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How many kinds of musical instruments have been made in China?

Musical instrument category Musical instrument name

Edit this paragraph 3 the classification of China folk musical instruments.

1, the classification of ancient "eight tones"

In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a method to classify musical instruments according to different materials, which was divided into eight categories: gold, stone, silk, bamboo, wood, earth, leather and wood, and it was called "eight tones". For more than 3,000 years from the weekend to the early Qing Dynasty, China has been using the "eight-tone" classification. Gold: mainly bells, which prevailed in the Bronze Age. In ancient times, the clock was not only a musical instrument, but also a ritual vessel symbolizing status and power. Princes and nobles widely use bell music in various ceremonies, banquets and daily Yan music, such as courtship and sacrifice. The positive drum part and the side drum part of a bell can emit two frequency tones, which are generally three-degree intervals. In addition, there are Qing, Yu and Gou, which are basically the deformation of the clock. Suona; suona; suona horn

Stone: all kinds of chimes, mainly limestone, followed by bluestone and jade. They are all in the shape of a sentence, and the bottom is slightly bent. Different sizes and thicknesses. The metal frame is made of copper and has a single-sided double-layer structure, and the cross beam is circular and tubular. The column and base are all monster shapes, with faucets, cranes' necks, birds' bodies and turtle feet. Unique shape, exquisite and firm production. The chin is suspended in two layers, each layer is divided into two groups, one group is six pieces, arranged according to the relationship of four or five degrees; A group of ten pieces, the relationship between two adjacent chins is two degrees, three degrees and four degrees. They are combined in different tones. Silk: all kinds of stringed instruments, because ancient strings were made of silk. There are Qin, Qin, Zhu, Pipa, Huqin, Zijiao and so on. Bamboo: bamboo wind instruments, flutes, flutes, flutes, flutes, pipes, etc. "Shu" refers to the fruit of cucurbitaceae, and the musical instrument made of Shu is mainly Sheng. Earth: namely, pottery musical instruments, Tao Di, pottery drums, etc. Pi: Mainly all kinds of drums, mainly hanging drums and building drums. Wood: Very few now. There are all kinds of wooden drums, flutes and rafters. Cuo is an ancient percussion instrument, which looks like a crouching tiger. There are serrated thin boards on the back of the tiger, and its serrated pronunciation is scraped back with a bamboo tube with one end split into several pieces to end the music. Used in court music of past dynasties. Zhang is an ancient percussion instrument, shaped like a square wooden box, with a wide top and a narrow bottom. When a vertebra (wooden stick) touches its inner wall, it will make a sound, indicating that music is about to start. Used in court music of past dynasties.

2. Classification of common musical instruments at present.

wind instrument

The pronunciation of wind instruments in China is mostly made of bamboo or wood. According to the different vibration methods, it can be divided into three categories: the first category, there are flutes, flutes (Qu Di and Bangdi), flutes and so on. In the second category, there are suona, sea flute, pipe, double pipe, throat and other musical instruments that make the orchestral string vibrate when the airflow blows over the whistle. The third category includes Sheng, Baosheng, Paisheng and the Eighth Five-Year Plan. Due to the different pronunciation principles, the types and timbres of musical instruments are extremely colorful and have strong personality. And because of the differences in playing skills of various instruments, as well as the differences in regions, nationalities, times and performers, wind instruments in national instrumental music have formed extremely rich playing skills in the long-term development process, with unique playing styles and genres. Representative musical instruments: Sheng, Lusheng, Paixiao, Hulusi, Guanzi, Bawu, Lian, Suona and Xiao. All musical instruments: Muye, paper, bamboo flute (Dong), snail flute (Zhuang), Zhaojun (Han), Tuliang (Jingpo), spouse, Er (Kazak), mouthpiece (Han), bark earthen pipe (Miao), (Nu), Xiao (Han) and Chiba. Duo (Kemu), Chi (Han), Lian (Han), Bei (Tibetan), Zhan Jian (Miao), Xiao (Miao), Dongdongkui (Tujia), Yida (Li), Lie (Li) and Cuo.

