Talk about your understanding of Fujian culture.

Cultural ecology is a dynamic accumulation of historical process, which is closely related to the geographical ecological environment and historical and cultural heritage of a specific region. As a sub-cultural circle of Chinese culture, Fujian is a relatively independent historical and cultural unit and type, and it is a representative area of splendid Chinese culture in practice time and space. Fujian culture is the intersection of man and nature. In terms of geographical and ecological environment, Fujian's special natural environment, which is close to mountains and seas, has had an important influence on the formation of this regional culture, which is reflected in the blending and unbalanced development of agricultural culture and marine culture. In terms of historical and cultural inheritance, the formation of Fujian culture is not single, but complex, with the characteristics of cultural diversity and subsequent inclusiveness. After a long historical evolution and rich dynamic accumulation, Fujian has cultivated an inclusive cultural and ecological environment, condensed the humanistic situation of Fujian's social reality, and become a way of life enjoyed by members of this region.

Relative proximity and its influence

The formation and development of regional culture are mainly controlled by two factors, one is the natural environment, and the other is the social structure. Among them, the natural environment has played a decisive role in human behavior, and its influence on the formation of a regional culture is all-round. To some extent, it can even be said that culture is the product of human adaptation to nature. Fujian's special geographical environment endows the region with humanistic and natural orientation.

Fujian, located in the southeast corner, is surrounded by mountains on three sides and faces the sea on the other. The territory is mountainous and hilly, and valleys and basins are intertwined. In the case of underdeveloped means of transportation in ancient times, this natural environment naturally separated Fujian from Zhejiang, Jiangxi and even the northern Central Plains, forming a relatively closed and self-contained social and economic region. This unique geographical feature marks the course of Fujian's cultural development and is indirectly hidden in the cultural ecology.

Before Qin and Han Dynasties, Fujian was in a wild state. At that time, the people of Fujian and Vietnam who lived here had little contact with the external culture, and their independent development and prosperity period was equivalent to Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains, which existed for at least 1500 years. This geographical isolation has resisted the forced influence of the mainstream culture in the Central Plains to a certain extent, making the local culture of Fujian and Vietnam maintain a quite independent state, with more room for free development, and its humanistic connotation is self-contained and has become an important source of Fujian's cultural evolution.

After the Han Dynasty, with the large-scale migration of Han people from the Central Plains to Fujian, the spread of Han culture in Fujian accelerated, gradually replacing the culture of Fujian and Vietnam. After these Han people entered Fujian along different routes, they searched for suitable places to live and gradually expanded their living space. Minjiang River, Jiulong River, Jinjiang River, Mulan River, Tingjiang River and other large rivers in Fujian have a good living environment and become the most important habitat for the Han nationality in the Central Plains to settle and multiply after entering Fujian. The large-scale migration of Han nationality is a powerful carrier of Chinese culture, which greatly strengthens and deepens the historical trend of the expansion and infiltration of Chinese culture.

Because the time, place and route of different northern Han people moving into Fujian are different, even very different, coupled with the barrier of mountains and mountains in Fujian and many differences in the natural geographical environment in the region, these different river basins have formed relatively independent small-scale economic and cultural living areas, which makes Fujian culture easy to form many subsystems based on mutually exclusive regional cultural psychology, thus forming a fragmented cultural form.

The fragmentation of this cultural form has been clearly reflected in the division of ethnic groups in Fujian. Fujian people can be roughly divided into six groups, namely Fuzhou people, Puxian people, Minnan people, Northern Fujian people, Hakka people and Longyan people. The formation of ethnic differences is caused by geography, language, folk customs, small regional economic circle and other factors in the process of the northern Han nationality moving into Fujian. At the same time, within each nation, in a smaller scope, the humanistic connotation of different regions also has different degrees of differences.

