What are the characteristics of Hakka earth buildings?

Hakka Tulou, also known as Fujian Tulou, is mainly distributed in Yongding, Nanjing, Hua 'an and other places in the southwest of Fujian, and is the residence where Hakka people have struggled for generations. Tulou has a long history, unique style, exquisite architecture and grand scale, and is known as the wonderful work of residential buildings in the world. There are more than 23,000 earth buildings of more than 30 kinds, such as round building, square building, pentagonal building, octagonal building and diaojiao building, forming a group of earth buildings which are built on the mountain, patchwork and reasonable in layout, such as Yongding Chuxi Earth Building Group and Nanjing Shuyang County Tianluokeng Earth Building Group.

The building not only attracted the attention of the architectural community, but also attracted the strong interest of Chinese and foreign scholars and experts in history, geography, anthropology and folklore. In 200 1 year, Fujian Tulou, which consists of Yongding, Nanjing and Hua' an Tulou in Fujian, was officially declared as a world cultural heritage, and has passed the inspection, evaluation and acceptance by UNESCO experts.

The largest circular building is the "Chengqi Building" in Gaotou Village, Dazhu Township, Yongding County.

The whole building is 73 meters in diameter, with three circles and four floors, 400 rooms and 60 families. The smallest round building is Rusheng Building in Yongding County, *** 12 floor 12 room, with 6 families. The oldest circular building is Qitian Building in Shajian Township, Hua 'an County, which has a history of more than 600 years. There is a "Bagua Fort" in Dongping Village, Shentu Township, Yunxiao County. The whole village consists of five rings, the center of which is a complete circular building, and the four outer rings are arranged intermittently according to the Eight Diagrams Array, surrounding the surroundings. Yuchang Building, located in Bancun Village, Shuyang County, Nanjing County, is known as "staggered building" and was built in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty (1487). Almost all visible beams, columns and catalpa are crooked, and it is said that the maximum inclination angle is 15 degrees!

1900 years ago, the Hakkas, who moved their families to the south after the Central Plains Rebellion, came to Nanshan District in southwest Fujian after many twists and turns. In order to avoid the impact of the outside world, they have to rely on the mountain to operate and live in groups. Use local raw soil, gravel and sawdust to build single houses, then connect them into big houses, and then build thick and closed earth buildings. There are wells and granaries in the building. In case of war and bandits, once the city gate is closed, it will die. If besieged, food and water will last for months. Coupled with the characteristics of warm winter and cool summer, earthquake-resistant and wind-resistant, Tulou has become the residence of Hakka people for generations.

Edited in April 2020-18.

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The most distinctive folk houses in Fujian should be "tulou".

Folk houses with peculiar styles are scattered in Yongding, Wuping and Shanghang in western Fujian and Nanjing, Pinghe, Huaan and Zhangpu in southwestern Fujian. Its modeling, decoration and construction technology are rare in the world, and the earth building is commonly called "raw earth building". Because most of them were built by Hakka people in Fujian, they are also called "Hakka Tulou". It is made of raw soil as the main building material, mixed with fine sand, lime, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wood strips and so on. Through repeated kneading, frying and squeezing.

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The profile of Fujian Tulou is less than 300 words.

Fujian tulou is a pearl of oriental civilization. It is famous for its long history, various types, grand scale, exquisite structure, complete functions and rich connotations. With high historical, artistic and scientific value, it is known as "the ancient oriental castle", "the architectural miracle of the world" and "the unique and mythical mountain architecture model in the world". Folk houses with peculiar styles are scattered in Yongding, Wuping and Shanghang in western Fujian and Nanjing, Pinghe, Huaan and Zhangpu in southwestern Fujian. Its modeling, decoration and construction technology are rare in the world, and the earth building is commonly called "raw earth building". Because most of them were built by Hakka people in Fujian, they are also called "Hakka Tulou". It is made of raw soil as the main building material, mixed with fine sand, lime, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wood strips and so on. After repeated kneading, frying and squeezing. The roof is covered with fireproof tiles, which can be used for a long time. Tulou can be as high as four or five stories, so that three or four generations can live in the same building. The 46 Fujian earth buildings that have become world cultural heritage are composed of six groups of four floors, Yongding County in Fujian Province accounts for three groups of two floors, and Nanjing County and Hua 'an County account for three groups of buildings, including Chuxi Earth Building in Yongding County, Hongkeng Earth Building in Nanjing County, Tianluokeng Earth Building in Nanjing County and Hekeng Earth Building in Hua 'an County. They are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of western and southern Fujian, and are famous for their unique architectural style and long history and culture. It is not only the most common round tulou, but also the square tulou and the top tulou, covering the complete architectural style of tulou. Fujian tulou is a unique large-scale rammed earth residential building in mountainous areas in the world, and it is a creative masterpiece of adobe architecture. Fujian Tulou originated in Song and Yuan Dynasties and matured in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China. The oldest and youngest world heritage earth buildings are located in Chuxi earth buildings. The Qing Ji Tower with a diameter of 66 meters has a history of 600 years, while the Shanqing Tower with a diameter of 3 1 meter has a history of only 30 years. The formation of Fujian Tulou is related to several famous Han immigrants from the Central Plains in history. During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, in the 4th century, there were frequent wars and natural disasters in the north, and the local people moved southward on a large scale, which opened the prelude to the continuous migration of Han people from the Central Plains to Fujian for thousands of years. The immigrants from the Central Plains who entered southern Fujian merged with local residents, forming the Fulao nationality with Minnan dialect as its characteristic. The Han nationality in the Central Plains who migrated from Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province to the mountainous areas in western Fujian Province constitutes another important ethnic group in Fujian-the Hakka ethnic group characterized by Hakka dialect.

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Introduction of Fujian Tulou.