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Blood test

[Abbreviation]blood?routine;? Blood RT.

WBC?White blood cells Adults 4.0-10.0? 10*9/L6 months-2 years Infants 11-12? 10*9/LNewborns 15-20? 10*9/L

RBC?Red blood cells Adult males 4.0-5.5? 10*12/LFemales 3.5-5.0? 10*12/LNewborns 6.0-7.0? 7.0? 10*12/L

HGB? Haemoglobin Adult male 120-160g/L Female 110-150g/L Neonate 170-200g/L

HCT or PCV? Hematocrit or erythrocyte pressure? Male 0.42-?0.49?L/L or 42%-49% Female 0.37-0.43L/L or 37%-43%

PLT? platelets 100-300? 10*9/L MPV? mean platelet volume? 7-11fl

PCT Platelet pressure? 0.11-0.28% ? MCV Mean red cell volume? 82-95?fl

MCH Mean hemoglobin volume 27-31pg MCHC Mean hemoglobin concentration 320-360g/L

NEUT% ? Neutrophil ratio ? Rod-shaped nuclei ?0.01-0.05? (1%-5%) Lobulated nuclei ?0.50-0.70? (50%-70%)

LYMPH% Lymphocyte ratio (20%-40%) MONO% Monocyte ratio ? (3%-8%)

EO% Eosinophil ratio (0.5%-5%) BASO% Basophil ratio? (0%-1%)

NEUT# Neutrophil count? Rod-shaped nuclei 0.04-0.5? 10*9/L? Lobulated nuclei 2-7 10*9/L

LYMPH#? Lymphocyte count 0.8-4.0 10*9/L MONO#? Monocyte count 0.12-0.8 10*9/L

EO# Eosinophilic granulocytes 0.05-0.3 10*9/L BASO# Basophilic granulocytes ?0-0.1 ?10*9/L

RDW_SD? Erythrocyte distribution width ?SD 37-51% RDW_CV Erythrocyte distribution width CV 11.5-14.5%

PDW Platelet distribution width? 15%-17% P-LCR Large platelet ratio?13-43%

3. Chinese names, English abbreviations

(Some abbreviations are different depending on the instrument, for reference only)

Middle cell absolute value MO#, MONO#, W-MCC

Granulocyte absolute value GR #, GRAN#, W-LCC

Lymphocyte Absolute LY#, LYM#, W--SCC,

Lymphocyte Percentage LY%, LYM%, W--SCR%

Intermediate Cell Percentage MO%, MONO%, W--MCR%

Granulocyte Percentage GR%, GRAN%, W--LCR%.

Blood Tests Q&A Summary

1. Q: What is included in a routine blood test?

A: Routine blood tests are the most common one in hospitals, used for the general understanding of the patient's physical condition and the initial judgment of the disease and the observation of the efficacy of treatment. Blood routine should generally include red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin determination and white blood cell classification count. However, due to the modern laboratory to do routine blood tests often use multi-parameter blood cell count, a determination can be up to a dozen parameters, the items measured in addition to the above four parameters also include platelets and platelet parameters, red blood cell indexes, leukocyte classification results, and many other parameters, and even three histograms of cell distribution. Therefore, the concept of routine blood can be expanded to contain a number of red blood cell parameters, platelet count and leukocyte classification and so on up to more than ten indicators of a group of experimental content, the more common is to contain 16 to 18 parameters of routine blood test results. The names, reference values, and clinical significance of each item in the routine blood tests are described in detail in the book.

2. Q: What is a blood test?

A: This is a customary name, some clinicians and patients are used to the routine blood tests called "blood", in some books and even professional books have similar writing. For example, the doctor said: "first go check a blood", in fact, this time to the patient to do a routine blood test, this blood test refers to include the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin (that is, people say that the blood pigment) and white blood cell classification and some of the most common test items.

