Questions about ethnic minorities

Manchu: population1100,000. Mainly distributed in the three northeastern provinces; Liaoning province has the largest population. There are several three sentences in major cities all over the country. Since the Qing Dynasty, due to the long-term coexistence of Manchu and Han nationalities, the differences between Manchu and Han nationalities in language, clothing and customs have gradually narrowed. Manchu folk houses generally face southeast and are shaped like pockets, so they are commonly called "pocket houses". Manchu ancestors wore robes all the year round and were called "cheongsam" because of its Eight Banners system. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, men wore robes, mandarin jackets and mandarin jackets, and women also loved to wear robes, but they were divided into long sleeves and short sleeves. Manchu people generally practice burial. There are many hobbies such as smoking and drinking, fasting dog meat and so on.

Bai nationality: 80% live in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan, and the rest are scattered in Kunming, Yuanjiang, Lijiang, Lanping, Bijie of Guizhou, Liangshan of Sichuan and Sangzhi of Hunan. Most people believe in Buddhism and a few believe in Taoism. Advocating white, men and women wear white double-breasted clothes and black collars. Most Bai women in Dali wear white coats, black velvet short hexagrams or red vests, blue cloth wide pants and embroidered cloth or colored towels to wrap their heads; Married people wear a bun, while unmarried people hang or braid their hair on their heads. Wear embroidered shoes and silver ornaments. The main folk festivals are March Street, Around Three Souls, Sea Games, Spring Festival and so on. March Street is the biggest festival popular in Dali and other places. The main activity is to worship Guanyin, and then it will develop into a 5-7-day material exchange meeting.

Mongolian: The existing population is more than 5 million. They mainly live in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces. There are also a few scattered in Ningxia, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Beijing. Believe in Tibetan Buddhism. Can sing and dance, like wrestling and horse racing. Clothing is generally divided into four parts: jewelry, robes, belts and boots. Mongolians, old and young, like to wear robes. The robe is wide and long-sleeved, the lower end is generally not forked, the neckline is high, and the button is on the left. Folk festivals include "Nadam" conference, Aobao sacrifice, off-year festival, off-year festival and so on.

Zhuang nationality: It has the largest population among ethnic minorities, with a national population of160,000, and more than 90% of them live in more than 60 counties and cities in Nanning, Baise, Hechi and Liuzhou in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The rest are distributed in Wenshan, Yunnan, Jianghua, Hunan, Lianshan, Guangdong and Congjiang, Guizhou. Zhuang songs have a long reputation, mostly love songs and folk songs, and the "Gexu" festival is held regularly for singing competitions. Zhuang brocade and embroidery are the original handicrafts of Zhuang women.

Fengyu Bridge is a unique bridge of Dong nationality. Popular in Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Guangxi and other places. It consists of bridges, towers and pavilions. All of them are made of wood, and the bridge deck is paved with railings, benches and bridge roof tiles on both sides, forming a corridor-style walkway. Towers and pavilions are built on stone piers, with multi-floors, cornices and upturned corners, and decorations such as treasure gourd on the top. It is named because passers-by can avoid the wind and rain.

Bamboo rice: Bamboo rice is a special snack in Alishan District, where bamboo forests are everywhere, especially widely used by local Zou people; The traditional practice is to put raw glutinous rice in a bamboo tube in Zhu Gui, then plug the bamboo tube with Chinese cabbage or mountain crisp and bake it with charcoal. In a short time, you can smell the thick bamboo fragrance. After the bamboo tube is cooked, the long white rice is wrapped in a transparent bamboo film, and the fragrance of Zhu Gui is mixed with rice fragrance, which is tender and delicious. If it is served with the sauce and soy sauce of Alishan specialty Washami, it is full of flavor of Zou cuisine. In addition, there is a new method, adding seasonings directly into bamboo tubes, which has a unique taste.

Kurban Festival: Also known as Eid al-Adha, Kurban Festival and Eid al-Fitr, it is a common festival of China Hui, Uygur, Kazak, Uzbek, Tajik, tatar people, Kirgiz, Salar, Dongxiang, Baoan and other ethnic minorities. Eid al-Adha is called "Eid al-Adha" in Arabic, also known as "Eid al-Adha". "Eid al-Fitr" means a festival, while "Courbon" and "Azuha" both mean a sacrifice. Therefore, the name of this festival is usually translated into Chinese as "Eid al-Adha", that is, the festival of sacrifice. In Xinjiang, China, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz and other ethnic groups transliterated it as "Kurban Festival".

Hand-roasted mutton: Mongolian name is "Bohri Maha", which is a simple and affordable way for the Mongolian people in Erdos. The practice of hand-picked meat is to cut the selected beef and mutton into several pieces (except head, hoof and water) and put them in a pot filled with white water. Raw juice is cooked without seasoning. They think that cattle and sheep eat five kinds of herbs on the grassland, which are fully seasoned. As long as they master the cooking skills, they can make delicious and refreshing meat. Braised pork is eaten by hand, without other tableware. However, according to the customs of Mongolian people in Ordos, there are certain rules for eating meat by hand, and it is more common to eat it with a pipa with four long tendons. Beef is served with half a rib and a small piece of fat sausage. Children can't eat sheep, bovine bone marrow, tail meat, etc.

