What are the works of art that show folk customs?

Paper-cut Paper-cut is one of the most popular traditional folk decorative arts in China. Because of its easily available materials, low cost, obvious effect and wide adaptability, it is widely welcomed. Because it is most suitable for rural women's leisure production, it can be used as a practical object and beautify their lives. Paper-cutting can be seen all over the country, and even formed different local styles. Paper-cutting not only shows the aesthetic taste of the public, but also contains the deep social psychology of the nation. It is also one of the most distinctive folk arts in China, and its modeling features are particularly worth studying. At present, the earliest paper-cut objects have been found in tombs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but scholars believe that it can be traced back to the custom of women cutting gold foil and silver foil into pieces and sticking them on their temples in the Han and Tang Dynasties. Although paper products of the Eastern Han Dynasty before Cai Lun have been found, paper-cutting in a strict sense may not be earlier than that of the Han Dynasty. Early paper-cutting was related to Taoist worship of gods. For example, in Du Fu's poems, it is clearly recorded that "warm soup cooks my feet, and paper-cutting calls my soul". Miao people still have the witchcraft custom of cutting ghosts and sticking them on cowshed or door on New Year's Day. In the past, people used paper to make objects and portraits of different shapes, and then buried them with the dead or burned them at funerals. This custom can still be seen outside China. Paper-cutting art is generally symbolic, and paper-cutting is also used as an ornament to worship ancestors and immortals. Nowadays, paper-cutting is more used for decoration. Paper-cutting can be used to decorate walls, doors and windows, columns, mirrors, lamps and so on. It can also be used as a gift decoration, and even the paper-cut itself can be given as a gift to others. In the past, people used paper-cutting as a model for embroidery and painting. Skilled folk artists only need to memorize the manuscript and cut the paper into graphics directly with scissors, while professional artists use a carving knife to make it on a wax board, which is called "carving paper". It is made by typing, cutting, pasting, peeling and trimming, which can cut through multiple layers of paper at one time and improve the output. Because of the thin material, paper-cutting adopts the plane composition method of symmetrical layout and series connection of objects and images. Rich image decoration, avoid large black and white, and decorate the main characters with exquisite patterns. The clever artist actually created the strange effect of "the mouse is in the transparent cat's belly" when expressing "the cat catches the mouse", and the naive painting style is very intriguing. The method of plane superposition not only creates a strong national flavor, but also expands the capacity of the picture and improves the expressive force of paper-cutting. The vast majority of paper-cutting does not pursue strict realism, but expresses the image in the eyes of the masses. For example, the cows in Shaanxi paper-cut exaggerate the spinning hairs on the cows and become decorative patterns on the cows, which not only increases the dynamic changes of vision, but also strengthens the aesthetic feeling of the form. "Folk art" is a classification in the field of art, literally speaking, it is a form of expression of "so-and-so art", and the word "folk" is obviously different from the so-called "court art" and "aristocratic art". However, no matter how wide the field of "folk art" is, the focus of its basic structure "art" is "art", so it is necessary for us to understand the meaning of art first. Cihai (Zhonghua Book Company of Taiwan Province Province) has the following definition: "art" 1. Broadly speaking, all activities involving skills and thinking and their production, such as machinery, craftsmen, buildings and houses, are called art; Meaning is equal to technology. 2. Narrow sense: refers to activities with beautiful values or the products of their activities; Meaning is the same as art, which refers to knowledge and technology, and can also be described as "technical art" or "craft". From the notes on "Hundred Arts" in the Six Arts of Zhou Dynasty (Six Arts: Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numerals) and the Basic Series of Notes on Zheng Guo's Studies, we can know that the original meaning of art refers to "craft", and the following definition can be summarized from ancient books: 1. Craft refers to the knowledge necessary for life. 2. Craft refers to the things that human beings make daily necessities. 3. Craft refers to making artifacts artificially by considering materials and processing technology. 4. Craft means skilled and exquisite technology. From the definition of art listed above, it is not difficult to understand that folk art is actually folk craft, which is different from aristocratic craft, mechanical craft, industrial craft, fine arts craft and modern craft. Various folk traditional arts formed, developed and widely spread among the people, as well as technical and artistic abilities with folk colors, such as traditional crafts, operas, dances, music, sculpture, weaving, Chinese knots, cutting and carving, puppets, magic, acrobatics, indigenous culture, etc. It belongs to folk art. "Shadow Play" is the general name of shadow play and shadow play characters (including scene props and scenery) products. Chinese shadow play art is a unique artistic variety that combines China folk arts and crafts with China traditional opera skillfully, and it is an indispensable and exquisite pearl in the Chinese national art palace. Shadow play is a form of drama that allows the audience to watch the light and shadow of the plane puppet performance through the white curtain to achieve artistic effects; The plane figures and props in shadow play are usually leather products drawn by folk artists by hand and knife carving, so it is called shadow play. Shadow play is one of the earliest operas in China. Its performance equipment is light, its singing is rich and beautiful, and its performance is wonderful and moving. For thousands of years, thunder has been loved by people, so it has spread widely. And shadow play has played a certain role in the development of culture and art at home and abroad. There are many new local operas, all of which are derived from the vocals of various shadow plays. The performance principle and artistic means of Chinese shadow play also played a leading role in the invention of modern film and the development of modern film art film. The western world, from Goethe in the18th century to Chaplin later, as well as other world cultural celebrities, spoke highly of the art of Chinese shadow play. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), leaders of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other countries have entertained domestic and foreign guests with shadow play for many times. However, after the Cultural Revolution disaster, the endangered situation of shadow play art has not been reversed. As for the modeling and production of characters and scenery in shadow play, it belongs to the category of Chinese folk art. Its artistic style is also unique in national art gardens. In order to adapt to the shadow performance of shadow play, it adopts the method of combining abstraction with realism, and makes bold comprehensive treatment of characters and scenes such as planarization, artistry, cartoonization and dramatization. His facial makeup and costumes are vivid and exaggerated. Or simple and rude, or exquisite and romantic. In addition, smooth carving, gorgeous coloring, running through the whole body and flexible craftsmanship are really pleasing to the eye. Shadow play products (referred to as shadow play) are not only used for the performance of shadow play, but also for everyone to play with their hands. It can also be placed in front of the window or on a white wall as an indoor art decoration. China's shadow play is owned by many museums, collectors, artists and shadow play lovers at home and abroad because of its simple and elegant shape and strong national flavor, and it has both artistic appreciation and collection value. In international communication, China people often give Chinese shadow play as a first-class gift to international friends. Chinese paper-cut paper-cut is one of the most popular folk arts in China. According to research, from the Shang Dynasty, some people used hollowed-out gold and silver foil, leather or silk as decorations. Later, in 105, Cai Lun improved and popularized the previous experience and began to make a lot of paper. This carving form was born in the present paper-cutting art, because it found more popular materials. Kite Kite originated in China, which is a recognized conclusion in the world kite industry. The earliest kite in China was made by Mo Zhai, an ancient scientist. Kites were mainly used in the military in the early days, and gradually used as toys since the late Tang Dynasty. Now some kites in China are exported to Japan, Korea, Europe and other countries. Customs of the Spring Festival: For thousands of years, lion dancing has formed many customs and habits around the Spring Festival. Some customs, such as meeting gods and worshipping heaven, are superstitious. With the improvement of people's scientific and cultural level, they are gradually eliminated, and some customs have been given new contents, such as setting off firecrackers, posting Spring Festival couplets and New Year pictures, playing dragon lanterns and dancing lions. It is still very popular today. Whenever "firecrackers kill the old year", traditional lion dance activities appear in towns and rural areas with warm spring breeze and cheerful gongs and drums on the vast land of our country. For the annual Spring Festival, it adds a rich atmosphere of joy. Lion dance is a traditional folk sports activity in China, which originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to legend, in May of the 23rd year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (AD 466), the secretariat of Jiaozhou in the Song Dynasty was ordered to attack Lin Yi, and Wang Fanyang of Lin Yi also took part in the war with elephant soldiers. Because this elephant soldier rode on the back of a tall elephant with a spear, it was difficult for enemies with only short weapons to get close to it, and the soldiers in Song Jun began to suffer a big loss. Later, Zong Yi, a pioneer officer and general Zhenwu, came up with an idea. He said that all animals are afraid of lions, and elephants may be no exception. As a result, many fake lions are made of noodles and hemp overnight, painted in colorful colors, and their mouths are particularly wide open. Each "lion" was covered by two soldiers and hidden in the grass. He also dug many deep and big traps around the scheduled battlefield. The enemy drove the elephant army to attack, and Zong Yi released the fake lion with a bow. One by one, the "lions" turned their mouths and headed for the elephants. The elephant turned around in horror, and Zong Yi took the opportunity to order the soldiers to put all the crossbows together. The frightened elephants immediately ran around desperately, many of them fell into traps, and both people and elephants were captured alive. ..... From then on, lion dance was first popular in the army, and then spread to the people. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Missions to the Western Regions", including "Masked Man Zi and Masked Lion, carved with wood as the head and tail; Gold-plated eyes with silver teeth, rising sweaters with ears ... ". It can be seen that there was a modern lion dance in the Tang Dynasty. Why do people like to dance lions during the Spring Festival? It is said that in the early Ming Dynasty, a monster appeared in Foshan, Guangdong. It appears in the suburbs of Foshan every year, destroying crops everywhere and endangering people and animals. People in the countryside are miserable, so they tie bamboo grates into several lion models and paint them in various mottled colors. When the monster appeared, gongs and drums rang, lions danced together and rushed at the monster. The monster was frightened and turned around and ran away. Therefore, every year during the Spring Festival, gongs and drums are played, and people go door-to-door and dance lions to celebrate the New Year, to show the intention of eliminating holes and insects and predicting good luck. Besides the Spring Festival, lion dancing is often used for entertainment on festive days. In the folk lion dance, two people play a big lion (some areas are called Tai Lion), one plays a little lion (some areas are called Shao Lion), and the other plays a warrior, holding a hydrangea as a guide, and first kicking to induce the lion to dance. With the speed of the drums, the lion suddenly looked up, turned to look down, turned to lie prone, shook his head and wagged his tail in various ways, which was full of fun. In imitation actions, there are actions such as licking hair, wiping feet, scratching head, washing ears, worshipping and rolling. In terms of skills, there are stairs, overpasses, three mountains, holes, downhill, bowling, spitting and picking green.