How do migrant workers find jobs in cities

The problem of migrant workers has always been the focus of attention and discussion. As one of the main gathering places of migrant workers in Beijing, the problem of migrant workers is more severe, and among many migrant workers' problems, the employment problem needs special attention. Under the same social conditions, the employment situation of migrant workers from other places in Beijing is largely determined by their human capital before employment. In March 2006, a survey was conducted in Liulangzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing on the human capital and employment status of migrant workers in Liulangzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing. The main purpose of the survey is to understand the impact of migrant workers' human capital on employment in Beijing, so as to put forward relevant suggestions for further solving the problem of migrant workers.

Migrant workers in Haidian District of Beijing mainly live in Liulangzhuang, Haidian Township, Beiwu Village and Zhongwu Village in Sijiqing Township. Due to the rapid demolition process in Sijiqing Township, many migrant workers have moved away, and only the migrant workers in Liulangzhuang are the most typical and representative.

Liulangzhuang is now divided into 44 communities, of which 1 1 communities are all occupied by migrant workers from other places. These people come from all over the country and live in a mixed state. Especially, large residential places such as Haiyi Apartment, Haibo Apartment, Shuangchengxi Apartment, Shuangchengdong Apartment, Rising Star Apartment and Quan Yi Flat Apartment are more obvious.

Education Capital and Employment

Educational capital generally refers to human capital obtained through formal education, which is one of the most basic forms of human capital. On the whole, the educational capital of migrant workers from other places in Liulangzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing is higher than the previous survey. There is an abnormal phenomenon that the lower the education level, the higher the employment rate, and the higher the education level, the lower the employment rate, and the education level is inversely proportional to the employment rate. The improvement of education level has a significant impact on monthly salary, but it is not obvious to solve labor disputes and sign labor contracts for migrant workers.

Among the people surveyed, 5 people with primary school education are all employed, accounting for100%; In junior high school, 2 people were unemployed and 42 were employed, with an unemployment rate of 4.5% and an employment rate of 95.5%. In high school or technical secondary school, 5 people are unemployed and 25 people are employed. The unemployment rate is 16.7% and the employment rate is 83.3%. Four people above junior college are unemployed, 13 people are employed, with an unemployment rate of 23.5% and an employment rate of 76.5%. The other one has a job.

Judging from the case, people with relatively low academic qualifications tend to have relatively low employment expectations, and they will soon go to work after finding a job, without thinking too much. Migrant workers with relatively high educational level hope to find a better job, especially one that matches their educational level. If they are not satisfied, they would rather lie in the dormitory and wait passively, which makes it more difficult for them to find a job in Haidian District, Beijing, especially near Zhongguancun. The choice of jobs left for migrant workers near Zhongguancun in Haidian District can only be some dirty, tired, poor, dangerous and heavy jobs, which has caused the above abnormal phenomenon.

In real life, it is generally believed that when the actor's educational level is improved, his consciousness and behavior of self-protection will also be improved accordingly. The survey shows that education level has no obvious effect on solving labor disputes.

Nine people with high school or college education have had labor disputes, but they feel wronged but can't do anything about it, accounting for 30.0% of those with that education. Three people voluntarily settled the dispute, accounting for 10.0%, and 1 people complained through the labor inspection department (the only one of all 48 labor disputes, accounting for only 2.0%). Among the migrant workers with college education or above, 5 have had labor disputes, 29.4% feel aggrieved but have no choice, and only 1 person, accounting for 5.8%. None of them complained through the labor inspection department.

This is further confirmed in the case study. The words of a migrant worker with a junior high school education are very representative: "When there is a labor dispute, I really want to get justice, and I have worked hard, but it is useless. We can't resist the boss, they can do whatever they want, and they will probably fire me. " A migrant worker with technical secondary school education said with a helpless expression: "I am an accountant in technical secondary school and know a lot of truth." Now the boss often defaults on my salary, which makes people very angry. I can't help, and my husband can't help me ... "It can be seen that in labor disputes, migrant workers have a strong sense of potential rights protection. What they lack is the courage, ability and way to turn this sense of self-protection into action. Therefore, the change of educational level is not an effective way to improve migrant workers' self-awareness of rights protection. At present, migrant workers are vulnerable groups, and it is not reliable to solve their labor rights protection simply by improving their education level. Only with the help of external forces can we strengthen the constraints on powerful groups and make up for the shortcomings of migrant workers' weakness.

The Influence of Technology and Knowledge Capital on Employment

Technology and knowledge capital are the core of human capital, which refers to the human capital owned by a person and can be directly used to produce goods and services. Technology and knowledge capital can be obtained mainly through professional study (university education) and on-the-job training. Migrant workers' livelihood skills are such human capital, and they can obtain or improve the stock of human capital by participating in vocational training.

Generally speaking, most migrant workers in Liulangzhuang have learned or are learning a trade to make a living, and 45 migrant workers have a trade or a skill to make a living, accounting for 45.9%; 23 migrant workers are studying, accounting for 23.5%; The other 29 did not, accounting for 29.9%. In terms of training, only 26.8% of migrant workers have received formal vocational training and obtained "vocational qualification certificates", while 73.2% of migrant workers have not received formal vocational training. Case studies show that most migrant workers who have not received formal vocational training show great enthusiasm for participating in vocational training.