Plucked/stringed instruments

The plucked instruments in China are divided into horizontal and vertical types. Horizontal styles, such as: Zheng (guzheng and tuning Zheng), guqin, dulcimer and piano solo. Vertical, such as: Pipa, Ruan, Yueqin, Sanxian, Dongbula, Zamu Nie. Playing musical instruments is bright and crisp. There are two ways to play the right hand: fake nails and Paizi. The right hand skills are fully developed, such as bouncing, picking, rolling, turning, hooking, rubbing, buckling, rowing, brushing, dividing, patting, lifting and picking. The richness of right-hand skills also promotes the development of left-hand skills such as pressing, reading, kicking, hugging, twisting, pushing, hugging, squatting, standing and lifting. Most of the instruments played are rhythmic, except solo, but the aftertaste is very short, so you need to roll or turn long notes. Generally, the strength of plucked instruments does not change much. In the band, except guqin, other instruments have strong sound penetration. In addition to single stringed instruments, plucked instruments mostly divide the pitch by code (or column), and vertically divide the pitch by phase and quality, which can be divided into two types: no phase and no quality. Generally speaking, it is easy to tune except the common zither arranged in five tones. All kinds of playing instruments have a good effect on the playing of overtones. Besides piano solo, you can play two notes, chord, pipa and interval jump. China's musical instrument playing styles are varied, and the names and symbols of playing techniques are not consistent. Representative musical instruments: pipa, Zheng, dulcimer, lyre (guqin), Rewap, Dongbula, Ruan, Sanxian, Yueqin and piano. All musical instruments: Metal Kouxian (Miao) (Kirgiz), Bamboo Kouxian (Yi), (Gaoshan), Pipa (Han), Ruan (Han), Yueqin (Han), (Han), Sanxian (Han), Rewafu (Uygur) and so on.

percussion instrument

China has a wide variety of national percussion instruments, rich skills and distinctive national style. According to different pronunciations, it can be divided into: 1 and gong, such as big gong, small gong, cloud gong, cymbals and bells. 2, ringing wood, such as: board, bangzi, wooden fish, etc. 3. Leather, such as drums, drums, drums, elephant feet drums, etc. China's percussion music is not only a rhythmic instrument, but each percussion group can play independently, which plays an important role in setting off music content, drama plot and increasing musical expression. Western orchestras in China often use national percussion instruments. National percussion music can be divided into fixed pitch and non-fixed pitch. There is no fixed pitch, such as drum, gong, cymbal, board, bang, bell, etc. Have a fixed pitch, such as drums, drums, cymbals, etc. Typical musical instruments: hall drums (drums), jingle bells, cylindrical drums, fixed-tone cylindrical drums, bronze drums, Korean long drums, big gongs and small gongs, small drums, drums (tambourines) and cymbals. All musical instruments: Bangzi (Han nationality), pestle (Gaoshan nationality), (Li nationality), Lihua Pian (Han nationality), Lagan (Dai nationality), (Wa nationality), (Jinuo nationality) and cymbals. (Han), Ban (Han), Muyu (Han), (Han), Faling (Tibetan), Yaoling (Manchu), (Han), Tonggu (Zhuang, Gelao, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Miao and Yao). , Taiping Drum (Manchu), Er (Tibetan), Rattle Drum (Han), Yangqin (Han), Zhutongqin (Yao), Daodao (Kemu), Sabayi (Uygur).

