How to improve your geography and history grades

I. Description of geographic features

(i). Description of the physical geographic features of the region:

1. Analyze the physical geographic features of the region:

From the topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation, rivers, soils, natural resources, natural hazards, the natural (ecological) environment and other aspects.

Example: briefly describe the natural geographic features of the Jinggang Mountain tourist area?

Answer: low hills; subtropical monsoon climate; vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests; numerous small and medium-sized rivers; abundant water resources, red soil is dominant; non-ferrous metal resources are abundant; prone to flooding, landslides, mudslides, and other disasters in summer; prone to soil erosion.

2, the geographic location (location) characteristics of the description:

hemispheric location, latitude and longitude location (four sets of positioning), sea and land location, relative location (a set of positioning), political location (neighboring countries), economic location and transportation location

(Hainan Island as an example, see elective two, page 104). Example: describe the main features of the geographical location of Lhasa?

Answer: located at 300N, low latitude position; at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Indian Ocean plate.

3, the description of topographic features:

"elevation terrain plus undulation, terrain type and distribution, the coast curvature to do alternate"

Example: describe the topographic features of China's Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region?

Answer: the average elevation of 4,000 meters above sea level, the general terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast; the edge of the plateau and the internal distribution of a series of majestic mountain ranges, mountain ranges, the plateau undulation and slow "far from the mountains, close to see is the Sichuan"

4, a description of the climatic characteristics:

Analyze the climatic characteristics of a place, should be combined with the geographic latitude and longitude of the place, and the coast is straight as a waiter. Characteristics, should be combined with the geographical latitude of the place, the terrain of high and low relief, the direction of the mountain range, shade, sunny slopes, distance from the ocean and other comprehensive analysis;

From the temperature and precipitation in two aspects (sometimes consider the light) to begin with.

Example: characterize the climate of London?

Answer: mild winters, cool summers, small annual differences in temperature; more annual precipitation, seasonal distribution of uniformity; poor lighting conditions

5, the description of the characteristics of the river system:

The length of the main streams, the size of the catchment area, the density of the network of the river, the curved river, the morphology of the water system, the number of tributaries, the width and depth of lakes, whether there are lakes, the start and end of the direction of the flow, and sometimes mentioned

Example: characterize the water system of the Nile?

Answer: the longest river in the world; originates in the East African plateau and empties into the Mediterranean Sea to the north; small basin area; few tributaries; an outflow river.

6, a description of the hydrological characteristics of the river:

Recharge level and volume of water, seasonal changes in the annual change after two items, the hydroelectric series plus shipping, ice age flood sand content. (Flood season: spring flood, summer news, winter flood, Ling news)

Example: describe the hydrological characteristics of the Songhua River and analyze the causes?

Answer: Songhua River, high latitude, long winter temperatures, long freezing period; spring snowmelt recharge, and spring floods, and in the flow to the high latitude of the river section of the Ling flood phenomenon; precipitation concentration in the summer, there is a clear summer flood; flow through the area of lush forests, the sand content is small; due to recharge of water is more abundant, more tributaries converging on the water is more abundant; upstream of the slope, the rapid flow of water, water energy resources, and downstream of the flow velocity smooth, better shipping conditions.

(ii), the distribution of human elements of the description of the characteristics

7, the description of the characteristics of agriculture: the status of agriculture, the geographical type of agriculture, the main types of crops and production, the structure of the various sectors of agriculture, the way of cultivation (iron plough and oxen ploughing, mechanization, etc.), the system, the mode of operation (smallholder economy, intensive, specialization, etc.), the level of modernization of agriculture, the rate of commodities.

E.g.: the characteristics of Asian rice cultivation: (omitted)

8, industrial characteristics described: industrial status, the degree of industrial development and technological level, the structure of the industrial sector, industrial products and R & D inputs, the degree of dependence of industrial raw materials and products on the international market and so on.

such as: the characteristics of Italy's emerging industries and the characteristics of the U.S. Silicon Valley high-tech industries? (Slight)

9, population and urban distribution characteristics of the description: surface distribution: plains; linear distribution: along the rivers and coastlines of the transportation line distribution; point distribution: oasis in the desert.

10, the description of the distribution pattern of geographic things:

From a general point of view is to grasp the "point", "line", "surface" is which distribution trend; to To explain the geographic thing superimposed on which geographic thing, usually said to be superimposed on which terrain.

For example, where is the city of Shanghai located? --The city of Shanghai is spread over the Yangtze River Delta, on both sides of the Huangpu River.