3. Q: Why is it important to do routine blood tests?

A: In the hospital, doctors often require patients to first do a routine blood test. Although the routine blood test is not a specific experiment, but because the blood is constantly circulating throughout the body, flowing through the body's various vital organs, penetrate into the tissues, participate in the body's metabolism, regulate and maintain the body's functional activities and internal and external environmental balance, the human body parts of the slightest abnormal change, will be carried by the blood to convey a variety of information, it is to check the blood of a variety of cellular components of the quantitative and qualitative changes can assist in determining the body's various tissues and organizations. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative changes of various cellular components in the blood can be examined to help determine the lesions of various tissues and organs of the body. Many specific indexes in routine blood tests are commonly used sensitive indexes, which are sensitive to many pathological changes in the body, among which white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets have the most diagnostic reference value, so many patients have to do routine blood tests when the cause of their illness is unknown. In addition, some patients who have been clearly diagnosed or in the process of treatment also need to do routine blood tests, which is a common indicator for observing the effect of treatment, using or stopping drugs, continuing or stopping treatment, and the recurrence or recovery of the disease. In particular, in chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hematology patients, blood tests are a very important and frequent observation.

4. Q: The instrumental and printed blood tests are numerous and complex, how can I read them?

A: Now in general in large and medium-sized hospitals to do routine blood tests, most of the use of automatic blood cell analyzer determination. The patient got a list of more than a dozen parameters of the test results. Because of the different instruments used in hospitals, the printout of the results are organized in a different order. Table 1, 2, 3 lists the automatic blood cell counter to determine the blood cell parameters of the Chinese name, English abbreviation (instrumentation is different, some of the abbreviations are different, for reference only), reference value, unit of measurement.

5. Q: What is the physiological function of red blood cells, red blood cell determination of what significance?

A: Red blood cells are the most numerous class of cells in the human body, its main physiological function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the hemoglobin contained in the cell. The life span of red blood cells is about 120 days, every day there are many cells due to aging and death, and many newborn red blood cells to replace the aging, so that the number of red blood cells to maintain a dynamic balance, in order to maintain the body's metabolism of the normal needs. The number of red blood cells can change when the body has bleeding, blood production disorders, serious destruction of red blood cells or abnormal proliferation of red blood cells and other problems. At this time, a red blood cell count is needed to get the exact number of red blood cells.

RBC is the abbreviation for red blood cells. normal human red blood cells vary by gender and age:

Male: (4.0-5.5)x10*12/L

Female: (3.5-5.0)x10*12/L

Newborn: (6.0-7.0)x10*12/L

(1) Relative erythrocyte increaseThe relative increase in the number of erythrocytes due to the decrease in plasma volume exceeds the upper limit of the reference value or the ratio of erythrocytes to hemoglobin is out of order. Common in the following cases: severe vomiting and diarrhea, sweating, dehydration due to extensive burns, uremia, advanced gastrointestinal tumors, diabetic acidosis, etc. are due to excessive loss of water in the plasma and the red blood cells show a relative increase.

(2)Absolute increase in red blood cellsThis is an increase in the number of red blood cells caused by a variety of factors. For example, living in the plateau area; physiological relative increase in the number of red blood cells in newborns; severe chronic cardiopulmonary diseases, such as obstructive emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, congenital heart disease, etc. can make the number of red blood cells increased pathologically; one of the hematologic diseases of the true erythrocytosis is also a pathological absolute increase in the number of red blood cells.

Decrease in the number of red blood cells can be categorized into three main reasons: decrease in erythropoiesis, excessive destruction of red blood cells, and massive blood loss.

(3) Decreased erythropoiesis, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, myeloma, myelofibrosis, etc.; a variety of chronic diseases leading to long-term consumption of muscle, such as malignant tumors, uremia, liver disease, rheumatism, endocrine diseases, etc.; hematopoietic material deficiency or use of disorders caused by the disease, such as iron-deficiency anemia, iron granulocyte anemia, folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency Megaloblastic anemia caused by folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency.

(4) Reduced number of red blood cells due to excessive destruction of red blood cells, most commonly seen in hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, abnormal hemoglobinopathies, paroxysmal sleep hemoglobinuria, immune hemolytic anemia, mechanical hemolytic anemia and so on.

(5) Various acute chronic blood loss, such as traumatic hemorrhage, surgical hemorrhage, postpartum hemorrhage, acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, chronic blood loss due to ulcers, and other chronic blood loss, and other factors can lead to a decrease in the number of red blood cells.

