An Overview of Historical Changes and Cultural Characteristics of the Ancient Yellow Country

? An Overview of the Historical Changes and Cultural Characteristics of the Ancient State of Huang

The ancestors of the State of Huang were the Huangyi, one of the Eastern Barbarians during the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Because of the special geographic location of Huangguo, it is reasonable to be killed by Chu. Huang culture in the retention of the East Barbarians on the basis of the local cultural factors, y influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, and in the artifacts manufacturing technology, textile technology, carving and painting technology has reached a fairly high level, some even exceeded the level of the Central Plains culture at that time. Its burial system, living customs and other aspects of its own style, and had a great impact on the neighboring regions. It is both a cultural dissemination area and an area of intersection and fusion of East and West, North and South cultures.

Ancient Huangguo is located between the Jianghuai, guarding the eastern countries west into the upper reaches of the Huaihe River gateway, when the South Chu north into the central plains of the key. The geographical position was very important. In the twelfth year of Duke XI of Lu (648 years ago), Huang Guo was destroyed by the Chu people. Huang belonged to the East Barbarians, between Chu and the Central Plains, and in the process of its development, it organically integrated the culture of the Central Plains, East Barbarians and Chu culture. The study of Huang Guo helps us to further understand the changes in the political pattern of the Jianghuai region during the Spring and Autumn Period, to recognize the diversity of Chinese culture, and to explore the ways and processes of national cultural integration.

A study of the origins of the Yellow Kingdom

Regarding the origins of the Yellow Kingdom, according to Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", the Yellow Kingdom is the descendant of Bo Fei (Pak Fei): "The first of Qin, Emperor Zhuanxu, was the son of the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, and the first of the Chu Dynasty. Qin's first, Emperor Zhuan Xu's seedling grandson day female repair. Female Xiu weaving, Xuan bird meteoric egg, female Xiu swallowed, gave birth to a son of Daye. Daye took the son of Shaodian, the day female Hua. Female Hua gave birth to Dafei, and Yu leveled the water and soil. When the project was finalized, the emperor gave him the title of "Xuan Gui" (玄圭). Emperor Xuan Gui was awarded by Yu. Yu received the Emperor's gift and said: "It is not Yu who can accomplish this, but Dafei who can help. Emperor Shun said: "I can't do it, but Dafei did it for me. The Emperor Shun said: "I am very glad to see you, Mr. Fei, and I am very glad to see you, Mr. Yu, and I am very glad to see you. The next generation will have a great successor. Dafei was married to a woman of Yao's family name. Dafei accepted the offer, and then assisted Shun in taming the birds and animals, which were mostly tamed, and were then called Pak Fei. Shun bestowed the surname of Win on her. After the feudalization, the state for the name, there are Xu, Tan, Ju, the end of the Lishi, transport Amami, Cuqiu, will be Liang, Huang, Jiang, Xiuyu, Baihei, Gailian, the Qin clan. However, the Qin clan was founded on the name of its ancestor, Zuofu, who had been appointed to the city of Zhao, and became the Zhao clan. The people mentioned by Sima Qian who were vassals of the Win family name from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period were the Xu State in Jiangsu Province, the Tancheng State and the Ju State in Shandong Province, the Zhenli State in Anhui Province, the Huang State and the Jiang State in Henan Province, and the Qin State which moved to Shaanxi Province. The ancestor of the Win family name is said to have originated from the ancient Oriental tribes, and was a descendant of Shaowu. It was a tribe that worshiped birds as totems. In Zuo Zhuan (左传?) Zhaogong seventeen years" recorded that Tancan Zi Dynasty in Lu, Lu people told the story of their ancestors, so that Confucius was very impressed, and humbly learn from Tancan Zi. Tancheng and Huang originated from the same ancestor, and for the Win family name, visible on the history of the Win family name origin is reliable.