①, "point" distribution generally have "stars in the moon", "along a certain direction of the region is more sparse or dense"; or the geographic thing in the distribution of a geographic thing orientation

For example, the distribution pattern of Beijing's town system is thinner in the northwest and denser in the southeast.

Shanghai "Baoshan Iron and Steel Works" is distributed in the northeast of downtown Shanghai, north of the Yangtze River.

②, "line" distribution should explain its trend along which direction and its sparse characteristics.

For example, the distribution of settlements (cities) in Xinjiang is characterized by the distribution along the foothills, the edge of the basin, along the railroads and large rivers out of the mountain passes are more dense.

Another example is "China's January 0 ℃ isotherm" distribution, can be described as: the eastern section of the roughly east-west direction, similar to the latitude line does not work, the western section of the roughly northeast - southwest direction, similar to the foothills of the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau parallel.

3, "surface" distribution should indicate the distribution of the geographical things, that is, the boundaries of the southeast and northwest; or the geographical things in the distribution of certain geographical things in the direction and approximate area.

Such as the Loess Plateau distribution is east of the Taihang Mountains, west to the east of the Qilian Mountains, north of the Great Wall, south to the Qinling Mountains.

And the distribution of China's geographic and environmental problems: the geography of the Northwest is mainly desertification, salinization problems; Southwest of the geography of the problem is mainly rocky desertification, landslides, mudslides, acid rain; Northeast of the main black soil fertility preservation and wetland protection; Jiangnan is mainly soil erosion, three-dimensional use of the land problem. And offshore is mainly the problem of marine pollution, ecological damage, fishing moratorium. Cities are mainly urban environmental protection problems and urbanization problems.

Second, the analysis of geographic causes (conditions, measures):

1. Factors affecting the length of sunshine (such as Chongqing City, the number of hours of sunshine per year is only more than 1200 hours)

(1). Day length; (2). Terrain (high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset, long hours of sunshine); (3). Weather and climate conditions.

2. Factors affecting the intensity of solar radiation (i.e., factors affecting the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation)

(1). Solar altitude (i.e., latitude); (2). Weather conditions; (3). Terrain; (4). Air density.

For example, why is solar radiation strongest on the Tibetan Plateau?

1) Lower latitude and greater solar altitude; (2) More sunny days; (3) Higher terrain; (4) Thinner air and cleaner atmosphere.

3. Factors affecting the temperature

(1). Latitude;(2). Topography, terrain; (3). Nature of the subsurface (position of land and sea, vegetation status, ocean currents, etc.); (4). Weather conditions.

Example: Why is it that the highest temperature in India occurs in May instead of July?

Answer: ① direct sun northward; ② May for the late dry season, the weather is clear, the atmosphere on the weakening effect of solar radiation is small; ③ north of the mountains block, the heat is not easy to dissipate, the north side of the cold air is not easy to invade; ④ July has entered the rainy season, the atmosphere on the weakening effect of solar radiation, coupled with the heat capacity of the water is larger, greatly alleviate the high temperature weather

4, the impact of the annual difference between the temperature of the Factors and the law of change

(1). Latitude: low latitude is small, high latitude is large;

(2). Nature of the subsurface: ocean is smaller than land, coastal is smaller than inland, vegetated is smaller than bare land;

(3) Climatic conditions: places with more cloud and rain are smaller than places with less cloud and rain.

Example: try to analyze China's northwest inland temperature annual difference is big reason?

Answer: China's inland northwest of the temperate continental climate, summer sun height, less cloud cover, the ground to get more solar radiation, the continent is hot and fast, the temperature is high, the continent is cold and fast in winter, the temperature is low, close to the source of winter winds, exacerbating the cold.

5, factors affecting the daily difference in temperature and the pattern of change

(1), latitude: low latitude is greater than high latitude

(2), season: summer is greater than winter

(3) weather: sunny days is greater than cloudy days

(4) elevation: the higher the terrain of the same position, the smaller the daily difference in temperature

(5), the subsurface: the sea is smaller than the land, forested land is smaller than the source of winter winds, intensifying the cold. smaller than land, woodland smaller than sand.

Example: Try to analyze the reasons for the large daily temperature difference in the inland northwest of China?

Answer: China's inland northwest is a temperate continental climate, less rainfall, less cloud cover, during the day, less weakening of solar radiation, the ground to get more solar radiation, the temperature is high, less rainfall at night, fewer clouds atmospheric inverted radiation is weak, poor insulation,

6, factors affecting the amount of precipitation in a certain place: - location, Atmosphere, topography, ocean currents, vegetation, hydrology, human activities

(1), location: the main land and sea location of the impact on precipitation, usually the continental interior drought less rain.