6. Q: Is hemoglobin the main indicator used to evaluate whether a person is anemic?

A: Hemoglobin is the main component of human blood in the red blood cells, its main physiological function is to serve as a respiratory system carriers, which has the characteristics of easy and oxygen and carbon dioxide combination, can be the body's inhalation of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues throughout the body, and then the tissues in the carbon dioxide transport to the lungs and then exhaled out of the body. The color of blood is red, which is also related to hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is indeed an important and commonly used indicator used to evaluate the presence of anemia, but it is not the only indicator. Doctors often refer to anemia and non-anemia based on hemoglobin measurements. It should be explained here that hemoglobin and red blood cell count have basically the same clinical application value, and there is also a specific proportional relationship between hemoglobin and red blood cells, such as 1.00×10*12 red blood cells per liter of blood, which is equivalent to 30 grams of hemoglobin concentration per liter of blood (30g/L). This proportionality can be used to analyze whether the hemoglobin concentration and the number of red blood cells are parallel. If there is a big difference, it means that the volume size and morphology of the red blood cells have changed, or the amount of hemoglobin contained in the red blood cells has changed. At this time, attention should be paid to several red blood cell parameters such as MCV, MCH, MCHC, and so on, and they are also a few important indicators for analyzing and judging anemia.

7. Q: "How many grams of blood do you have" is how, what is the reference value of hemoglobin?

A: Clinical work often hear patients say "doctor, how many grams of my hemoglobin?"; "I have a few grams of blood? ; "How many grams of blood do I have?" Such questions. In fact, this involves only a common measurement item: hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the non-standard or "common" name for hemoglobin, which can be abbreviated as HGB or Hb. Hemoglobin can be measured in grams, which is the amount of hemoglobin carried per unit volume of blood. The usual unit of measurement is the number of grams of hemoglobin per 100 milliliters (deciliters) of blood, but nowadays the International System of Units (SI) is used, which is based on the number of grams of hemoglobin per liter (1,000 milliliters) of blood. For example, people used to say, "My hematocrit is 15 grams (15g/dl)", but now they should say, "My hemoglobin is 150 grams (150g/L)". The reference values for hemoglobin vary slightly by gender and age, and the more commonly accepted domestic reference values are as follows:

Male: 120-160g/L, with a maximum of 175g/L.

Female: 110-150g/L, with a maximum of 165g/L.

Newborn: 170-200g/L.

These values are based on the following criteria: "I have a hemoglobin of 15g/dl" and "I have a hemoglobin of 150g/L". p>

The amount of hemoglobin in children decreases with age and approaches that of adults. People living in highland areas have higher hemoglobin than those living in plains areas, which is a physiological increase.

Hemoglobin and red blood cells are used in close proximity to each other, and the clinical significance of hemoglobin increases and decreases can be referenced to the clinical significance of red blood cell increases and decreases.

8. Q: What is hemoglobin, and can anemia be determined by observing a person's skin and eyelids?

A: Hemoglobin is the customary name, now collectively known as hemoglobin.

8. Q: What is hemoglobin, observation of human skin and eyelids can determine anemia?

A: Hemoglobin is the customary name, now collectively referred to as hemoglobin, is to evaluate whether the patient is anemic an important indicator. Various causes of blood loss and reduction, making hemoglobin below the reference value is anemia. In addition to specific clinical manifestations, patients with chronic anemia may also have different manifestations in their appearance. For example, skin color and sclera (commonly known as white eyeballs) have a certain relationship with the level of hemoglobin. Some experienced doctors and people can make a preliminary judgment of whether a person is anemic and the degree of anemia by carefully observing the sclera, eyelids, cheeks, fingertips, lips and other parts of the body, if the above parts are found to be pale, without healthy blood or pink, that is, suspected of anemia, but the final and accurate results of the hemoglobin must also be But the final and accurate hemoglobin result must be obtained by laboratory measurement.

9. Q: What are the red blood cell parameters that indicate anemia? How can they be used to determine the type of anemia?

A: The main indicators used by doctors to determine anemia is the hemoglobin concentration, in addition to hemoglobin can also refer to the number of red blood cells, if the ratio of the two are disproportionate, should also be further reference to the mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells (MCV); the average red blood cell hemoglobin volume (MCH), the average red blood cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), the red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW).

