of intangible cultural heritage. In addition, for example, the "No Cheating" (hall plaque) shop rule of Hu Qingyutang in Hangzhou, "The pharmaceutical industry is related to life, especially not to be deceived". Guangzhou Chen Liji's joint-stock cooperation is "helping the world with one heart". The original text is "different capitals, sharing interests, saving the world with one heart, long hair and good luck." There are also many time-honored pharmacies that intentionally feed them in public to show their credibility when making precious Chinese patent medicines. For example, when making whole deer pills, walking around the streets carrying big deer, and when making ginseng pills, lighting big gold candles at night and feeding ingredients in full view are all aimed at expressing sincerity and winning the trust of the people.

Medicine is a special commodity for saving lives. As a "genuine product", its responsibility, weight, function and consequences are different in pharmacies and other stores. This is the corporate culture of the time-honored brand of traditional Chinese medicine.

Of course, its corporate culture and entrepreneurial spirit are ultimately appropriate in terms of product quality. Therefore, the traditional Chinese medicine culture represented by time-honored brands mainly includes two aspects, one is the enterprise spirit of time-honored brands, and the other is the production skills of traditional Chinese medicine (mostly well-known brands). In digital processing, "enterprise spirit" is rather vague and difficult to express; In particular, the old brands have basically undergone technological transformation, and traditional handicrafts are rarely retained. Therefore, some key links and "unique skills" in the production process of traditional famous drugs have become the focus of traditional Chinese medicine protection.

A few years ago, when evaluating the "non-legacy" projects, there were "XXX Chinese medicine culture" and other projects. Later, some experts pointed out that the naming method of "so-and-so culture is immaterial culture" is too general and broad, which is logically suspected of going round and round, and should be expressed by a different project name. This opinion is very reasonable. However, it does not mean that the brand of traditional Chinese medicine does not exist. On the contrary, it is a cherished enterprise spirit and an intangible culture that is missing or endangered in modern society and needs to be continuously explored and developed.

Characteristics of Traditional Medicine as "Intangible Heritage"

The Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted by UNESCO (2003) points out that "intangible cultural heritage" refers to various social practices, conceptual expressions, forms of expression, knowledge, skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites, which are regarded as an integral part of their cultural heritage by various communities, groups and sometimes individuals. The content of "intangible cultural heritage" includes the following five aspects: oral tradition and forms of expression, including language as a medium of intangible cultural heritage; Performing arts; Social practice, ceremonies and festivals; Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; Traditional handicrafts. China has joined the World Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and passed the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Intangible Cultural Heritage on February 25th, 20 1 1.

"Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe" has rich and profound contents. The "Cosmic Belief Form of Andean Caravagaya" in Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (edited by Zou Qishan, Elephant Publishing House, 2006) belongs to this category. In fact, traditional medicine in the world can be listed as "knowledge and practice about nature and the universe". Intangible cultural heritage belongs to culture. According to the context and general understanding of contemporary society, culture belongs to social humanities, while traditional Chinese medicine belongs to natural science. However, Chinese medicine is full of philosophical thinking and humanistic spirit, which is not only a natural science, but also a social science and an amphibious human life science. Traditional Chinese medicine in China regards "cognitive methods of TCM's birth, aging, illness and death" as an important content, which expands and deepens the connotation of "intangible heritage", which best embodies the spirit and soul of "intangible heritage" and is the general outline of intangible cultural heritage of TCM. Specifically, the objects of traditional medical resources of intangible cultural heritage mainly include the connotation of life and disease cognition, its manifestation and space, representative health care ideas and methods, and representative diagnosis and treatment (or collectively referred to as diagnosis and treatment); Corporate culture, business philosophy, traditional processing and manual processing skills of time-honored Chinese medicines; Traditional processing technology of decoction pieces and manufacturing technology of finished medicine; Customs and festivals related to traditional medicine; The life, achievements and technical performance of the inheritors of traditional medicine. In this way, there is a lot of work to be done for the "non-legacy" project of traditional medicine, whether it is declared or protected. Digital protection of traditional medicine is also more important.

According to China's national conditions, China's non-legacy projects are divided into ten categories, namely, folk literature, traditional music (folk music), traditional dance (folk dance), traditional drama, folk art, traditional sports entertainment and acrobatics, traditional art (folk art), traditional skills (traditional handicraft skills), traditional medicine and folk customs. After 2005, in the initial stage of declaration and evaluation of intangible cultural heritage in China, what should be declared and evaluated in principle; Whoever declares first will take the lead. The declared projects are all in chaos, and the whole work is also crossing the river by feeling the stones. After nearly 10 years of work, I have accumulated a lot of experience. At present, the requirement of "strengthening top-level design and crossing the river by feeling the stones" is put forward to deepen the reform, which will strengthen planning and reduce the randomness of intangible cultural heritage protection; It is of practical guiding significance to strengthen initiative and reduce tension.

The digital protection project of intangible cultural heritage is working out the compilation standard of collection scheme, the implementation standard of digital resources collection and the description rules of digital resources, which provides conditions for the formulation of relevant industry standards. However, the formulation of industry standards in the field of intangible cultural heritage can be divided into three situations: first, it should be standardized and can be standardized; Second, it should be standardized, but it is difficult to standardize at the moment; Third, it cannot, should not or is unnecessary to standardize. Because there are many vague, perceptual and rapidly changing contents, which are identified by fuzzy mathematics. Industry standard is a relatively high specification and a standard. But the humanities respect originality and uniqueness. After standardization, it may also become hardened land and a fence that no one can enter. Therefore, giving a little tolerance and leaving a little gap and room is the due responsibility of "writing to carry the Tao", and the meaning of "respecting morality and carrying things" should be paid attention to when formulating the industry standard for digital protection of intangible cultural heritage.