Domestic common sense

1. Use the knowledge of political life to explain the favorable conditions for China to strengthen cooperation with ASEAN countries.

1. Economic common sense (1) Optimal allocation of resources. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area can strengthen the mutually beneficial cooperation between China and ASEAN countries, help to adjust the surplus and shortage of resources internationally, participate in the distribution of world resources, create a more convenient development platform for China and ASEAN enterprises, and promote the economic development of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. (2) Give play to comparative advantages. It is conducive to introducing and absorbing domestic advanced scientific and technological achievements and enhancing the self-reliance ability of all parties. (3) Economic globalization and regional economic integration. Strengthening regional economic ties is a step towards economic globalization. The establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is the objective requirement of production socialization, especially economic globalization, and also the inherent requirement of market economy. This is a necessary condition for socialist modernization. This will not only help China to establish a chain of industrial division of labor in line with its own interests, but also help promote domestic reform and opening up and accumulate experience for developing economic and technological cooperation in a wider scope. For ASEAN countries, China's strong and stable economic strength, industrial system and market buffering power can be used to drive ASEAN countries out of the financial crisis and meet the challenges of multinational companies. * * * Promote exports to the international market. Strengthening mutually beneficial cooperation and promoting regional economic integration is the only way to achieve development and prosperity. (4) The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is conducive to the further development of China's foreign trade. The development of economic and trade exchanges between China and ASEAN can exchange needed goods, adjust surplus and deficiency, realize the optimal allocation of resources, save social labor and achieve better economic benefits. We can absorb and learn from the advanced scientific and technological achievements of ASEAN in some aspects, enhance China's economic strength, accept the competitive pressure and challenges in the international market, optimize the industrial structure and product structure, promote domestic enterprises to constantly update their technologies, and improve labor productivity and the internationalization level of their products. 2. Philosophical common sense (1) contact view. Contact is universal, objective and conditional. We must look at the problem from the perspective of contact. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area provides a two-way interactive, competitive and open cooperation platform for China and ASEAN countries, which will create conditions for the construction and development of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, thus promoting extensive exchanges and cooperation among countries in the economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological fields. After the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is officially launched, the complementary advantages of both sides will be fully brought into play. Complementary trade will greatly enrich the bilateral market, and both trade and investment will increase substantially, which is conducive to promoting the economic and social development of both sides. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area not only conforms to the interests of China, but also promotes the common development of both sides. (2) Development concept. The whole world is an infinitely changing and developing material world. Development is a process in which something new replaces something old. We should stick to the viewpoint of development. The relationship between China and ASEAN has grown from nothing to promoting the construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, comprehensively deepening the strategic partnership between the two sides, and officially launching the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. , reflecting the development point of view. (3) Contradictions are analyzed by the principle of unity of opposites. China-ASEAN cooperation and competition, competition in cooperation. Strengthen cooperation in competition. (4) the unity of quantitative change and qualitative change. In 2002, China and ASEAN started negotiations on a free trade agreement, formally implemented the "Early Harvest Plan" in 2003, signed an agreement on trade in goods in 2004 and an agreement on trade in services in 2007. The signing of this investment agreement marks the successful completion of the main negotiation tasks of the FTA. The 20 10 free trade zone was finally completed. 3. Political common sense (1) The nature of the state determines the state function, and the state function reflects the nature of the state. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area shows that China's national institutions have organized and led the socialist economic construction, carried out international exchanges and cooperation, created an international environment conducive to China's development, and maintained world peace. Give full play to China's external functions in the international community. (2) National nature and national interests determine foreign policy. Safeguarding national interests is the basis for a country to develop its foreign relations. The nature of China as a socialist country determines that China pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area will help China to establish an industrial division chain that is in line with its own interests. This is conducive to promoting domestic reform and opening up and accumulating experience for developing economic and technological cooperation on a larger scale. (3) Peace and development are the themes of our times. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is a strategy for China and ASEAN countries to seek long-term development. The result of striving for a peaceful international environment conducive to their own development. China and ASEAN have moved from competition to win-win cooperation, which shows that peace and development are the themes of the times. (4) The essence of contemporary international competition. The essence of contemporary international competition is the contest of comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology. All countries in the world clearly realize whether they can gain advantages in scientific and technological development and enhance their comprehensive national strength on the basis of economic and scientific and technological strength. The China-ASEAN Free Trade Area was officially launched, and all member countries actively fulfilled their responsibilities and obligations. This shows that in today's and future world, economy is the foundation, and economic development has become the most concerned issue for most countries in the world. Competition between countries is increasingly turning to the fields of economy, science and technology. (5) Independent foreign policy of peace. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is the result of China's active pursuit of an independent foreign policy of peace, which has promoted peace and development in the ASEAN region and even the world, and is in line with the common aspirations and fundamental interests of the people of China and the world. The official launch of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is not only the inevitable trend of world economic and technological development, but also the need for China to accelerate economic and technological development.