Anemias are traditionally classified as macrocytic anemia, normocytic anemia, simple cell anemia, and microcytic hypochromic anemia. Their classification is set according to MCV, MCH, and MCHC, as detailed in Table 4.

Table 4?MCV, MCH, and MCHC Classification of Anemia

Type of Anemia ?MCH(pg) MCV(fl) MCHC(g/L)

(Reference Value) 27-31 80-98 ?320 to 360

Macrocytic anemia

>Normal 32 to 50 >Normal, 100 to 160 Normal, 320 to 360

Orthrocytic anemia

Normal, 27 to 31 ?Normal, 80 to 98 Normal, 320 to 360

Pure cell anemia

<Normal, 21-24 <Normal, 70-80 Normal, 320-360

Macrocytic hypochromic anemia

<Normal, 12-29 <Normal, 50-80 <Normal, 240-300

Macrocytic anemia, which is common in megaloblastic anemia, which is due to deficiency of folate and vitamin B12. of megaloblastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia in pregnancy or infancy, and pernicious anemia.

Normoblastic anemia, common in chronic aplastic anemia, acute hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia.

Microcytic hypochromic anemia, common in iron deficiency anemia and marine anemia.

Simple cell anemia, common in chronic infection, inflammation, liver disease, uremia, malignant tumors, rheumatic diseases, other chronic wasting diseases caused by anemia.

10. Q: What is the parameter RDW and how does it relate to the classification of anemia?

A: RDW is a new erythrocyte parameter, its full name is red blood cell volume distribution width, which expresses the content of the red blood cell volume size of the degree of uniformity, if the red blood cell volume size is uniform, the parameter is low, within the reference value range. If the erythrocyte volume size is not uniform and varies greatly, the parameter is higher than the reference value. The reference value is: 11% to 14.5%.RDW as a new erythrocyte measurement parameter. It can only be found in the results of measurements made with automated cell counters. It can also be used as one of the indicators for the classification of anemia, which can generally be classified morphologically by the two parameters RDW and MCV. Specific anemia classification indicators and common diseases are as follows:

(1) MCV is reduced, RDW is normal small cell homogeneous anemia. Commonly found in chronic diseases, light thalassemia, and children.

(2) Decreased MCV, elevated RDW small cell non-homogeneous anemia. Commonly seen in iron deficiency anemia, beta-thalassemia, hemoglobin H disease, hemoglobin S disease.

(3) Normal MCV, normal RDW normal normocytic homogeneous anemia. Normal individuals fall into this category. Other abnormal manifestations may be found in chronic diseases, chronic liver disease, post-splenectomy, acute hemorrhage, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, and post-chemotherapy.

(4) Normal MCV, elevated RDW normocytic non-homogeneous anemia. Such as early or mixed nutritional deficiencies, anemia with abnormal hemoglobin, myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia, and iron granulocytic anemia.

(5) Elevated MCV, RDW normal large cell homogeneous anemia. Such as aplastic anemia, preleukemia, elevated cold agglutinin.

(6) Elevated MCV, elevated RDW large cell non-homogeneous anemia. Plus megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency, partial sickle cell anemia.

11. Q: What is erythrocyte pressure volume and what is the significance of determining erythrocyte pressure volume?

A: After blood has been treated with anticoagulation, centrifugation allows the blood to be divided into two major parts, plasma and blood cells. If the blood is placed in a special test tube (Winston's tube) according to the specified time and speed of centrifugation, and ultimately make the red blood cells are completely compacted at the bottom of the test tube, the red blood cells are in close contact with each other, as far as possible to exclude all the plasma, at this time, the plasma will be all extruded to the top of the blood cells, the percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood is the red blood cell compaction that we are trying to get, i.e., compacted red blood cells accounted for by the The volume (or percentage) of compacted red blood cells is also called the erythrocyte specific volume or erythrocyte specific volume. The erythrocyte product can also be measured by capillary tube method and hemocytometer method. The erythrocyte pressure is usually abbreviated as HCT or Ht, and the unit of measurement is now expressed as the number of liters of erythrocytes per liter of blood (L/L).