There is also a view that the yellow country of the name of the win for Zhu Rong after the end of the beginning of the land, the yellow people are also after the end of the land. Song Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi ? Clans": "yellow, win the surname, land end of the first place. Huang's, win the surname, after the end of the land, sealed in the yellow, today's light state fixed city 12 miles west of the old city of yellow state in. Chu and the country also. Xi 12 years, for the Chu destroyed, descendants of the country for the clan. Also won the surname of one of the fourteen clans. Chu has Chunshen Jun Huang Xie also. Accordingly, many of the Huang's genealogy also take this, to trace the origin of their own family name, "Fujian Puyang Huang's hundred generations of genealogy", "Taiwan Jiangxia Huang's genealogy" and "Taiwan Jiangxia Xinghua Juncheng Huang's ancestral genealogy" has also been recorded: Lu final, the second son of the Bui, the number of Wu Hui, the brother of the emperor Taikang lost the country, the younger brother back to the country, sealed in the Henan Diaochuan Dingcheng twenty miles west of the country of Huang. In fact, there is no record in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasty texts of those who were sealed in Huang after Lu Feng. The credibility of this statement has to be verified.

The initial activities of the Win family clan when in today's Shandong region, Xia, Shang and Western Zhou period, in order to combat the East Barbarians and Huaiyi tribes, there have been large-scale military operations. In the Xia and Shang dynasties under the military crackdown, the Dongyi tribes in order to survive, continue to migrate south to the Huaihe River basin, and then the edge of the Huaihe River westward, into Jiangsu, Anhui, and even to the western part of Henan. Among them, the farthest to the west is the State of Huang and the State of Jiang. The predecessor of Huang Guo was one of the nine barbarians mentioned in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Huang Yi?

In summary, the distant ancestor of the Win family name was a descendant of the Eastern tribes of the Shaowu clan, and at the time of Shun and Yu, his close ancestor Bo Yi (Bo Fei) and Gaotao, who had the surname of Yan, were both feudalized in the middle and lower reaches of Shandong and the Huaihe River, and were given the surname of Win, with the same ancestor and the same ancestor for the Fangguo countries of Qin, Xu, Tan, Ju, Huang, and Jiang. The Win tribe and other tribes in the east were regarded as eastern barbarians by the Xia people, the merchants and the Zhou people, and the Huang state was originally a yellow barbarians active in the Huaihe River valley during the Xia and Shang periods, and moved westward under the military pressure of Xia and Shang to the border of Anhui and Henan, which was the predecessor of the Huang state in the Zhou dynasty.

Second, the prosperity and decline of the yellow state

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Tube Uncle, Cai Uncle, together with the remnants of the Yin rebellion, the East Barbarians tribes also rose up, the Duke of Zhou was ordered to the east, in the pacification of the tube, Cai's chaos, and then wielded the division of the east, cutting Huaiyi, the week was considered by the dynasty of the most dangerous and stubborn to the end of the East Barbarians or Huaiyi tribes were eventually eliminated completely, and the submissive Zhou Dynasty and the tribes did not get involved in the war were rewarded. were rewarded. The state of Huang, which had already entered the upper reaches of the Huai River at that time, was in a sober state of wait-and-see during the war, so it was preserved, and as the southern barrier of the Ji states of the Zhou dynasty, it was made a different-surname Fang state.