2. China knowledge (ultra-short)

In ancient China, the word "country" meant "city" or "state". "China" means "central city" or "central country". In the literature of Zhou Dynasty, the word "China" has five different meanings: first, it refers to the capital; The second refers to the kingdom directly ruled by the son of heaven; Three refers to the Central Plains; Fourth, it refers to domestic and inland areas; The position and country of the five fingers in Xia or Han Dynasty.

Since the Han Dynasty, people have often referred to the Central Plains Dynasty established by the Han nationality as "China" and the Central Plains Dynasty established by the fraternal nationalities as "China". During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Southern Dynasty called itself "China", the Northern Dynasty called itself "Wei Lu", the Northern Dynasty also called itself "China", and the Southern Dynasty called itself "Islander". Liao and Northern Song Dynasty, Jin and Southern Song Dynasty all called themselves "China".

Strictly speaking, the ancient "China" is an adjective, not a proper noun. Of course, "China" in history does not mean the scope of "China" today. None of the ancient dynasties in China took "China" as the official country name. The name of the Han Dynasty was Han, the name of the Tang Dynasty was Tang, and the names of later generations were Song, Liao and Xia.

It was not until the Revolution of 1911 that "China" was taken as the abbreviation of "Republic of China". After the national liberation, we also took "China" as the abbreviation of "People's Republic of China (PRC)". At present, there is only one China in the world, and that is People's Republic of China (PRC).

What is the original meaning of "China"? The winner is the center of the world. Countries, DaDouCheng also. "China" originally literally means a big city in the center of the world. China is the city where the monarch of China lives. The orthodox emperor of China represented the Chinese empire under his rule, and' China' was also extended to Huaxia. China has been synonymous with the whole Chinese nation since ancient times (not later than the founding of the Zhou Dynasty), and Chinese sons and daughters are the so-called' Chinese people' in the eyes of barbarians. Such records can be found in both Chinese and non-Chinese written records.

3. A little knowledge of China is urgent.

Knowledge 1, China is located in the east of Asia and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory is compared to a golden rooster with its head facing east and its tail facing west.

It is the main settlement of the Chinese nation. China's land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, only next to Russian and Canadian, and almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe.

3. The east-west longitude in China is more than 60 degrees, spanning five time zones, namely, East Zone 5 to East Zone 9, with an east-west distance of about 5,200 kilometers. 4. China's territory is nearly 50 degrees north-south latitude, and the distance between north and south is about 5500 kilometers.

5. The northernmost part of China lies on the center line of the main channel of Heilongjiang Province (53 N) north of Mohe River. 6. The southernmost tip of China lies in Zengmu shoal in Nansha Islands, South China Sea (about 4 degrees north latitude).

7. The easternmost part of China is located at the intersection of the middle line of Heilongjiang main channel and Wusuli River in Heilongjiang Province (135 E). 8. The westernmost part of China lies in Pamir Plateau (73 E) in Xinjiang.

9. The coastline of China's mainland is18,000 kilometers long, and there are many excellent harbors along the coast, which are convenient for ships to shelter from the wind and dock. 10. There are more than 5,000 islands in China, most of which are located in the waters south of the Yangtze River estuary.

1 1. The largest archipelago in China is Zhoushan Archipelago, which is located in the East China Sea to the east of Zhejiang Province. 12. There are four islands in the South China Sea of China, namely dongsha islands, Xisha Islands, zhongsha islands and Nansha Islands (partially).

13. The oceans bordering China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea from north to south. 14. The inland sea is the sacred territory of a country, and the Bohai Sea between Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula is the inland sea of China.

15. The largest island in China is Taiwan Province Province. 16, Shandong Peninsula is the largest peninsula in China and Liaodong Peninsula is the second largest peninsula in China.

17. The Taiwan Province Strait lies between Fujian Province and Taiwan Province Province, connecting the South China Sea and the East China Sea from south to north. It is an important passage for China's maritime transportation, which is called "Maritime Corridor". 18, China is a country with many earthquakes, and Taiwan Province Province is the province with the most frequent earthquakes in China.

19. There are 14 countries adjacent to China. 20. The countries bordering China in the east are Korea 2 1, Russia and Mongolia in the north and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the northwest.