Reference values:

Male: 0.40 to 0.50 L/L (40% to 50%)

Female: 0.37 to 0.45 L/L (37% to 45%)

Measurement of erythrocyte pressures is helpful in understanding the increase and decrease of erythrocytes, and when absolute erythrocyte counts increase due to a variety of causes, the erythrocyte pressures will have a corresponding When the absolute value of erythrocytes increases due to various reasons, the erythrocyte pressure volume also increases accordingly. When the blood is concentrated, the erythrocyte pressure can reach more than 50%, and it is often used in the clinic to understand the degree of concentration of the blood in dehydrated patients, as a reference to calculate the amount of rehydration. The decrease of erythrocyte pressure area is related to various kinds of anemia, due to the different size of red blood cells, the change of erythrocyte pressure area is not parallel to the number of red blood cells, and need to determine the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration at the same time, and used to calculate the average value of red blood cells to have reference value.

12. Q: What are the components of blood?

A: Blood is an important part of the human body, it maintains the physiological function of all parts of the human body, is one of the basic components of life, without blood, human life will not exist. Blood is so important, so what is the composition of blood?

Simply put, blood is mainly composed of plasma and blood cells (that is, what people call blood cells) composed of two major parts of the blood will be anticoagulant anticoagulant treatment, placed in a centrifuge centrifugation or after a period of time can be found in the plasma and blood cells into two parts of the plasma and blood cells are obviously divided into two parts, the blood cells because of the weight of the heavier precipitation at the bottom, suspended in the red blood cells on top of the yellow transparent liquid is the plasma.

The blood cell part is made up of three parts: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, which have a fixed form.

The plasma contains 91% to 92% water, and the other major components are plasma proteins, hormones, nutrients, metabolites, enzymes, electrolytes, trace elements and blood gases.

If the blood is not anticoagulated, let it naturally coagulate, the blood will also be divided into two major parts, the precipitation in the bottom of the coagulation of the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets three kinds of tangible components; floating in the top of the clear and transparent yellowish liquid is the serum, serum does not contain blood cells and fibrinogen components.

13. Q: How does blood circulate and how much blood does a person have?

A: Blood is a viscous red liquid, it flows through all parts of the body, from the heart, through the arteries to small blood vessels to the capillaries, and then to the veins, back to the heart, through the heart will be sent to the blood into the lungs, venous blood in the lungs in the alveoli for gas exchange, the blood to re-carry enough oxygen into bright red arterial blood, and then back to the heart, for the next round of circulation.

An adult has about 8 percent of his or her body weight in blood circulating throughout the body, or about 4.8 kilograms if he or she weighs 60 kilograms. The specific gravity of blood is about 1.060, so there are about 4.5 liters of blood in 4.8 kilograms.

14. Q: What is the difference between whole blood, plasma, and serum required in a lab test?

Answer: The whole blood after anticoagulation treatment is whole blood; the yellowish liquid obtained after centrifugation to remove blood cells is plasma.

If the blood is not anticoagulated and allowed to coagulate on its own, the blood will automatically coagulate under the action of a series of coagulation factors for a period of time after the blood is drawn, and the blood will first coagulate into a whole, and then after a period of time or centrifuged by centrifuge, the coagulated portion of the blood will be separated from some clear, pale-yellow liquid, which is called serum. Serum and plasma do not seem to be different from each other on the surface, but the main difference within them is that serum does not contain fibrinogen, which is obtained from the coagulation of blood that has not been treated with anticoagulation.

Drawing blood for laboratory tests often encountered in certain laboratory requirements with serum determination, determination with whole blood, determination with plasma, that is, refers to the blood specimens of the three main processing methods and requirements.

Serum is mostly used for the determination of blood biochemistry and immunity; plasma is mostly used for the determination of coagulation; and whole blood is mostly used for the determination of blood cells, blood routine, and blood sedimentation.

Anticoagulants are needed for the anticoagulation of blood, and the choice of anticoagulants should be based on specific experimental requirements.