The Spring and Autumn Annals and the Zuo Zhuan refer to the state of Huang as? Huang? or? Huangren? King Cheng of Zhou pacified the East Barbarians after the feudal lords, yellow country for the then one of the vassal state, win the surname of the viscount. In 1983, about 20 kilometers southwest of the old city of Huangguo, Guangshan County, the Baoshang Temple area of the excavation of the tomb of Huang Junmeng and his wife, confirming the title of the monarch of Huangguo, unearthed? Mrs. Huang's pelvis was unearthed. The excavated "Lady Huang's Pelvis" was inscribed with the following inscription: "Huang Zi made Huangfu (husband)". Huang Zi made Huangfu (husband) people walking tool? Mrs. Huang that is, the first wife of the king of Huang, this pelvis for the king of Huang made for his wife, the inscription? Huang Zi? , which can confirm his title. There is no historical data about the specific time of the state of Huang was sealed, from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to speculate on the situation, the state of Huang to accept the Zhou dynasty should be in the end of the King of Cheng, the Duke of Zhou after the end of the campaign. The purpose of the Zhou dynasty to partition these foreign states was to divide the eastern barbarians and the Huaiyi, to collect and stabilize people's hearts, and to stabilize the situation in the Huaihe River valley. Of course, the politicians of the Western Zhou Dynasty were not sure about these foreign states, so they established nearby states such as Jiang, Xi, Shen, etc. to monitor and control them. The state of Huang was centered in today's Ducheon County, and its area included all of present-day Ducheon, Guangshan County, Luoshan County, Xinyang County, most of Shangcheng County, and the fringe area of northeastern Hubei. In addition to the tomb of Huang Junmeng and his wife, which was excavated in 1983, the tomb of Huang Jituo's father was excavated in 1988 at Tianguidun, 165 meters northwest of the tomb, which was dated between the early and middle Spring and Autumn Periods, i.e., around 670 B.C. This proves that the area was a part of the early Spring and Autumn Periods. This proves that this is the royal cemetery of Huang Guo in the early Spring and Autumn period. Two batches of bronzes from the Spring and Autumn Period were also found in Gaodian Township of Luoshan, and the first batch of plates and centrifuges had inscriptions on them. Hou Jun Shan? The first batch of plates and centrifuges had the inscription "Houjun Shan", which belonged to the nobility of the State of Huang, and Houjun was his title. The second batch of 5 bronzes with the inscription ? The second batch of five bronzes has the inscription "Hou Ji Su Che". on the second batch of five bronze vessels, also belonging to the family of Houjun of the State of Huang. In Xinyang Yanghe, the first batch of bronzes was unearthed, and the second batch of bronzes had an inscription on them. Hou Zhongzi? A bronze chipper. It shows that the fief of the Hwang kingdom was in the area between Luoshan and Xinyang, west of the Shen kingdom. In this way, Huangguo was indeed one of the larger states between Jianghuai and Huaihuai at that time. Its former capital was near the present-day city of Ducheon County. About 6 kilometers west of Duchuan County, Henan Province, Longgu Township, archaeologists have discovered the old city of Huangguo. It is one of the more complete preserved capital city walls of the vassal states in China.

The earliest record of Huang Guo is found in Zuo Zhuan, which began in the eighth year of Duke Huan: ? Chu Zi combined vassals in Shen Lu. Huang and Sui will not, so that Qu Zhang let Huang. ⑨ This was the first time that Chu met the northern lords as a host, and the first time that he conquered the northern lords. The place where Chu Zi chose to meet the lords was in Shenlu (east of present-day Zhongxiang, Hubei Province), and only Huang and Suizhou would not attend the meeting. The Chu army then went north along the Han River basin to take revenge on Huang and Suizhou. On the one hand, Chu wanted to test the strength of the vassal states in the Huaihe River basin, and on the other hand, it also wanted to test its own strength, so it did not take the opportunity to go eastward in order to attack Huang, and after a great defeat of Suizhou, Chu and Suizhou made a pact with each other, so that Huang escaped from a robbery and turmoil.

During the period of King Wen and King Cheng, Chu accelerated the pace of its northward conquests and began to conquer and devour the vassal states between the Jiang, Han, and Huai rivers, successively discussing Sui, felling Shen, conquering Cai, dying Xi, and destroying Deng. After conquering the small states between Jiang and Han, the strength of the Chu people was greatly extended to the north, and with Jiang and Han as the big front, they advanced eastward along the Huaihe River, and in the nineteenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (675 years ago), they attacked Huang and defeated Huang's division in the Huaihe River. He attacked Huang and defeated the Huang division at Beiling? in the 19th year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (675 B.C.). This time, the Yellow Army was to avenge the anger of the Yellow Army for refusing to accept the call of the Chu people 30 years ago, but in fact, the main reason was that the Chu people intended to open up the passageway from the Yellow Army to the middle reaches of the Huai River, so that they could smoothly move eastward into the small states in the middle reaches of the Huai River, and then they could go northward into the Central Plains to confront the big states of the Middle Plains directly. The yellow people may have encountered stronger resistance, although the yellow people lost, but also had no choice but to retreat. After this blow, the Yellow People had to seek protection from the northern powers in order to protect themselves. In the second year of the reign of Duke Xi of Lu, Qi, Song and other great powers in the central plains allied with Guan (present-day Caoxian, Shandong Province), mainly to discuss against the northward advancing state of Chu, and the yellow state heard about it and also participated in this alliance. The alliance of Guan was made by the Jiang and Huang people, who came unexpectedly. ④ Although the Jiang people and the Yellow people did not have much contact with the Central Plains, at this time, in order to isolate the state of Chu, the lord of the northern lords, Duke Huan of Qi, was interested in bringing the small states between the Central Plains and Chu under his own protection, and so the two parties hit it off, and the Yellow people joined the northern group as a matter of course. In 656, the allied forces of Qi, Lu, Song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao launched an attack on Chu and its ally Cai, and due to the pressure from the Central Plains lords, the Chu people allied with the Central Plains lords in Zhaoling, which is the famous Zhaoling Alliance in history. When the Central Plains vassals stopped fighting, King Cheng of Chu took Zi Wen as a general in the following year and led a division to destroy Chord, and Chord ran to Huang. The stringed son ran to Huang. Then Jiang, Huang, Dao, and Bafang made peace with Qi, all of whom were married to Chun. The string of children rely on it and do not serve Chu, and not equipment, so the death? ⑧. After the death of the string, the land fell to the Chu people all, so at this time the territory of Chu has border with the yellow state. 5 years later, the Chu people? Yellow people do not return to Chu tribute? And the cut. In the next year, the Chu finally destroyed the state of Huang. The state of Huang was established at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty and existed for more than 400 years.

