Summarize the expression techniques of ancient ceramic decoration in China.

Preliminary study on ceramic decoration art

Ceramic decorative art is an important part of China arts and crafts. From painted pottery culture to porcelain decoration in Han dynasty, painting, carving and other techniques were adopted, including string patterns, water ripples and geometric figures. Painted pigments have been used to decorate porcelain since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Jingdezhen ceramics, from the ancient porcelain materials found now, have been judged to be celadon in the Five Dynasties, with glaze as the main decoration. A large number of carvings, strokes, seals and carvings appeared in the Song Dynasty. Blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty is the origin period of Jingdezhen ceramic painting decoration, which has gone through the Ming and Qing Dynasties, modern and modern ceramic decoration and a long historical exhibition stage. For thousands of years, ceramic artists and ceramists have created a variety of decorative techniques from the practice of decorative art, and various wonderful expression techniques have emerged one after another.

Ceramic decorative art is not only the need to beautify ceramics, but also the expression of people's pursuit of ideals and longing for a happy life. Use lines and colors to express people's working life, express their feelings, and pin their ideals and sentiments. From rock paintings, bronzes and brick carvings in primitive society to woodcarving murals in residential buildings, from ancient grottoes to paintings in temples and churches, all belong to artistic acts of beautifying the environment and creating aesthetic feeling. When people watch painted pottery art, rock paintings and stone carvings, they will find that ancient artistic expressions are expressed by decorative paintings. The rough and simple style has produced a unique artistic conception.

With the development of human society, ceramic decoration is also progressing, showing new artistic forms and contents with rich connotations and diverse forms of expression. In the development of national art, ceramic art, as one of the forms, embodies people's pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty, reflects the change of human aesthetic concept and shows a colorful life.

This artistic expression, manifested in ceramic decoration, shows the artist's artistic personality and cultural accomplishment, and also shows the characteristics of the times of art. Jingdezhen ceramic culture, with its rich connotation and long history, gives people the satisfaction of aesthetic taste and life needs. Extensive and profound ceramic culture and art, after thousands of years of continuous development, has become a broad and profound learning direction. When we engage in ceramic art decoration, we must first understand the history of ceramic culture, understand the ins and outs of ceramic decoration, and master the basic rules of decorative composition. It is not enough to just stay at the stage of painting porcelain. Without understanding the connotation, techniques and skills of ceramic decoration, it is difficult to reach a higher level of painting performance, and it is impossible to produce artistic individuality. We can only follow the trend and follow the trend.

China has a history of 6,000 years of civilization, and its folk art is rich and vivid, which reflects the folk culture and customs and has made great achievements. The earliest ceramic decoration was painted pottery in the Neolithic age. The painted decoration of pottery not only influenced the decorative patterns of bronzes later, but also influenced the decorative carving of porcelain, jade and other utensils. Painted pottery is decorated with red, black and white pigments. It was first discovered in Yangshao Village, Mianchi, Henan Province, and "Yangshao Culture" is famous all over the world. The decorative patterns of painted pottery are geometric patterns such as hooks, triangles and arcs, with beautiful shapes, symmetrical and smooth lines, rich content, strong decoration and high artistic value.

Although there are many kinds of arts and crafts with different forms of expression, to sum up, they are nothing more than different shapes, different decorations and different materials. There are two kinds of modeling, one is device design, and the other is decorative painting expression. The production form and decoration technique form of vessel type can be divided into three-dimensional form and plane expansion. Modeling, decoration, three-dimensional and plane constitute the basic elements of arts and crafts works. Beautifully shaped vases, teapots and porcelain carvings can have exquisite materials and shapes without decoration, but they are monotonous and unobstructed. Ceramic decoration is the use of various parts of modeling, coordinated beautification, and terrace to integrate modeling and picture decoration. Not all decorative paintings are beautiful. If the decorative forms, patterns and shapes are not harmonious, scribbling blindly on the absurd, eccentric and scattered ceramic shapes will not only produce decorative features, but will destroy the original beauty of materials and shapes. Ceramic decorative art is to pay attention to the expression of beauty, decorate the layout scientifically and reasonably, and set off the beauty of materials through artistic decoration to give people beautiful enjoyment.

Ceramic decoration is divided into two basic forms: decorative pattern and decorative pattern. Pattern decoration beautifies ceramics with elements such as regularity, generality, symmetry and contrast; Pattern decoration includes freehand brushwork, abstraction, deformation exaggeration and other decorative forms. Both patterns and decorative patterns have their own decorative rules and forms, and they are harmoniously integrated together, showing decorative patterns and creative techniques of decorative patterns. Lines, dots, squares, figures, etc. They are all obtained from real life. Ceramic decorative patterns are gradually described and created by people through frequent contact and understanding of various things around them and through image thinking and abstract thinking in long-term practice. Nature takes many forms. The waning of the sun and the moon, flames, the shape of mountains, the ripples of water, the flight of birds, and so on. They all leave a deep impression on people, and people turn these impressions into graphics, which are displayed on carriers such as ceramics, wood and metal and become wonderful patterns and patterns.

During the long development and formation of ceramic decoration, through the artistic practice of ceramic artists and ceramic artists, the understanding of the form of beauty has been continuously improved. In the process of changing from imitation to realism, and then from concreteness to imagery and abstraction, people have mastered the law of beauty formation and discovered various techniques in decorative composition.

Decorating ceramics by means of deformation, generalization, balance and coordination has become a common form. Deformation is to change the shape of an object by means of enlargement, reduction, distortion, exaggeration, etc., to form a pattern, which embodies the morphological characteristics of the object. Generalization is to refine the natural image, become a decorative pattern suitable for the shape of the device, and produce a simple and lively feeling. Balance has a symmetrical aesthetic feeling, and coordination includes balance, symmetry, harmony and neatness, which embodies a specific formal law.