15. Q: Blood should be bright red, why is it sometimes drawn dark red or blackish red?

A: It was said earlier that blood is divided into arterial and venous blood. Human arteries in the deeper parts of the body, so it is not easy to see, arterial flow of blood due to the presence of more oxygen and bright red, so in the arterial end parts such as earlobes or fingertips to take blood or skin trauma after the flow of blood is often red or bright red, in addition to a slight anemia of the patient's blood is also more bright red. Veins are usually found in superficial areas of the body, such as the elbows, backs of the hands, thighs, and tops of the feet, and are easily visible and greenish-purple in color. Blood flowing in the veins is called venous blood, and venous blood is dark due to the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. Blood is drawn from a vein in the elbow for blood tests, so the blood you see drawn is often dark red or blackish red, which can also indicate that your blood contains more red blood cells and hemoglobin. In addition, venous blood can be dark purple when the blood is concentrated or in patients with pulmonary heart disease.

It is also possible to see darker blood, similar to venous blood, when blood is taken from peripheral sites such as fingertips, either because they originate from the end of a peripheral vein, or because of a higher concentration of hemoglobin, or because the blood is concentrated.

16. Q: What is the preparation before drawing venous blood for testing?

A: When it comes to laboratory tests, the patient associates the drawing of blood with pain, and the mood will be tense to varying degrees, and the child may also cry. Blood draws certainly hurt, but to a very small degree. Nervousness and even fear are mainly psychological. In order to ensure the stability and accuracy of the test results, patients should give positive cooperation and remain relaxed.

The blood test is usually done with venous blood, and the venous blood test is usually done in the morning, except for the special requirement items. Before the blood test, try to reduce the amount of exercise, don't eat food, keep an empty stomach, and drink a small amount of water, and except for certain drugs that must be taken on time, try to move the other drugs to the blood test before taking them, so as to avoid interfering with the results of certain experiments. If you are a hospitalized patient, your blood should be drawn by a doctor or nurse in a relatively stable condition. The skin at the site of the blood draw should be as clean as possible before the blood is drawn. The amount of blood to be drawn is determined by the different contents of the tests and the number of items, and the amount of blood drawn is generally 2-20 ml, with a maximum of 50 ml. We often hear patients say, "How much nutrition do I need to make up for the amount of blood I have drawn?" In fact, there is no need to worry and nervous, because this only accounts for the body's entire blood volume of 0.5 ‰ ~ 3 ‰, do not need any supplementation and special nutrition, the body can be completely automatic adjustment and adaptation.

After the blood is drawn, the doctor or nurse will distribute the blood in different test tubes to meet different experimental requirements.

17. Q: What are the requirements and preparations for collecting peripheral blood?

A: Peripheral blood can be collected from the earlobe and the fingertip, and in infants, from the heel. Earlobe blood collection is less painful, but the amount of blood collected is less, especially for people with small earlobes, it is more difficult to collect blood. Fingertip blood collection is more painful, but the amount of blood collected is more, especially for routine blood tests, can get more stable results.

The skin should be cleaned before blood collection. Do not take blood immediately after coming indoors in the cold winter outdoors, you should warm up your body later, especially the earlobes and hands should be warmed up for blood collection. Do not scald your hands with hot water before taking finger blood, keep your fingers dry, and avoid using the finger if there are wounds, onychomycosis, redness, swelling, or skin diseases on the fingertip. Finger tip blood collection generally use the ring finger, because the ring finger will not affect the daily function of the hand after puncture, of course, can also be used in the middle finger or index finger, no special difference. Earlobe blood collection should be earrings and other earrings on the earlobes should be removed, do not hang up immediately after blood collection.

After blood collection should be disinfected cotton or other disinfectant hemostatic items pressed needle puncture broken, do not touch the dirt, do not immediately soak water to wash their hands.

18. Q: Peripheral blood can be used for which laboratory tests?

A: Peripheral blood because of its easy access to blood, mostly used for some simple and easy to use, the amount of blood used is small, the determination of rapid laboratory tests. The more commonly used items are routine blood tests, blood type, microgram or fast blood glucose (using blood glucose test strip method), microgram blood sedimentation (Pan's method blood sedimentation), microgram red blood cell pressure measurement.

Because of the rapid development of modern measurement technology, some of the original need to use venous blood or the use of blood with a large amount of items also have a rapid micro-method; these items can also be used peripheral blood, such as liver function related to the determination of alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, surface antigen of hepatitis B (AOA), etc.; with kidney function related to the creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid; and lipids related to the determination of cholesterol and Triglyceride determination; certain enzymes such as kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, pancreatic amylase, trace element determination. Many new rapid tests are still being established for microperipheral blood.