stringed instrument

String instruments mainly refer to huqin instruments. Although its history is shorter than other national musical instruments, it is widely used in solo, ensemble, ensemble and accompaniment because of its beautiful pronunciation, rich expressive force and high playing skills and artistic level. Most stringed instruments are double stringed instruments, and a few use four stringed instruments, such as Hu Si, Gehu and Ai Jieke. Snake skin, python skin, sheepskin, etc. Covered by most piano tubes; Several boards were used, such as coconut trees and banhu. A few are flat or oblate, such as, Hu, Banhu, etc. And their timbres are elegant and soft, and some are clear and bright; Some are full of vigor and vitality, cheerful personality and full of singing. Typical musical instruments: Erhu, Banhu, Gehu, Ma Touqin, Ai Jieke, Jinghu, Zhonghu and Gao Hu. All musical instruments: music saw (Russian), bowstring (Tibetan), erhu (Han), Gao Hu (Han), Jinghu (Han), Sanhu (Han), Hu Si (Han), Banhu (Han), Diaoqin (Han), Diaohu (Han) and Xiqin (Han). Ai Jieke (Uygur), Sattar (Uygur), Kaolegeqin (Dong), Jurnikl Qin (Wa), Yazheng (Korean) and Guzheng (Han).

Edit this piece of 3 traditional music and national orchestral ensemble

Section 1 Traditional Music

First of all, percussion ensemble

: refers to ensemble music composed only of percussion instruments, which is common in folk festivals or customs. Percussion ensemble gives full play to the characteristics of percussion instruments in China, expressing various atmospheres and emotions with different timbres, diversified sound combinations, rich and complicated rhythms and beats, and dynamic changes. Or warm and prosperous, or light and lively, or solemn and magnificent.

Second, the wind ensemble

Refers to ensemble music mainly composed of wind instruments and a few percussion instruments, which is widely popular in folk weddings, funerals and festive activities.

Third, the string ensemble

Refers to music composed of several stringed instruments and plucked instruments, also known as stringed Suo Le. Sixian ensemble is good at beauty, lyricism and elegance, suitable for indoor performances, and delicate in style. Most of the music is short lyric music, and some are longer divertimento.

Fourth, the bamboo music ensemble.

Music composed of stringed instruments and bamboo wind instruments, mainly popular in the south. Generally speaking, there is no need for suona and strong percussion music such as pipes, gongs and drums. It has the characteristics of small band, lively musical taste, exquisite and delicate playing style, beautiful, soft and elegant musical personality. The main types of music are Jiangnan Sizhu, Guangdong Music, Fujian Nanyin and Yunnan Lijiang Baisha Fine Music. 1, Phyllostachys edulis: popular in southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The band consists of 7-8 people, ranging from 2-5 people. The flute and erhu are the main musical instruments, and other commonly used musical instruments are Xiao Sanxian, Pipa, dulcimer, Sheng, Drum Board, Muyu and Dingdang. The combination of musical instruments is flexible and changeable. When playing, there is only one instrument. Players can improvise according to the performance of the instrument and play different tunes on the basis of the same tune. In the coordination of various musical instruments, "you enter and I leave, and I enter and you leave;" You are simple, and I am simple; You are high and I am low, and I am high and you are low; You are against me, and I am against you; You are long and I am short, I am long and I am short; You stop and I drag, I stop and you drag; For a long time, for a long time; There are differences in the same, and there are similarities in the differences "("Huayin Eight Laws "). 2. Guangdong music: The original meaning generally refers to Guangdong folk songs, rap, opera and folk instrumental music, and later only refers to the ensemble form of folk instrumental music popular in Guangdong, also known as Guangdong ditty. The musical instrument combination of Guangdong music varies with the times. In the early days, there were "five heads": two strings, violin (made of bamboo, with thin wooden boards embedded in the front end and holes in the bamboo joints at the back end), bamboo flute, three strings and Qin Yue; Later changed to "three heads": Gao Hu (Moon Lake), dulcimer and Qin Qin. Later, on the basis of the "three heads", other silk and bamboo instruments such as pipa, coconut tree, flute, flute, suona, wooden fish and bell were added. The timbre is crisp and bright, the melody is smooth, and the rhythm is lively and changeable. Syntactically, "palindrome sentences" and "parallelism sentences" are commonly used, and the music style is warm and lively.

