How to explain the guilds in China's history?

Guild organizations appeared in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Most of the industrial and commercial organizations in the Tang Dynasty were called "Xing", which originated from street vendors. Usually, all the shops in the same street are called "Xing", such as "Jinxing" and "Jinyinxing". In the Song Dynasty, guild organizations developed further.

Industrial and commercial organizations in commodity economy of old cities. There are handicraft guilds and commercial guilds. When the commodity economy develops to a certain extent, in order to adjust the relationship between peers, solve the contradictions between peers, protect the interests of peers, and coordinate the relationship with the government, peers or related industries jointly set up guilds, which has the dual nature of region and industry.

Mainly manifested in: (1) the change of business activities: first, it was mainly carried out in cities, and then the rural fair trade gradually developed. With the acceleration of the Tang dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties began to highlight, and professional markets (such as silk market, leaf market, pig market, etc.). ) appeared, and even gradually formed a new town (some of which are professional markets); Instead of rural commerce before the development of urban commerce. (2) Changes in transaction content: At the beginning of business, the main content was the trafficking and exchange of local products and the luxury goods needed by commercial rulers. Later, with the development of commodity monetary economy, the types of commodities in the market increased and the industries were subdivided. The main agricultural and sideline products needed by the people and the large and small commodities produced by urban handicrafts improved their status in the whole circulation circle. This situation has already appeared in the Song Dynasty. (3) Changes in the trading medium: The most primitive form of commodity exchange is barter, and there is no trading medium. With the expansion of the content and region of commodity exchange, there have been universal equivalents represented by shells. With the further development of trade, universal equivalents began to precipitate and money appeared. Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains and unified the currency, which facilitated the development of commodity trading. Thanks to soft money, Jiaozi, the earliest paper money in the world, appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, which promoted commercial trade. (4) At the beginning, commodities were generally confined to the circulation field, and it was not until the end of feudal society (Ming and Qing Dynasties) that they were gradually combined with production and free employment, and merchant capital participated in the production process in various forms. Such as pre-purchasing, ordering, borrowing from small producers, becoming an employer of businessmen, setting up factories before, and even investing in factories and workshops.