23. The countries bordering China in the west are Afghan and Pakistani. 24. Countries bordering China in the southwest are India, Nepal and Bhutan.

25. Countries bordering China to the south are Myanmar, Laos and Viet Nam. 26. There are six countries across the sea from China.

27. The countries facing China across the sea to the east are South Korea and Japan. 28. The country across the sea from China in the southeast is the Philippines.

29. Countries facing China across the sea to the south are Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia. 30. China's administrative regions are basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and special administrative regions), counties (autonomous counties and cities) and townships (towns).

3 1, China * * * has 34 provincial administrative units, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions. 32. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest provincial administrative region in China. It is located in the northwest of China, and its people are located in Urumqi, which is called "Xin" for short.

33. Hebei Province, named after being located on the north bank of the Yellow River, belonged to Jizhou in ancient times, so Hebei is called "Ji" for short, and the people's seat is Shijiazhuang. 34. Henan is one of the two important birthplaces of ancient civilization in China. It is the "Yuzhou" in China's ancient "Kyushu", so it is called "Yu" for short. Zhengzhou, where the people are located, has many ancient historical and cultural sites.

Shaanxi Province, known as the "Museum of Ancient History", is the seat of the ancient State of Qin, hence the name "Qin" or "Shaanxi". 36. Xi 'an (known as Chang 'an in ancient times), where Shaanxi people live, is a famous "Millennium Ancient Capital" in China, where thirteen dynasties established their capitals in history.

Shanxi Province, known as the "coal sea", is called "Jin" because it is located in the west of Taihang Mountain and the people's seat is Taiyuan City. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region runs through the northeast, north and northwest of China, referred to as "Inner Mongolia", and Hohhot, where the people live, means "blue city".

39. Liaoning is called "Liao" for short because there is a Liaohe River in the province and the people's seat is Shenyang. Jilin Province is located in the middle of the Northeast Plain, which is called "Ji" for short. Changchun, where the people are located, is the "automobile city" of China.

4 1, Heilongjiang Province, known as the "northern granary" (granary), is the northernmost and easternmost province in China, which is called "black" for short. Harbin, where the people of Heilongjiang Province live, is also known as the "Ice City". Every year from New Year's Day to Spring Festival, an ice sculpture art festival is held here.

43. Gansu Province is the only place where the ancient Silk Road in China passes, and Lanzhou City is the seat of the people. 44. Ningxia Autonomous Region, located in the northwest of China, is located in Yinchuan City.

Qinghai Lake was called "West Sea" in ancient times and "Kukunod" in Mongolian, which means "blue lake". Qinghai Province, hence the name, is the only province in China named after a lake, and the people's seat is Xining City.

46.* * Autonomous Region is located in the southwest frontier of China. Since the 7th century, she has had frequent political, economic and cultural exchanges with the mainland, which has promoted the exchanges and development of Tibetan and Han nationalities.

47. The city of * * * where * * people live means "holy land" or "Buddhist country" in Tibetan. Because of the clear sky and long sunshine time in Wan Li, people call it "Sunlight City".

48. China's southwest frontier province bordering Myanmar, Laos and Viet Nam is Yunnan Province. Kunming, where the people of Yunnan Province live, is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China, and it is also a famous "Spring City" at home and abroad.

Winter is not cold, summer is not hot, the climate is mild, and the four seasons are like spring. 50. "There is no sunny day for three days, and the ground is not three feet flat" refers to Guizhou Province, which is referred to as "Guizhou" or "expensive" for short, and Guiyang is the place where people live.

5 1, Kweichow Moutai is listed as one of the three largest distilled spirits in the world, and it is also the national wine of China. 52. Sichuan Province, known as the "land of abundance" because of its rich products, is called "Shu" for short.

4. China people must know 14 domestic knowledge.

1: Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries, but did not unify China, because there was a defending country at that time.

2. The most powerful minister in the history of China was Yuwen Hu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His ruling and opposition period experienced the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, during which he killed three emperors. 3. During the most powerful "rule of Kaiyuan" in the Tang Dynasty, there were 8.2 million households in China, the highest value in the Tang Dynasty; During the Sui Dynasty, there were 8.9 million households in China.

By the end of the Tang Dynasty, all economic indicators had not recovered to the level of the Sui Dynasty. (Sui Shu, Old Tang Book, New Tang Book, etc. 4. In the Song Dynasty, which was criticized as a "military weakness" by "mainstream" experts, the winning rate of foreign wars (involving more than 10,000 people, excluding unified wars and civil wars) exceeded 70%; The Tang Dynasty, which is considered to be the most powerful militarily, won less and lost more in foreign wars: due to the wrong ethnic policy of the Tang Dynasty, the horse-producing land was completely in the hands of nomadic people, which led to the fact that the Song Dynasty could only resist the impact of nomadic soldiers in the plain with the flesh and blood of infantry from beginning to end, so the victory of the Song Dynasty was generally a rout rather than a annihilation war.