Five or four bamboo gongs and drums ensemble

Also known as percussion, it is a common form of instrumental music in folk festivals, custom activities and weddings, funerals and celebrations. Mainly wind instruments and percussion instruments, supplemented by silk stringed instruments; Characterized by structurally independent and complete gongs and drums. 1. Blowing and beating in southern Jiangsu: It is popular in Suzhou and Wuxi in southern Jiangsu and has a long history. Flute and drum are the main musical instruments, wind instruments can be Xiao, Sheng or Xiao Suona, silk stringed instruments include Erhu, Banhu, Pipa and Sanxian, and percussion instruments include banjo, Diangu, Bangu and Yungong. There are many different band combinations in actual performance. 2. Shanxi drum music: popular in Wutai, Dingxiang and other counties in the northwest of the mountain, with a long history and profound tradition, it has been circulated among the people at least in the middle of the Qing Dynasty; Mostly used for weddings, funerals, festivals, temple fairs and other occasions. It was also absorbed by the religious music of Wutai Mountain in Miao Qing and played in Zen. The number of band members ranges from 10 to dozens or hundreds. Wind instruments are the main ones, and there are other wind instruments such as flute, flute and sheng. Percussion instruments include drums, cymbals, gongs, gongs, cymbals and bangzi. Please enjoy percussion "Celebrate the Harvest"

Section 2 National Orchestra

The folk music ensemble in China traditional music has the characteristics of few varieties, strong regionality and strong local characteristics. The national orchestra absorbed the advantages of various musical instrument combinations in traditional music. According to the performance, characteristics and timbre of national musical instruments, and taking into account the coordination of high, medium and low notes, the balance of volume and timbre, it generally includes four musical groups: wind group, plucked group, string group and percussion group. Due to the different sizes of the bands, the types and quantities of instruments used are also different. Common musical instruments are as follows: wind band: flute, flute, sheng, suona, pipe, etc. Plucked music groups: Pipa, zhongruan, Daruan, dulcimer, Zheng, Sanxian, etc. String Orchestra: Gao Hu, Erhu, Zhonghu, Dihu, etc. Percussion instrument group: timpani, gong, drum, cymbal, bell, wooden fish, cymbal, etc.

National Orchestra "Moonlit Night on the Spring River"

The national orchestral ensemble "Moonlit Night on the Spring River" is divided into nine sections, with a multi-section structure and free variation. Use a uniform closing phrase at the end of each paragraph. The subtitle and performance content of each paragraph are: 1, Jianglou bell and drum: the introduction of the whole song, and the playing sound pattern of pipa from slow to fast and from weak to strong, imitating the drum sound of riverside bell tower at dusk; Followed by a ditty (the core of the whole song theme), followed by a repetitive homonym drum. The theme is like the melody of a song, quiet and soft; It is developed through homophonic inheritance, lower die advancement and material development. 2. Dongshan Mountain on the Moon: the free mode of the theme of the upper sound area. 3. The wind returns to the water: it is the synthesis of the first two paragraphs, and the theme statement is more perfect. 4. Flower shadow cascade: it is the change of the last paragraph, the head and tail are basically the same, and several short sentences in the middle are homophonic. 5. Water depth and clouds: the theme is spread out with seed sound, the head and tail are basically the same as the theme, and the seed sound is spread out in the middle. The application of vibrato has a unique artistic effect. 6. Fisherman sings late: In this variation, a new rhythm sound pattern is developed in the top five tones, and this is the core sound of continuous downward modeling, and the theme of the tail changes. 7. Surfing ashore: The first sentence is the compression of the previous paragraph, which appears in a unified rhythm, and then the theme forms a series of module sounds with the same tone drop in an elongated rhythm. 8. The first half is modeled by dynamic dotted note rhythm, and the second half is theme compression. 9. Go home: the climax of the whole song. The theme sounds in the first half are arranged in a relatively fixed rhythm, with the sound mode downward and rising and falling alternately with the melody; More and more speed and intensity create a dynamic sound of radiation, spray and human voice, which pushes music to a climax. The second half, like the last one, returns to the theme of poetic beauty. 10, epilogue: The melody is composed of some tones of the theme, so as to lengthen the slow rhythm, fade away gradually and gently, and everything is quiet. Please enjoy the national orchestral ensemble "Moonlit Night on the Spring River"

Edit the musical features of this section of national instrumental music.