(2), the atmosphere: mainly includes atmospheric circulation, fronts, cyclones (anticyclones) and other factors on precipitation. ①Atmospheric circulation includes the three-ring circulation and monsoon circulation. The three-ring circulation formed seven pressure zones and six wind zones, including the low-pressure zone control areas with more precipitation, high pressure on the contrary; westerly belt on the west coast of the precipitation than the east coast, the east coast of the trade winds belt on the east coast of the precipitation more than the west coast. Monsoon circulation, summer wind precipitation than winter wind. ② fronts: cold, warm fronts, quasi-stationary fronts transit are prone to produce precipitation. ③ Cyclones correspond to low pressure, with rising air currents and more rainy days; anticyclones correspond to high pressure, with sinking air currents and more sunny days.

(3), topography: windward slopes have more precipitation, leeward slopes have less precipitation; tall terrain will also prevent the entry of water vapor,

(4), ocean currents: warm currents flow through the coastal climate has the effect of warming and humidification; cold currents flow through the coastal climate has the effect of cooling and reducing humidity.

(5), vegetation and hydrological conditions: areas with high vegetation cover, as well as lakes and marshes, around reservoirs, the air humidity is greater, and the relative precipitation is higher.

(6), human activities: the urban wet island effect makes the city more updraft easy to become clouds to rain; rain island effect makes the city more dust, more condensation nuclei, fog and low cloud than the effect area.

Example: try to analyze China's northeastern Taiwan rainfall special more reasons?

Answer: the location of the sea, sufficient water vapor; southeast monsoon or northeast monsoon blocked by the terrain, the formation of terrain rain.

7, analyze the typical distribution of several types of climate causes

(1) the Amazon Plain rainforest climate distribution of the typical causes: ① the plains area is vast, the equator from the central part of the cross, and year-round by the equator of the low-pressure control; ② from the Atlantic Ocean trade winds to bring sufficient water vapor; ③ Amazon Plain is open to the Atlantic Ocean as a pocket of humid air deep inland; ④ the coast of the warm currents increase temperature and humidity; ④ coastal warm currents increase temperature and humidity; ⑤ by the north, east and south of the topographic uplift to form a large amount of precipitation

(2) the distribution of northern Africa's tropical desert climate is typical of the reasons:

① by the sub-high and from the continent of the control of the trade winds of the precipitation is small; ② straight coastline; ③ west coast of the cold front of the humidification

(3) the distribution of the temperate oceanic climate in the western part of Europe is typical of the reasons:

(1) the prevailing west winds; ① year-round Prevailing westerly winds; ② terrain to the plains, mountain ranges are mostly east-west, conducive to the depth of marine water vapor inland; ③ continental contours broken; ④ North Atlantic warm current warming and humidification

(4) Mediterranean climate in the Mediterranean region distribution of typical reasons: ① by the sub-high and westerly winds alternately controlled; ② the Mediterranean Sea deep inside the continent to strengthen the power of the sub-high in summer and the power of the westerly winds in winter.

8, analyze the non-zonal distribution of several climate types and causes

(1) tropical rainforest climate

distribution: the east side of Madagascar, northeastern Australia, southeastern Brazil, northeastern Central America

Reasons: (1) from the ocean's southeasterly (northeasterly) trade winds to bring plenty of water vapor, uplifted by the topography, precipitation; ② Coastal warm currents increase temperature and humidity. Warm currents increase temperature and humidity.

(2) savannah climate

Distribution: East African plateau

Reason: high altitude, low temperatures, weak updrafts, low precipitation;

Characteristics: also divided into dry and rainy seasons (summer rain, winter dry), but because of the equatorial low-pressure control all year round, compared with the typical savannah climate, the dry and rainy seasons are less distinct.

(3) tropical desert climate

Distribution: the west coast of the South American continent

Reason: blocked by the Andes, coupled with the influence of the coastal cold front, the climate is a narrow distribution of north-south

(4) temperate continental climate

Distribution: the east coast of the continent of North America

Reason: ① across the western mountainous region of the westerly winds to reach the east coast of the vapor reduce; ② North America and the Atlantic Ocean area is small, the difference between land and sea heat is not significant can not form a significant winter and summer winds; ③ east coast of the Labrador cold front has cooling and humidity; ④ North America's topographic features, so that the north and south of the ocean currents often on the east coast of the impact of precipitation compared to other continental climate zones, and the seasonal distribution of the difference is small.

9, analyze the distribution of climate types, characteristics, causes, judgments, the name of the corresponding natural zones (slightly)?

10, analyze China's dust storm phenomenon causes?