If the foreign victory rate of the Song Dynasty is below 60% for a period of time, it basically means national subjugation. 5. The average combat load of soldiers in Song Dynasty is 32kg, and the training load is even higher than this value; At present, the training load of the most elite special forces in the United States is less than 15 kg.

(Chronology, Song history, compilation of Song history, etc. since the proposal. 6. During the Yuanfeng period in North Song Shenzong (1078- 1085), the urbanization rate of China reached an astonishing 30%; In the so-called "kanggan prosperous time" era, this proportion was only 9%; New China only reached this value again in the early 20th century. ("Yuanfeng Jiuyu Record", "Song Changshi" and so on. ) 7: In the same period of Yuanfeng, the annual output of steel in North China reached 6.5438+0.5 million tons; After the industrial revolution, the steel output in Britain reached 76,000 tons in 1788.

8. Throughout the Northern Song Dynasty, China continued to expand its territory until the year before the Jingkang Revolution (1 126). At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, it mainly attacked the Khitan until the vassal state alliance. In the middle and late period, we paid attention to the attack on Xixia and Tubo, especially on the Tubo Hehuang area, which recovered the lost land in the Tang Dynasty and greatly expanded the territory.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, he joined the northern expedition of the Jin Dynasty and gained a large territory in the north, and then the Northern Song Dynasty died in Jin. (Long Editor-in-Chief "The Continuation of Zi Zhi Tong Jian" and "Compilation of Manuscripts in Song Dynasty", etc. ) 9. Song Style, created by Qin Gui, was the common font of official documents throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, although Qin Gui was regarded as a negative model for most of the Southern Song Dynasty.

10: Throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, China had no capital, and the level of Lin 'an government was only "Hangzai" (the capital). 1 1: The reason why the Southern Song Dynasty was always partial was not entirely because the rulers were unwilling to recover their homeland, but because the voices of civil opposition were too loud.

What is even more unexpected is that the public objected because they were worried that Song Ting would increase taxes in Jiangnan after recovering his homeland to support the recovered areas severely damaged by Jurchen. 12: During the Southern Song Dynasty, the wages of skilled workers were higher than those of local officials.

(In Song Dynasty, the general annual income of the prefect was above 400 yuan, which was at least equivalent to 654.38+0.5 million yuan today) 654.38+03: The most advanced loom in Southern Song Dynasty in China had more than 654.38+0.800 moving parts, some of which could not be achieved by modern looms. 14: In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the population of China (Song Dynasty only) accounted for about 15% of the world population, but the total economic output accounted for more than 75% of the world; Today, the population of China accounts for 2 1% of the world's population, but the total economic output only accounts for 4% of the world.

15: 1233, when the Song and Mongolian allied forces attacked Caizhou, Meng Gong, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, saved the life of Mongolian general Zhang Rou. Four years later, Zhang Rou's son, Zhang Hongfan, was born. It was this Zhang Hongfan who perished in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yashan.

(Song history, Yuan history, etc. ) 16: In 1247 at the latest, Qin, a mathematician in the Southern Song Dynasty, discovered the formula for finding the root of a cubic equation with one variable, which was discovered by Europeans more than 400 years later, but this formula is still named after that European in Chinese textbooks. (Nine chapters of mathematics, etc. ) 17: 13 century, the Mongolian imperial army slaughtered 200 million people in Eurasia, making it the most disgraceful Guinness record in human history. Among them, 60 million people died in China alone. By contrast, the 6 million Jews slaughtered by Naku are nothing compared with others.

(More scattered Mongolian history, Song history, Jin history, etc. ) PS: Guinness World Records ranked second: Yuan Army slaughtered farmers in Song Dynasty (35 million people) 18: War broke out between Ming Dynasty and Vietnam during Yongle period. The Ming army claimed 800,000, and the Vietnamese army claimed 7 million. In fact, the total number of troops of both sides adds up to only 300,000. This is undoubtedly the biggest war in China's history.

[Note: At that time, Viet Nam was a dependent country of China (Lu et al. ) 19: Zheng He's fleet is the largest treasure ship westward, with a displacement of about 7,500 tons. 20: The only emperor in the history of China who only married one wife appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and he was Zhu Shitang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

2 1: It was not Ma Yinchu who first put forward the family planning theory in China, but when the cabinet ministers applied (1573- 1620) in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the earliest time to implement family planning was in the Song Dynasty. 22. Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty did not go to court for 28 consecutive years, setting a record for Emperor China.