Section 1 Types of Traditional National Instrumental Music

According to the performance function of China traditional instrumental music, it can be divided into 1 and practical music. Most of them are related to folk activities, such as Chinese New Year holidays, weddings and funerals, temple fairs and religious activities. Others come from opera scenes or folk songs and dances. This kind of music often sets off and renders an atmosphere with its single and generalized emotion. For example, China Flower Six Board, Late Night, Qingfeng Harvest, etc. 2. Music based on realism. Express people's feelings by depicting some scenes and events in real life. For example, birds fly at the phoenix, the dragon wins the brocade, the running water and so on. 3. Music based on freehand brushwork and love writing. Some directly express the feelings of the characters, such as Two Springs Reflecting the Moon and Rivers. Some people use things to express their feelings, borrow scenery to create feelings, embody feelings in the scenery, and melt the scenery into the environment. Just like China's ancient poems and paintings, they pay attention to artistic conception and charm, and the way of expressing feelings is implicit. Such as "fishing boat sings late" and "plum blossom three lanes".

Section 2 Names of Traditional National Instrumental Music

China traditional instrumental music has a title. Its titles are "nominal titles" and "nominal titles".

1, nominal title

It only plays the role of the title of the song, and has no direct relationship with the meaning of the song. To understand music, we need to understand it from the musical image composed of melody, rhythm, mode, speed, dynamics and other musical elements. Some song titles come from ancient original music, epigraph music, folk songs and original operas, such as Langtaosha, Wan Nianhuan, Man Fang Ting, A Flower, Jasmine Flower, Guan Gong Guo Wu Guan and so on. Some titles come from the structural features of music. For example, "sentence double" means that every phrase in music is repeated once and appears in pairs; The three hutongs in Three Alleys of Plum Blossom are the same theme that appears three times repeatedly. Some titles are named after the score of the first sentence of the music, such as On Ruler and Four Middle Schools. Some are named after musical modes, such as complex and small palace modes; Some are named after the use of music or performances, such as "sedan chair", "walking around the streets" and "rowing gongs and drums". Some pieces of music are composed of several pieces of music, and their titles are often composed of words extracted from several pieces of music. For example, Liu Niang Sanzui in Cantonese Opera is a collection of Liu Qingniang and Sanzui. In the face of such a title, it is forbidden to read the text and be reasonable.

2. Symbolic title

This title is drawn up by folk artists, bachelor of arts or musicians according to the content of music, so the title reflects the composer's understanding of music. Generally speaking, symbolic titles have strong generality, which imply the content of music, a certain artistic conception, a certain emotional atmosphere or an event with generalized and concise words. Appreciators can understand music through the tips of titles and musical images, thus arousing associations.

Section 3 Music Structure of Traditional National Instrumental Music

The traditional division method in China divides folk instrumental music into Sanqu and divertimento. Sanqu refers to music composed of a tune or tune; A divertimento is a piece of music composed of several tunes or paragraphs. Common structural types are roughly as follows:

1, integral type

Qupai is the smallest structural unit of national instrumental music. A qupai can be repeated many times to form a piece of music, or it can be a part of a suite. Monomelody style is a musical structure composed of a melody.

Step 2 change

When a piece of music consists of a tune (or tune) repeatedly, if it changes every time, it forms a variation.

3. Circulating body

In a piece of music, two tunes (or tunes) appear repeatedly, or a tune (or tune) appears repeatedly for more than two times, and a new voice is inserted in the middle, which is a circular body.

4. Couplets (divertimento)

A musical structure composed of many tunes (or tunes and boards) is a couplet. The layout of couplets often adopts the principle of "slow-medium-fast" or "scattered-slow-medium-fast-scattered".

5. complicated

In a piece of music, two or more structures are fused together, or based on a certain structural principle, and there are also other structural factors, which is called synthesis. In traditional music, there are "cycle and variation", "combination and variation" and so on.

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