Exploring the reasons for the demise of Huang, Zuo Zhuan ? The twelfth year of the reign of Xigong said: "The yellow man relied on the goodwill of his vassals. Yellow people rely on the goodwill of the vassals in Qi also, not **** Chu duties, the day: ? Since Ying and my 900 miles, how can you harm me? Therefore, it was destroyed by Chu. Zuo Zhuan reveals between the lines: Huang's death is because of the yellow people Self-assured alliance with Qi and not to the Chu people as a vassal, tribute. Guliang Zhuan (谷梁传) on the other hand, believes that it was the Qi state that brought Huang into the alliance with the Central Plains and contributed to Huang's early demise. That's why Gu Liang Zhuan (谷梁传) says: "The alliance of Guan was made by Guan Zhong. Guanzhong said: "Jiang and Huang were far away from Qi and close to Chu. Jiang, Huang is far away from Qi and close to Chu, Chu, for the benefit of the country also, if you can't save it, then there is no way to Zongzhu lords carry on. Duke Huan did not listen, so he made an alliance with him. Guanzhong died, Chu fell into the river to destroy the yellow, Duke Huan could not save, so the gentleman Min also. ⑩ yellow state's death, of course, with the yellow people rely on Qi's alliance and not close to the chu people, chu negligence and other factors, but the more direct reason is from the chu exclusive possession of the jianghuai, domination of the central plains of the ambitions. When the Chu people opened up the Jianghan region and occupied the southwestern part of Henan, the small states in the region were unable to fight against the strong Chu people, and the lords of the Central Plains were unable to rescue them in time, so it was reasonable for these square states to be eaten up by the Chu one by one. Whether or not the Yellow Kingdom allied with the Central Plains, whether or not the Yellow People paid tribute to the Chu, and whether or not the Yellow People strengthened their vigilance, they would not escape the fate of being destroyed. From the point of view of the situation at that time, is the more powerful northern Chen, Cai, Xu, etc., Chu is also a few deaths and a few restored, not to mention such as Huang such a small country it. We say that the yellow state is Chu is imperative mainly because of the important geographic location of the yellow state, if the possession of the yellow state, the Chu people have opened the gateway to the East People's Huaihe River in the middle of the countries, but also cleared the Huaihe River south of the biggest obstacle to the later in and out of the Central Plains to provide great convenience.

After the death of the Yellow Kingdom, Chu did not exterminate the Yellow People, but kept its people in the Yellow Land. According to today's survival of the "shu single tripod inscription" cloud: ? But the Yellow Sun's son, Jun Shudan, made his own tripod. According to Mr. Yang Bojun's testimony: "After the destruction of Huang, the children and grandchildren made the tripod again. After the destruction of Huang, the descendants of Huang Sun Zi continued to be sealed, so it is called "Huang Sun Zi". The name "Huang Sun Zi" means "Yellow Sun Zi". The name "Huang Sun Zi" is also used to refer to the system, which is also used to refer to the succession and continuation. Shudan was the king of the first renewal of the seal, so it was called ? The Department of Jun? After the descendants of the @Yellow people in Chu, some of them were officials in Chu, and the most famous one is Huang Xie, one of the four dukes of Chunshen in the Warring States period.

Third, the cultural characteristics of the Yellow State

Due to the special geographical location of the Yellow State, its culture has both the cultural factors of the Eastern Barbarians or Huaiyi, but also has the characteristics of the Central Plains culture, but also to a certain extent by the influence of the Chu culture. The culture of Huangguo has formed its own unique cultural tradition after integrating multiple cultural factors, and has demonstrated an extraordinary cultural success.