The pursuit of rich composition forms and stable and balanced picture sense are the main characteristics of ceramic decorative patterns, which give people a plump, comfortable and fulfilling impression. In the way of composition, there are three common forms: overlapping, expanding and opening.

Overlap: the layout of the picture takes the middle part of the device as the theme, and sets off the theme picture with multi-level patterns, which can have six to eight layers. In the blue-and-white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty, overlapping composition is often used, and the picture overlaps many layers, up to ten layers. This kind of decoration often uses patterns to decorate ceramics from the mouth edge to the bottom of the device, which is "airtight" Its advantages are full pattern and dense composition. However, there is also a sense of occlusion and no space.

Expansion: the method of long scroll composition extends to the left and right of the device, which is suitable for expressing rich content and showing the coherence of the theme. Modern ceramic decoration mostly adopts spread composition and traditional Chinese painting. It enables the author to express emotion and intelligence to the maximum extent in his works, and has more room for expression.

Open style: traditional ceramic decoration is often in the form of "opening on the brocade", while modern ceramic decoration has developed new forms, such as "opening on the sand". There are many forms of opening, such as circle, square, fan, diamond, tile and so on. Bright light composition often turns continuous patterns into scattered parts, connecting all local decorative patterns into a complete momentum and unified theme. Using the "bright light" composition, we can flexibly use a variety of patchwork and dense pictures to form different rhythms and rhythms and produce wonderful performance effects.

Using these three forms of composition, we can break the limitation of time and space, break through the common spatial position, and form picture themes with different seasons, different spatial forms and images. According to the content needs of the work, the scattered perspective method is used to organize and arrange the picture. Combine the surroundings and the center, set them off, and make different pictures form a harmonious whole.

In the creation of ceramic art, I have gained some experience by exploring, learning and learning from the experience of the older generation of ceramic artists. I like painting decorative pictures. In figure painting, I often decorate porcelain works with distorted patterns, and express innovative artistic images in the form of interspersed, contrasted, set off, echoed and exaggerated.

By the way: a ceramic work of art is often rich in connotation, and the plain composition lacks vitality. Composition in the form of interpenetration can make the picture vivid and energetic. In figure painting, the seal script in the form of ancient tiles is interspersed with innocent and lovely children's images, rocks, branches, etc., which makes the picture dynamic and static, calligraphy and painting combined, and has a strong environmental contrast. In "Childlike Fun", I used the composition of figures and scenery, vertical and circular, decorative patterns and figures to make the picture look more unique and have the connotation of folk culture.

Contrast: The contrast of different shapes and positions, such as dynamic and static, virtual and real, sparse and dense, big and small, people and animals, mountains and running water, can give people a strong visual contrast impression. Contrast composition is both unexpected and reasonable. In flower-and-bird painting, birds, butterflies and other animals are often combined with flowers to form a dynamic contrast, even if the picture moves. Different shapes and patterns can be decorated in the same picture, seeking unity in comparison.

Contrast: Similar to contrast, the theme can be enhanced by setting off the identity, personality and mood of characters, setting off lines with blocks, setting off images with colors and setting off nightingales with the moon. Thick ink and light color, cross hair and smudge, local and whole can set off the effect.

Echo: the pattern of different angles, up and down, left and right, front and back, and horizontal and vertical, organically forms a coordinated and balanced role, thus forming an echo relationship. In the "He Yun" new colored porcelain bottle, my colored pen echoes with freehand brushwork, flowers and birds, lotus flowers and lotus leaves. In the arrangement of colors, the red lotus and the elegant lotus leaf echo each other and set each other off as an interest, which better shows the theme of "rhyme". The flight and singing of birds produce charm, and the lines and colors of flowers and leaves reflect elegance. Charm needs to be appreciated and pondered before it can be felt.

Exaggeration: Distortion the image, expand its local structure, and break the proportion, convention and concept. Expressing the author's creative ideas in an exaggerated way is not only a common technique in modern ceramic art, but also in ancient arts and crafts works. I like to use exaggerated deformation as decoration in ladies' paintings. Women are characterized by narrow shoulders and thin waist. Painting a lady with broad shoulders and waist can also be a kind of beauty. Narrow neck, wide face and small cherry mouth are the common deformations when I draw ladies. If all women in real life are in this form, they will not give a good impression. However, in ceramic decoration, there is no need to stick to realism. Although traditional ladies are painted in the ceramic works of Lantern, exaggerated deformation techniques are used in the decoration of characters, which are characterized by long distance between eyes and nose, narrowed hands, slender eyes, simple clothes lines and strong decoration. On the fifteenth day of the first month, colored lanterns are traditional folk customs with strong regional color. Due to exaggeration and deformation, the traditional theme presents modern artistic meaning.

When painting blue and white porcelain, we pay great attention to the relationship between reality and reality, and demand that the position of the picture and the blank should be coordinated. This is the "unified waterway". The blank "waterway" of ceramics is often the composition of the picture. Experienced ceramic artists can skillfully connect the blank with the picture. Virtual, real and dense. In the work of "Birds in the Lotus Pond", the composition is sparse, and the upper part of the bottle is decorated with only a few tits that spread their wings and leap, and a large area is left blank, showing the vastness of "sea and sky are one color". Below the bottle, which echoes the lotus and lotus leaves, a pond is displayed in blank, and several swimming fish are sketched in it, which makes the picture look full of vitality. Through blank processing, it not only gives people room for imagination, but also embodies the beauty of materials. Through the contrast between materials and decoration, the aesthetic feeling of decoration is well reflected, and the relationship between picture and blank is properly grasped.