However, during this period, China won all wars at home and abroad. In the final analysis, the Ming Dynasty had a powerful cabinet and administrative system, and its imperial power was greatly restricted, which was incomparable to previous dynasties.

A great history took place in this respect in the Qing Dynasty. 23. From the "Qin Long Switch" in 1572 to the demise of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, during these 70 years,13 of the world's total silver output poured into China, accounting for about 353 million taels (conservatively estimated, it is now re-estimated to be about 500 million taels).

Two-thirds of the world's trade is related to China. 24:/kloc-almost all the silver plundered by Spanish colonists in South America in the 6th century finally flowed into China through trade.

25. In the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1206), the central government's revenue reached 80 million yuan, when the national population was about 70 million. By 1900, the population of the Qing court was 80 million taels, but it was 400 million taels.

The purchasing power of the Southern Song Dynasty 1 was twice that of the late Qing Dynasty. More importantly, the tax rate in Song Dynasty was lower than that in Qing Dynasty.

In 763 ad.

5. What is the difference between "culture" and "knowledge"? China is a country that values knowledge over culture.

What is culture? William, a British scholar, once said that the word "culture" is one of the two or three most complicated words in English.

In fact, people's understanding of the word "culture" is usually divided into broad sense and narrow sense, while the narrow sense of culture understood by the general public refers to activities such as language, literature and art that can be seen in our daily life, while the culture referred to in the field of cultural research is broad sense of big culture. Scholars at home and abroad have given various definitions and explanations from the perspective of their respective disciplines. It is said that there are more than 200 definitions of culture in the world now.

However, the more authoritative and systematic definition comes from the book Culture: An Evaluation of a Concept Definition, which was quoted by famous American cultural experts kroeber and Crockhorn in the Encyclopedia Britannica. This book * * * collects 166 cultural definitions (162 is an English definition), which are defined by world-famous anthropologists, sociologists, psychoanalysts and philosophers respectively. In this book, two scholars divide the collected 162 definitions of culture into seven groups, and make a comprehensive evaluation after each group of definitions, which plays a guiding role in understanding each group of definitions.

These seven definitions are: descriptive definition, historical definition, behavioral normative definition, psychological definition and incomplete definition. Now choose a typical definition from 162 English definitions (according to kroeber and Kluckhohn's grouping, one in each group), as follows: 1, Taylor (187 1 year) Culture or civilization is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief and art.

(is a descriptive definition) 2. Parker and Burgess (192 1) The culture of a group refers to the sum of the social genetic structures that this group lives in, and these social genetic structures gain their social significance because of its specific historical life and national characteristics. (historical definition) 3. Wisler (1929) The lifestyle followed by a certain society or tribe is called culture, which includes all standardized social traditional behaviors.

Tribal culture is the sum of the same beliefs and traditional behaviors followed by tribal people. Xiao (1905) "culture" refers to the sum of technical, mechanical, intellectual and spiritual abilities that people use to try to achieve their goals in a certain period of time.

"Culture" includes the methods and means used by human beings to achieve personal or social goals. 5. Willy (1929) culture is an interrelated and interdependent habit system.

Huntington (1945) By culture, we mean every object, habit, concept, system, way of thinking and behavior that is produced or created by human beings and then passed on to others, especially to the next generation. Sapir (192 1 year) culture can be defined as what a society does and thinks.

(It is an incomplete definition). What is knowledge? What is knowledge's understanding of knowledge? Philosophically, rationalism holds that real knowledge is not the result of sensory practice, but the process of conceptual thinking. Empiricism holds that without transcendental knowledge, the only source of knowledge is sensory practice.

Economics: neoclassical economists believe that the use of existing knowledge is expressed through price information; Austrian economists believe that knowledge is "subjective" and cannot be regarded as fixed. Management: Scientific management believes that accepted experience and tacit skills are defined as objective and scientific knowledge; Humanistic theory holds that humanistic factors play an important role in improving productivity by continuously improving the first-line recognized practical knowledge; A new attempt to integrate scientific method with humanistic method.

Conceptual data of knowledge: an immaterial state that reflects the motion state of things. Information: data arranged in a meaningful form, its function and value are far greater than data.

Knowledge: the cognition that people gain in understanding and transforming the world, including the sum of accumulated experience. Intelligence: activated knowledge, mainly manifested in the ability to collect, process, disseminate and apply information and knowledge.