Obviously, people who have participated in legal formal vocational training have the skills to make a living, while most migrant workers who have not participated in vocational training and do not want to participate have no skills to make a living. The results of case studies further confirm this point. In the survey, the experience of "full" apartment administrators is very representative. Administrators actively studied in rural areas of Hebei Province, and attended vocational skills training in property management, accounting and knitting after coming to Beijing. , and has a strong employability. Therefore, the direction of choosing a job is basically decided by yourself, with rich work experience and relatively high salary.

Floating capital of migrant workers

Migration capital is actually a kind of resource allocation capital, which can bring about income changes through the change of the owner status of human capital (geographical position and professional position). Different from other forms of human capital, migration capital exists outside the human body, and it only changes people's spatial or social status. In addition, once the migration process is over, it loses its independent form.

Most migrant workers come from northern China. More than 68.0% of migrant workers in Liulangzhuang have a negative attitude towards work experience, which will affect their accumulation of experience capital and reflect their job instability.

In terms of migration and floating capital, there are 22 migrant workers from Henan, accounting for 22.4%, followed by Hebei Province, accounting for 2 1, accounting for 21.4%; Anhui Province again, with 10 people, accounting for10.2%; Followed by 8 people in Shandong and 8 people in Hubei, each accounting for 8.2%; 7 people in Sichuan province, accounting for 7.1%; 6 people in Liaoning province, accounting for 6.1%; 5 people in Shaanxi province, accounting for 5.1%; Others such as Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Chongqing and other places have less than 5 people.

Rural migrant workers in Henan Province and Hebei Province account for 4 1 person, accounting for 43.8%; By region, migrant workers from southern areas such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Jiangxi and Anhui account for 2 1 person, accounting for 21.4%; 78.6% came from the north. Therefore, most migrant workers come from northern China, especially the vast rural areas in Henan and Hebei provinces near Beijing.

Among the migrant workers from Liulangzhuang, 23 (23.5%) went out to work for the first time. There are 16 people who have worked once, accounting for16.3%; 17 people twice, accounting for17.3%; 3 times the most, 22 people, accounting for 22.4%; 10, accounting for10.2%; 3 people for 5 times, 3 people for 6 times, 3 people for 10 times, and few people for 10 times or more. There are 75 people who have worked, accounting for 76.5%.

Through the investigation of gender and employment rate, age and employment rate, it is found that women are more likely to be satisfied with their current jobs, while men are more likely to be dissatisfied with their current jobs. The unemployment rate of male migrant workers in Liulangzhuang is higher than that of female migrant workers. On the contrary, the employment rate of female migrant workers is 8 percentage points higher than that of male migrant workers. In addition, female migrant workers are in a weak position in solving labor disputes, establishing labor contracts, monthly wages, and arrears of wages. Generally speaking, the migrant workers in Liulangzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing are mainly young people. Unemployment is mainly reflected in young people, and the employment rate of middle-aged and elderly people is relatively high.

Participate in education and training, and adjust the psychology of choosing a job.

It can be seen from the survey results and analysis that there are many problems in the employment of migrant workers in Liulangzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing. To solve these problems, we must take a multi-pronged approach.

Most migrant workers employed in Beijing should be encouraged to upgrade their human capital. The promotion of migrant workers' human capital certainly requires the government to increase investment, but it also requires the development of migrant workers themselves. Encourage them to persist in "learning by doing" and become experts in their work. In addition, we should actively participate in vocational training, cultivate a variety of employment skills and enhance our employability.

For migrant workers who come to Beijing, it is difficult to improve their cultural level through study. They can improve their knowledge and skills by receiving vocational skills training. The most practical way is to meet the training requirements of migrant workers in Liulangzhuang, and encourage those formal and legal vocational training institutions (which can be run by the government or the society, and it is also a big market, and Liulangzhuang has not been developed yet) to directly enter the areas where migrant workers live. Carry out free or low-cost training for migrant workers, provide direct and convenient training opportunities for migrant workers from other places in Beijing, and make them become a new force of workers who master one or more skills as soon as possible.

For the new generation of migrant workers who are still in the countryside and will come to Beijing soon, it is best to emphasize that they must be well prepared for culture before coming to Beijing, at least with a high school education; If you stop studying, you should learn a certain craft as much as possible, accumulate more knowledge and skills, and lay a foundation for employment, survival and adaptation to the changing society.

Paying attention to the accumulation of professional experience is an effective way to improve human capital. Know your professional ability. When looking for a job, you should apply according to your own specialty and technical ability, and pay attention to fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses. You should try to avoid those occupations that are not suitable for you or have many job seekers. It is wise for migrant workers in Liulangzhuang, especially those with higher education level, to change their psychology of "waiting, relying and wanting", appropriately reduce their employment expectations, take the initiative to contact their jobs, and establish the psychology of "doing before talking" in Haidian District, Beijing.

In addition to actively participating in vocational training and striving to improve their employability, female migrant workers need to master all kinds of legal knowledge, understand the service scope of various labor inspection departments, and use these external legal weapons to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.