With the continuous discovery of archaeological artifacts, there are a large number of Huang Guo bronzes that have been handed down today, and they are of high craftsmanship. Compared with other small and medium-sized countries at the same time, the bronze casting technology of the Huang Guo was much more advanced, and the economy was also quite developed. Heirloom bronzes include Huangjun Gui, Huangjun Meng tripod, Huangjun Meng pot, Huangjun Meng beans, Huangwu Yi, Huangwu Meng Ji Li, Huang Dazi Baike plate, single tripod, single plate, single turn, Hou Ji Su car pot and so on. From the archaeological point of view, the two large tombs with the greatest impact, the most excavated relics, and the most reflective of the cultural characteristics and cultural status of Huang Guo are the joint tomb of Huang Jun Meng's wife and daughter in the area of Baoxiang Temple in Guangshan County, and the neighboring tomb of Huang Jituo's father. From the point of view of the burial system and unearthed relics, the culture of Huangguo has the following characteristics:

1. The culture of Huangguo has uniqueness compared with other cultures of the same time

The tomb of Huang Junmeng and his wife was unearthed with 185 pieces of jade wares, which were of good quality and good transparency, and the shape of the wares was mostly flaky and small and thin, and because of the construction of the materials, the modeling was beautiful, and the individual three-dimensional round carvings, such as the jade carved human head, the jade carved animal head, and the jade mandarin duck, etc. were rare jade artifacts. It is a rare jade artifact. Tomb of Huang Jituo's Father More than 100 pieces of metal springs are the earliest specimens of metal springs in the world. Tomb of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Junmeng A batch of copper ritual vessels unearthed are all in purple copper color, which is very different from other greenish copper vessels in the early Spring and Autumn period. And the production of exquisite, thin walled vessels, creating a practical style of bronze casting after the mid-Spring and Autumn period. Especially in the tomb of Mrs. Huang Meng Ji stamping copper box is the first time found in China. Mrs. Huang Meng Ji painted coffins are also the earliest physical data in China. The jade carving of a man's head and the jade ring with the head and body of Fuxi and Nuwa are more precious materials for the study of costumes, ethnicity and mythological worship at that time. The complete hairstyle and hair object of Meng Ji is a special case of Spring and Autumn archaeology. The six pieces of purple embroidered silk woven by silkworms provide rare physical materials for the history of silk weaving in China. The bamboo reed pipe, on the other hand, is the earliest bamboo wind instrument ever found in China. The tomb is dated shortly before 648 B.C., and the ceremonial objects buried in the tomb have become the standard for mid-Spring and Autumn period archaeology in China.

2. Inherit the cultural characteristics of the Central Plains

The popularity of the Huangguo aristocrats of the earth pit vertical hole wooden coffin tombs, apparently adopted the funeral customs of the Central Plains culture. Huang bronze, from the Huangjun couple's tomb of artifacts combination of tripod, beans, pots, plates, turns to see, and Guo cemetery artifacts combination is close to; Huangjun tomb unearthed tripod, from the shape to supporting the combination of the Zhou style, and the use of green paste mud to fill the sealing of the tomb, is the southern Jianghan region of the cultural practices. Most of the artifacts in the tomb of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Jun are similar in shape and decoration to those in the tombs in the Central Plains. The overall style of the artifacts is close to that of the Central Plains, inheriting the simplicity and heaviness of the Zhou culture. Huangguo culture is dominated by the cultural factors of the Central Plains, which is related to the close contact between the yellow people and the Central Plains for a long time. 1966 Jingshan Sujia ridge and 1972 Suixian Xiongjialaowan unearthed in the Zengguo group can be seen in the Huangguo artifacts, of which Suixian Xiongjialaowan unearthed in the casting of tripods with? The tripods excavated in Xiongjialawan, Suixian County, have the following inscription: "Huang Jizuo Jiyin Bao Ding, its 10,000 years of children and grandchildren will be used to enjoy forever. Another excavation is? Shuji Gui? The inscription reads: "Shuji Gui". Shuji need to be the Yellow State, Zeng Hou as Shuji, Qiong Pu bridegroom? The children and grandchildren of their eternal use. The inscription reads: "The Huang and Zeng intermarriage relationship is proved.