The cultural differences in Fujian are particularly typical in dialects and folk customs. The complexity of Fujian dialect is rare in China. There are seven major dialect areas in Fujian: Fujian Oriental Dialect Area, Puxian Dialect Area, Minnan Dialect Area, Northern Fujian Dialect Area, Fujian-Jiangxi Dialect Area, Central Fujian Dialect Area and Western Fujian Hakka Dialect Area. Among the eight major Chinese dialects in China, there are seven Chinese dialects used in Fujian, which can be said to be the epitome of Chinese dialects in China. Moreover, in the same dialect area, the complexity and particularity of dialects are rare in China.

The differences of Fujian folk customs are also typical, and different regions have different expressions of the same folk customs. "Different winds in ten miles, one town has one custom", which vividly illustrates this difference in Fujian folk customs. In this sense, Fujian folk customs have strong inheritance and diversity.

The complexity of dialects and folk customs are only two manifestations of the fragmented characteristics of Fujian culture. However, it can also be seen that the dual relative proximity of historical geography and physical geography has brought far-reaching influence to Fujian's humanistic and cultural ecology.

Tolerance characteristics in cultural inheritance

The state of cultural ecology is closely related to its corresponding cultural soil. From the perspective of historical and cultural inheritance, the formation of Fujian culture is a multi-complex, which is based on the Central Plains culture, compatible with local culture and foreign culture, grows in the soil of Fujian, and has rich accumulation. Secondly, the characteristics of Fujian's cultural and ecological tolerance.

Fujian's historical and cultural heritage has experienced a unique and tortuous development process, which roughly includes four stages:

The first stage is the cultural stage of Fujian and Vietnam before Qin and Han Dynasties. Because Fujian is far from the sea, the traffic in the territory is blocked and far from the Central Plains. Although the Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty successively established Minzhong County and Minyue State in Fujian, they both implemented the strategy of "governing Fujian by Fujian", and the influence of Han culture in Fujian was not great. At this time, the local culture of Fujian and Vietnam remained quite independent, with distinct regional characteristics and its own system.

The second stage is from the Han Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and the culture of Fujian and Vietnam began a long process of integration with foreign Chinese culture. After the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains culture began to expand to the southeast coast and spread to Fujian. On the one hand, the central government strengthened the management and development of Fujian, which started the large-scale introduction of China culture. On the other hand, as a powerful "carrier" of Chinese culture, Central Plains scholars began to move into Fujian on a large scale, and Central Plains Chinese culture also spread from north to south in Fujian, which had a significant impact on the local culture of Fujian and Vietnam. At this time, there is a huge cultural distance and national boundary between the Han nationality in the north and the people in Fujian and Vietnam.

The third stage was the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Fujian culture became the mainstream. During this period, the social and cultural model with Confucianism as the core gradually occupied a dominant position in Fujian, while the local cultural factors of Fujian and Vietnam became the "bottom layer" of culture and were "invisible" and "marginalized", forming a multi-level interactive pattern of "big tradition" and "small tradition", which made the regional social and cultural changes complex and diverse, and played an important role in the construction of Fujian's cultural system and the history of regional social development. At this stage, Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, founded in the Southern Song Dynasty, developed into the official philosophy that controlled the national social ideology during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and became the guiding principle in the fields of politics, law, morality, art and education, which had a far-reaching impact on the history of China's cultural development.

At the same time, it highlights the marine cultural characteristics of Fujian regional society. Quanzhou became a world-famous trading port in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more than 50 countries and regions that traded with Quanzhou, and in the Yuan Dynasty, it increased to more than 100. Businessmen, travelers, monks and foreigners from all walks of life gathered here, bringing a variety of foreign cultures, which greatly impacted Fujian culture by western culture. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although the central government imposed sea bans on Fujian's coastal areas for many times, the coastal people's marine awareness did not stop.

The fourth stage is the blending stage of modern Chinese and western cultures. During this period, Fujian became an important bridge for cultural exchanges between China and the West because of its regional characteristics and historical, geographical and cultural traditions. After the Opium War, treaty of nanking forced Fuzhou and Xiamen to become the five earliest trading ports in modern China, which had a huge shock wave to Fujian culture. Fujian culture has experienced the blending and agitation with modern western culture, showing a strong sense of mission and distinct openness, and a large number of outstanding figures have emerged, such as Lin Zexu, Yan Fu, Shen Baozhen, Lin Shu, Gu Hongming, Sa Zhenbing and others, all of whom are in the forefront of the times and leading the cultural trend in China.

