History of Linguistics Development (abbreviated)

The second stage is historical comparative linguistics.

Stage 3: Structuralist Linguistics.

The fourth stage: transformational generative linguistics.

Linguistic period:

Literature: the study of language and writing from the perspective of literature and written language. Interpret the ancient written language and ignore the study of spoken language. The research object in each region is not clear, which is an early stage of linguistic research. Although great achievements have been made, its direct purpose is mostly to interpret classical literature, and the exploration of the development law of language itself is unconscious. Language learning has not become an independent subject this semester.

Three cradles: China, India and Greece and Rome.

China: China's "primary school", the traditional philology, philology, phonology and exegetics, with Chinese characters as the core, serves the interpretation of Confucian classics. From the pre-Qin dynasty to the Qing dynasty, academics made continuous progress and everyone came into being.

India: Ancient India, studying the interpretation of religious classics. Ancient Indian scholars studied the vocabulary pronunciation grammar of Sanskrit, Vedas and Sanskrit grammar of Bargeny in detail.

Ancient Greece and Rome: rich philosophical and cultural classics, rich achievements in Latin grammar research, dictionary compilation, grammatical logic rhetoric.

In Greek grammar, most Greek words can have different types of suffixes, namely, eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs and participles. Part of speech and grammatical description have become the cornerstones of European grammatical description.

There are several differences between ancient language research and modern language research:

First, the research objects are different. (written and oral)

Second, the research purpose is different. (The Law of Reading and Teaching Exploration)

Third, the status is different. (Dependence on independence)

Although there is no independent status and clear research object, the research in the philology stage laid the foundation for the birth of scientific linguistics.

historical comparative linguistics

19th Century Historical Comparative Linguistics, also known as Comparative Grammar and Comparative Linguistics, is a linguistic discipline that studies the kinship and historical evolution of homologous languages based on historical comparative method.

Originated in Europe in the18th century, by comparing the same features of various languages in different periods in pronunciation, inflections, grammatical structures, etc., Latin, Germanic, Roman and Slavic languages were established and their original languages were assumed, which were called Primitive Indo-European languages.

Time: 18,19th century.

The study of historical comparative languages has made brilliant achievements, and linguistics has since become an independent discipline.

On behalf of:

William Jones

Rasmus Rask, Denmark (1787- 1832),

William von Humboldt (1767- 1835)

Humboldt's point of view:

Language ability is a kind of creative ability.

Diversity of human language structure

Distinguish three language types: isolated language, cohesive language and inflectional language.

The three types can't sum up all languages, so we can find multimodal integrated languages.

Language ability, the relationship between language and thinking

Solitary language is the most backward in the three stages of world language development.

The characteristics of early research: paying attention to the collection and accumulation of information

Mid-term research features:

Hypothesis of human language evolution, genealogy of world language development, new theories of language origin and language essence, and more scientific research methods.

It laid a solid foundation for the birth of structuralist linguistics and American descriptive school.

Some conclusions are untenable.

Later period:1Late 9th century, New Grammar School.

A group of scholars from the University of Leipzig, Germany, raised the achievements of historical comparative linguistics at that time to a theoretical level and summarized them, and formally put forward the theoretical principles and methods of systematic historical comparative linguistics, which should not only be described but also explained. Language facts cannot be guessed; Limit the scope of investigation, which can not be traced back to the state of ancient languages indefinitely; Calling on people to stop the construction of primitive Indo-European language, we should use literature to investigate dialects and languages.

"Phonetic change is no exception"

One of the reasons for the phonetic change is the physiological reason, the change of pronunciation position, when the change occurs, no word can escape; Second, psychological reasons, there is a tendency to analogy, often combining words and sentences with similar sounds and meanings, and often creating new words or sentences through analogy.

Summary:

The birth of historical comparative linguistics marks that linguistics has become an independent discipline.

The greatest achievement of historical comparative linguistics is to determine the genetic relationship between languages by using historical comparison methods, especially in the genealogical classification of Indo-European languages, and has obtained quite conclusive evidence.

It also reveals a series of laws of language evolution. Today, the historical comparison method still plays a very important role in the study of the historical development of language and the investigation and study of dialects and national languages.

As a scientific research tool, historical comparative linguistics can be used not only in Indo-European languages, but also in other languages.

(3) Structuralist linguistics

Saussure (1857- 19 13), a Swiss linguist, is a course of general linguistics. The form and structure of language is the research object of linguistics and the father of modern linguistics.

Three schools of structuralism:

Prague school, structure-function, phonetics. Representative figures: Rubitz Coy and Jacobson.

Copenhagen school, the relationship between symbols and symbols. Representative: Yemslev.

Descriptive language schools in the United States, language survey, hierarchical distribution of structure. Representative figures: Sapir, Bloomfield.

(4) transformational generative linguistics

Language ability, the transformation generation

Chomsky's syntactic structure

The development of linguistics

Traditional linguistics: philology, historical comparative linguistics

Modern Linguistics: Saussure, Structuralist Linguistics

Prague school, Copenhagen school, American descriptive language school

Contemporary linguistics:

Transformational generative linguistics

socio-linguistics

cognitive linguistics