3. Retained the original Dongyi cultural factors

Huang Jun's tomb in the double tripod with the same, which is common in the East, Huaiyi tombs, it is with the Central Plains? The tripod odd and fruits even? The lord with nine tripods or seven tripods of the ritual system is different. Mrs. Huang's tomb buried with two pieces of curved burin benefit common in Anhui, Jianghuai region in the western part of the Qunshu homeland. This Huaiyi-style pelvis is more shaped, waist, very local characteristics. Mr. and Mrs. Huang Jun's tomb of bronze inscriptions through the cultural psychology of the Yi people, where the Huang Jun self-made ware, all call themselves as? Huangjun? The identity of the monarch of the yellow country, and with the Central Plains countries called themselves ber, Gong, Hou, etc. Different; because his wife Meng Ji is a woman with the same surname as the Zhou family Ji, so the yellow gentleman for the lady as a tool, but all said? Huang Zi? Because of the Zhou Dynasty Huang as a viscount. This behavior, on the one hand, because of the relationship with the northern Zhou dynasty, but on the other hand, the yellow country will also be marginalized, independent, in the heart, but do not think they belong to the Zhou emperor jurisdiction, it reflects from the Xia, Shang since the East barbarians **** the same cultural psychology.

4. Huang's unique culture shows the process of North-South cultural fusion, and has had a far-reaching impact on the neighboring countries

Huang Junmeng and his wife's tomb and Huang Jituo's father's tomb are on the mound of sealing soil a few meters above the ground, is the earliest example of underground excavation of graves found in our country, the ground up the graves. In ancient Chu, the mound tomb system was used to raise the grave on the ground; and the ancient central plains of China generally followed the ? Tomb but not grave? cultural tradition. These two cultures were exchanged in the Huaihe River Basin, and thus fused in the culture of the Yellow Kingdom. This kind of tomb system eventually became the most typical burial method in China in later generations. Mr. Li Xueqin compared the tomb of Huang Jun and his wife found in Guangshan with the tomb of Kun Kui, the king of the state of Fan with the surname Mi, and his wife Long Win found in Pingqiao, and concluded: "Both of these tombs are located in the present-day Henan Province. These two tombs are both in the southern end of present-day Henan, on a horizontal line north of latitude 320. Their **** is the same, open into two people side by side in a large tomb pit in the joint tomb? Fan Jun both for the Chu people Mi surname, why its tomb system and Huang tomb similar? Speculation is due to Mrs. Fan. Mrs. Fan was a Long Win, and the only local nearby countries with the Win surname were Jiang and Huang. She was probably a Jiang or Huang person or even the daughter of a Huang state's male family, and thus brought the customs of her mother's family there? The tomb of Baoxiangsi Temple represents Huang's own rituals and customs, which had a relatively profound influence on the surrounding area.?

In summary, the culture of Huangguo was y influenced by the culture of the Central Plains on the basis of retaining the factors of the native culture of the Eastern Barbarians, and reached a fairly high level in the technology of artifact manufacturing, textile technology, carving and painting technology, and some of them even exceeded the level of the culture of that time. Its burial system and living customs were unique and had a great influence on the neighboring areas. It is not only an area for the spread of culture, but also an area for the convergence and fusion of East and West, North and South cultures.

Notes

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① Sima Qian: The Records of the Grand Historian (史记), Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House (上海古籍出版社), 1997, pp. l17-l15. ② Zheng Qiao, Wang Shumin, "Tongzhi", China Bookstore, 1995, p. 64. ③ D潢川县志编委会：《潢川县志》，出版社，1992年，第7页。 ④ Zhou to: "Henan Province", Henan People's Publishing House, 1993, p. 561. ⑤⑥ ⑧ ⑨ Hong Liangji: "Spring and Autumn Left Biography Exegesis", Zhonghua Shubu, 1987, pp. 222, 249, 278, 290. (7) (1) Chunqiu Gu Liang Zhuan (Thirteen Classics), Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 1991, pp. 1889 and 1896. ⑩Xinyang Local History and Records Compilation Committee: Xinyang District Records, Press, 1992, p. 793. ⑩ Guo Moruo: "两周金文辞大系图录考释", Science Publishing House, 1957, p. 165. ⑩Li Xueqin: "Guangshan Huangguo tomb of several issues", Archaeology and Cultural Relics, 1985, No. 2.