Multicultural ecological environment

In the long historical process, due to the relatively closed geographical environment and the diversity of historical and cultural heritage, the process of Fujian culture has created an inclusive cultural ecological environment. The main characteristics of Fujian's cultural ecology are: the pluralistic integration and imbalance of spiritual culture, the coexistence of openness and closure, the unbalanced economic and social development between coastal and mountainous areas, and the cultural character of coexistence of adventure and persistence. Due to the diversity of historical and cultural heritage, Fujian culture is a multi-level and multi-faceted dynamic system; Accordingly, Fujian's cultural ecology and multi-level social and cultural system are in a state of interweaving, overlapping and interaction. This state has three characteristics:

First of all, Fujian culture is diverse in origin, but fragmented in the current layout. From the origin, the formation of Fujian culture is closely related to the inheritance of Fujian-Vietnam culture, the introduction of Central Plains culture, the spread of religious culture, the impact of overseas culture, the blending of Taiwan Province culture and the infiltration of surrounding cultures. Judging from the present situation, the layout of Fujian culture is in a fragmented state, such as Sanshan culture in central Fujian, Puxian culture, Hakka culture in western Fujian and marine culture in southern Fujian. They are relatively independent and coexist in parallel. Although there is a gradual strengthening of mutual integration, the regional and cultural distance between the two is still very obvious, and no one can occupy the dominant position of absolute advantage. These different levels of cultural elements in Fujian's cultural dynamic system form a pluralistic cultural force, which guides and restricts people's production, life and behavior in Fujian's regional society.

Secondly, Fujian's cultural ecology is both open and closed, which is manifested in the coexistence and mutual blending of land agricultural culture and marine commercial culture. The geographical environment of mountains and seas in Fujian forces people to rely on mountains to eat mountains and rely on the sea to eat the sea. Traditional agricultural culture is an introverted, conservative and closed cultural system based on small-scale peasant economy. One of its basic characteristics is that its adherence to its homeland is inextricably linked to the land. It often maintains an independent and consistent development system, which is relatively closed and narrow, and is strengthened and consolidated in Fujian's strong family concept. The migration of Han people in the Central Plains has had an immeasurable and far-reaching impact on the formation and development of Fujian culture. They moved to Fujian, bringing with them the agricultural culture of the Central Plains. Because Fujian was still in disorder at that time, they had to rely on the strength of the family to expand their living space, which naturally strengthened the concept of blood clan.

Accordingly, marine commercial culture is often dynamic and open. Fujian has a long coastline, ranking second in the country. Since the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian has increased rapidly. In the geographical environment of "eight mountains, one water and one field", it is difficult to extend inland. The contradiction between dense population and narrow land makes many people have no arable land and can only turn to the sea for development. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Fujian's maritime industry changed from coastal trade to ocean trade, and private maritime trade flourished during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which became the concentrated embodiment of Fujian's marine economy at that time. In this long historical baptism, a marine culture with commercial and economic consciousness as its core has gradually formed. Compared with the traditional agricultural culture, which values righteousness over profit, is strict in ethics and reserved, marine commercial culture has different cultural characteristics, such as values of valuing profit, enterprising spirit and tolerance and openness. This strong maritime nature has broken through the shackles of traditional culture in quite a few fields and adapted to the development of social economy and culture. Fujian has become one of the important sources of new thoughts in modern China, which is closely related to its pioneering and innovative marine culture.

Fujian cultural ecology is the product of Fujian's social, economic, cultural and historical inheritance. After two thousand years of historical baptism, it gradually formed in a special geographical environment, with profound connotation and colorful forms of expression. This inclusive cultural and ecological environment undoubtedly plays a historical role in the internal movement of Fujian society, economy and culture, thus determining the historical process of regional society, economy and culture to a certain extent.