Typical areas in China: Northwest; North China

Causes:

(1)Natural causes: fast-moving cold fronts; arid climate, low precipitation; spring gale days; sparse surface vegetation, etc. .

(2) Man-made causes: overgrazing; excessive woodcutting; excessive reclamation.

Governance measures: formulate laws and regulations on pasture protection and strengthen management; control the amount of livestock; create the "Three North Protective Forests" construction; return farmland to forests and pastures; build artificial pastures; promote rotational grazing; prohibit the harvesting of hairy vegetables and so on.

11, analyze the causes of ocean currents

(1), wind direction and size; (2), compensation; (3), density differences

Examples: the formation of cold currents off the coast of Somalia in summer causes? Causes of density currents between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea?

Answer: (1) In summer, the Somali current flows from southwest to northeast. The coastal waters of the Somali Peninsula prevails southwest wind (offshore wind), summer winds drive the surface seawater to the northeast of the flow rate is fast, the surface of the warm water flow away, the near-shore upward compensatory flow, resulting in the Somali coastal water temperature compared to the nearby sea water temperature is low. Although it is an ocean current flowing from low latitude to high latitude, the temperature of the current is lower than that of the seawater in the neighboring sea area, so a cold current is formed, so the Somali Current is called the Somali Cold Current in summer. In addition, in this period the sun's point of direct sunlight gradually moved north to the Tropic of Cancer near the Tropic of Cancer, the Arabian Sea and its two sides of the region of solar radiation enhancement, so that the Arabian Sea surface water temperature is higher than the water temperature of the eastern coastal waters of the Somali Peninsula, which is also one of the Somali Ocean Current has the nature of the cold flow of one of the reasons.

(2) the Baltic Sea for the sea area is closed, and the channel with the outer sea is shallow and narrow, high salinity seawater is not easy to enter; coupled with the higher latitude of the Baltic Sea, low temperatures, evaporation is weak; here and by the influence of the westerly wind belt, the climate is humid, rainfall, surrounded by a number of rivers injected, so the sea water in the Baltic Sea is very light. The North Sea sea water salinity is higher, so the Denmark Strait of the surface layer of seawater density is small, the bottom layer of seawater density is large, so the formation of density current.

12, analyze the causes of salinity

(1), latitudinal factors (climate precipitation and evaporation of the contrasting relationship); (2), ocean currents (the same latitude of the comparison of the sea area) (3), the role of fresh water (the presence or absence of freshwater injection); (4), inland lakes and the shape of the sea area (closed or open); (5), the icing and melting ice

Example: the Red Sea has become the world's highest salinity sea area? The reason why the Red Sea has become the highest salinity sea area in the world? A: little precipitation, strong evaporation, no freshwater rivers to inject dilution, the sea is closed.

13, analyze the causes of high river flow:

Rainfall in the basin; water system characteristics; basin area.

Example: why does the Amazon River flow the most? Answer: on the basis of the most typical distribution of tropical rainforest climate in the Amazon Plain, plus a reason (6) the Amazon River basin area of the tributaries converge more

14, analyze the river flow changes (first determine the recharge mode)

(1), the amount of precipitation and seasonal variations; (2), the seasonal snowpack and the spring temperatures; (3), glaciers and the annual change in temperature; 4, Groundwater, lakes, swamps, etc.

Example: what are the characteristics of the Songhua River flow changes? Why is the spring flood delayed from south to north? Answer: (1) there are two floods a year, spring and summer. (2) The southern latitude is low, spring snow melt early, northern latitude is high, spring snow melt late.

15, analyze the river flood conditions:

(1) the river has a freezing period; (2) the river from the lower latitude to the higher latitude flow section.

Example: Analyze the causes of flooding in the Yellow River. A: the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the river is located in the temperate zone of the winter river to freeze, from low latitude to high latitude flow of river water, the spring of its upper reaches of the thawing of the lower reaches are not thawed, prone to flooding phenomenon.

16, analyze the reasons why the river is rich in water energy:

(1). Large river drop; (2). Large volume of water.

Example: three gorges water energy resources rich in reasons?

17, the river navigation value of the size of the reasons for analysis:

(1) river flow and seasonal changes; (2) the density of the river network; (3) the flow rate; (4) the ice period (navigable time); transportation demand (the economic level of the shipping hinterland, the degree of sparseness of population, etc.).

Example: the lower reaches of the Yangtze River shipping value of the reasons?

18, analyze the causes of flooding ?

Typical areas in China: Northeast; Yellow River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; Huaihe River Basin; Pearl River Basin, etc.