19. Q: Why do many experiments require fasting blood draws?

A: Fasting blood has become a basic requirement for many laboratory tests, mainly for the following reasons:

(1) Many of the normal reference values of blood tests are derived from the results of fasting blood of the normal population, the results obtained after statistical analysis.

(2) After eating, many chemical components in the blood can be changed, so that accurate laboratory values can not be obtained, such as eating foods containing high fat can make triglycerides rise several times; consumption of high-sugar foods within two hours can make blood glucose rapidly high. In the first night after eating to the next morning, fasting time of more than ten hours, the body of various substances has reached a relatively stable and balanced, food factors on the blood composition of the basic have no effect, this time the blood can be relatively stable and accurate results.

(3) Due to the changes in the human biological cycle, some of the indexes of certain items vary greatly depending on the time of blood collection, such as the peak of cortisol secretion in the morning, and the gradual decline in the afternoon and evening, so the results of the measurement at the same time are comparable.

(4) People in the morning less movement, and eating, labor, exercise, work and many other factors, can make some laboratory indicators fluctuations, hindering the accuracy of the test results, but also not conducive to the comparison with the previous results.

20. Q: What is the use of earlobe blood, finger blood, venous blood, arterial blood?

A: Human blood circulates through the heart and through arteries, veins, and capillaries throughout the body. There are two main ways in which people have their blood drawn for tests in hospitals, namely venous blood and peripheral blood.

Vein blood is generally used elbow vein (commonly known as: arm blood), with a syringe puncture to draw blood, the amount of blood drawn according to the different items of the test and the number of different items, blood drawn from a few milliliters to tens of milliliters ranging from blood glucose, lipids, liver and kidney function, immunoglobulin, thyroid function and other biochemistry and immunology experiments and the vast majority of the special experiments.

Earlobe blood and finger blood are collectively known as peripheral blood, often from the earlobe or fingertip blood, the amount of blood collected is relatively small, mostly in the 0.1 ml or so, commonly used in routine blood tests, blood type, rapid glucose, and other simple and rapid experiments, but now there are many medical units of routine blood tests are also done with venous blood, which can obtain more accurate and stable results.

Arterial blood is usually used for blood gas analysis because it carries oxygen and provides energy for human metabolism.

Introduction to pediatric anemia?

[Definition]?　　

Anemia is a common symptom or syndrome in pediatrics, defined as a lower-than-normal or significantly lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes per unit volume of peripheral blood, hemoglobin volume, and erythrocyte pressure volume. Normal values for these three items vary from country to country due to geographic factors. Because the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin amount and red blood cell pressure area are not necessarily parallel, so the clinic is mostly based on the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin amount as a measure of anemia. It should be noted that red blood cell count and hemoglobin volume are related to blood volume. For example, when the blood volume is reduced (dehydration), although the number of red blood cells per unit volume and the amount of hemoglobin is normal, but there may be anemia. In this case, the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin volume alone do not reflect the true state of anemia.

[Graduated]?　　　

Clinically, anemia is classified into the following degrees according to the degree of decrease in hemoglobin and red blood cell count: hemoglobin of 9-12 grams/deciliter is considered mild, 6-9 grams/deciliter is considered moderate, 3-6 grams/deciliter is considered severe, and less than 3 grams/deciliter is considered very severe. A red blood cell count of 3-4 million/cubic millimeter (same unit below) is considered mild, 2-3 million is moderate, 1-2 million is severe, and less than 1 million is very severe.

It is important to note that the degree of reduction in hemoglobin volume and red blood cell count may not be parallel in different types of anemia; for example, in macrocytic anemia, the reduction in red blood cell count is more pronounced than the reduction in hemoglobin volume, and in microcytic hypochromic anemia, the reduction in hemoglobin volume is more pronounced than the reduction in red blood cell count.

In addition, in the diagnosis of anemia must be compared with the normal values of hemoglobin volume and red blood cell counts of children of different ages, in order to accurately determine the degree of anemia, for example, the newborn baby was born, the amount of hemoglobin, such as 12 grams of %, which is compared with the normal value of hemoglobin in the newborn baby, it is shown to suffer from a moderate degree of anemia.