The reasons for the emergence of the causes (from the sky, the earth, the people of the three aspects of the analysis):

(1) the natural causes (the characteristics of the water system, the characteristics of the hydrological features, climatic characteristics): the precipitation lasts for a long time, the precipitation is concentrated (such as the Yangtze River Basin Meiyu Weather); the change in the strength of the summer winds (the sub high strong: south drought, north flood; sub-high weak: south flood, north drought); the influence of typhoons; lack of natural channels into the sea (Huaihe River); low-lying terrain (Haihe River, Pearl River); water system tributaries (fan-shaped water system, dendritic water system); river bends (Jingjiang River section); the El Ni?o phenomenon, and so on.

(2) Anthropogenic causes: indiscriminate logging, resulting in increased soil erosion, riverbed uplift; enclosure of lakes and fields; occupation and destruction of river channels.

For example, the causes of flooding in the Yangtze River:

Natural causes: (1). Characteristics of the water system: wide watershed, many tributaries; the upper and middle reaches of the vegetation damage is serious, the sand content increases; the middle and lower reaches of the river are mostly plains, (Jingjiang River section) the river bends, the water flow is slow, the water flow is not smooth.

(2). Hydrological characteristics: flowing through the humid areas, abundant precipitation, long flood season in the main stream, large amount of water.

(3). Climatic characteristics: in some years, the climate is abnormal and the basin is flooded by heavy rainfall, resulting in flooding.

Man-made reasons: (1) excessive logging, serious damage to vegetation, soil erosion, resulting in the basin to contain water, regulate runoff, cut peaks to make up for the withered ability to reduce; sediment into the river, siltation raised the riverbed, so that the river's flood discharge capacity is reduced.

(2) the enclosure of lakes and fields, siltation, which leads to the shrinkage of lakes, the ability to adjust the flood peak decreased.

(3) In addition, human activities occupy and destroy river channels.

Governance measures:

Upstream: the principle of governance is to regulate floods, and the practice is to build reservoirs and plant trees;

Middle reaches: the principle of governance is to divert and store floods, and the practice is to build reservoirs, and to build flood diversion and storage projects;

Lower reaches: the principle of governance is to discharge floods and to bind the water, and the practice is to reinforce the dike, dredge and dredge the rivers, and to excavate the river channels.

19, analyze the topography and geomorphology

Landscape cause analysis: the use of geological action (internal forces - crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism, earthquakes;, external forces - flowing water, wind, waves, glaciers, erosion, transport, sedimentation. erosion, waves, glaciers, sedimentation, etc.) and plate movement (plate internal crust is more stable, plate junctions, crust is more active and plate collision or tensional rupture) to explain interpretation and analyze geographic knowledge related to topography.

Essentials: 1, whether in the plate growth or demise boundary; 2, whether the internal forces to form folds and faults; 3, in which geographic background, what kind of external forces

Examples: how is the great valley of the yarlung zangbo river formed? The Himalayas and the Gangetic Mountains each belong to which plate?

A: located in the demise of the plate boundary, rock fragmentation; Yarlung Tsangpo River erosion undercut. Mount Pleasant belongs to the Indian Ocean Plate; Mount Gangdisê belongs to the Asia-Europe Plate.

20, analyze the causes of landslides, mudslides:

(1), geological conditions (2), topographic conditions (3), rainfall conditions (4), human factors (such as vegetation destruction, engineering construction, etc.)

Example: analyze the serious causes of geological disasters in the Southwest region?

(1) natural causes: mountainous areas, rock fragmentation, weathering serious; dry and wet seasons, concentrated rainstorms; strong crustal movement, the development of faults in the mountains.

(2) man-made causes: the destruction of vegetation

21, analyze the causes of earthquakes:

(1) typical areas in China: the east coast; southwest, northwest

(2) the formation of the causes: located in the Asia-European Plate and the Pacific Plate, the junction of the Indian Ocean Plate, the crustal activity is intense.

(3) The causes of major human and property losses may be: large magnitude, destructive; the epicenter near the city distribution, population concentration; shallow earthquake; the time of occurrence may be at night; induced by other disasters, etc.

22, to mitigate the measures to reduce the geological hazards:

(1) Actively carry out publicity and education on disaster prevention and mitigation, and improve the public's environmental protection and disaster mitigation awareness;

(2) establish a disaster monitoring and forecasting system;

(3) strengthen the management of geologic disasters, and establish a sound system of policies and regulations for disaster mitigation;

(4) improve the seismic strength of buildings;

(5) planting trees and establishing a protective forest system;

(6) strengthen international cooperation and so on.