Braised pork is a traditional food of Mongolian, Ewenki, Dahan, Oroqen and other nomadic and hunting peoples in Hulunbeier grassland for thousands of years. That is, eating meat with your hands. The meat of sheep, cattle, horses, camels and other livestock and animals can be cooked with braised pork, but braised pork usually refers to mutton.

Braised pork is the most commonly used and favorite meal of grassland herders, and it is also an essential food for them to entertain guests. It seems that a concept has been formed all the year round, that is, if you don't eat a hand-grabbed meat when you visit the grassland, even if you don't fully appreciate the flavor and interest of the grassland food customs, the trip will be empty. Herdsmen cannot fully express their feelings if they don't entertain guests with their hands. Therefore, it has become a custom of Hulunbeier to entertain guests from afar by roasting mutton by hand.

Nadam convention: a traditional activity with distinctive national characteristics of Mongolian people in China, and it is also a traditional form of sports activities loved by Mongolian people. Nadam of Xilin Gol League is the most representative.

"Wood" is a transliteration of Mongolian, which means "entertainment and games" to express the joy of harvest. Nadam, which began on the fourth day of the sixth lunar month (mostly in July and August of the solar calendar, with blue flowers and red grass and fat sheep in Ma Zhuang), is an annual traditional grand event on the grassland.

Nadam is held in Gacha (village), Sumu (district and township) or Qixian. Nadam convention is divided into three types: large, medium and small. A large-scale Nadam, with 565,438+02 wrestlers and about 300 good horses, lasts for 7 ~ 65,438+00 days; Medium-sized Nadam, 256 wrestlers, 100 ~ 150 horses, lasting 5 ~ 7 days; Little Nadam consists of 64 wrestlers or 128 horses, lasting for 3-5 days. People of all ethnic groups and religions can sign up for the competition.

Eating New Year's Festival: also called "Xinhe Festival". "Eating New" is one of the Miao festivals living in the middle and upper reaches of Qingshui River and Duliujiang River. There is no uniform date. According to the custom, in the harvest season, find a field where rice grows best, and everyone will celebrate the "Eating New Festival" here. According to legend, in ancient times, there was no millet in the world, only the millet in charge of the heaven (Leigong) was state-owned, so people had to hunt for a living. In order to get the seeds of millet, Miao ancestors told Lao to take nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine species of rare birds and animals to Suguo to get nine bowls of millet seeds with nine buckets and nine liters, and put them in the warehouse for sowing in the next spring. But one night, Ah Wu had a long arm, grabbed the horizon with his hand, stepped on a stone by the light of the sky lamp, and accidentally knocked it over, just falling to the top of the wooden barn. As a result, a fire broke out, and the fire was getting bigger and bigger. The seed cried in the warehouse, and finally flew into the sky in the smoke and ran home. Gao Lao went to Gao Hu and asked him to persuade Gu Zhong to go back, but Gao Hu insisted that Gu Zhong didn't go to heaven. No way, Gao Lao discussed with Gao Hu to exchange 9999 kinds of rare birds and animals for food seeds. His mouth was worn out with nine layers of skin, and his voice said that he had dried nine jars of water, but he refused. After nine days' hard thinking, I finally came up with a plan: when Xiaomi is ripe, send a dog to roll in the rice field for several times, so that Xiaomi can be brought back to Mao Mao. On the morning of July 13th in the ancient Chinese calendar, the dog was going to set out, and he was told to bring seeds with stalks five feet high and ears five feet long. But because the dog was in a hurry, when he got to the south gate, he accidentally tripped and wrote a confession. As a result, I ran to a rice field only five inches long and soon rolled back. The defendant Hu Hu saw through the plan. When the dog reached the overpass, HuHu sent ninety-nine strong warriors to guard the bridge. They crashed the dog into the Tianhe River. They thought that the Tianhe River was wide and deep, and the dog had to die. However, they never expected that after the dog fell into the Tianhe River, it quickly held its tail high on the water and swam across the Tianhe River with great efforts. When it came back, it still had nine grains on its tail. I told the old man that I had a seed, so I plowed the field and took it out. On June 6th in the ancient calendar, a string of ears of grain like a dog's tail were pulled out from the seedling tips, and a month later, the ears of grain in Jin Shanshan were ripe. July 13 in the ancient calendar is a day to plant food for one year. On this day, I picked nine liters of millet and cooked a large pot of delicious white rice. He first scooped three bowls for the dog to eat, and then tasted them himself. The remaining seeds are sown every year to make people eat white rice. In order to remember the date of picking grain seeds, July 13 was designated as a new festival and passed down from generation to generation. On the festival day, every family will cook in the new valley. At dawn, people bring new rice, wine, chickens, ducks, fish and meat to the fields. After the ancestors were sacrificed, the banquet began. Everyone forms a circle, and everyone raises the glass to the next person's mouth. At the old man's command, everyone cheered three times in succession, and then drank a toast to each other. Suddenly, laughter echoed in the fields, and traditional cultural and sports activities such as singing, stepping on the pond and dancing the lusheng began and continued until dusk.

Caking: Caking is made by cooking glutinous rice and pulping. When eating, cut into pieces and dip them in bean powder, sugar or honey. It tastes strong and delicious. Therefore, Koreans have always regarded making cakes as a first-class delicacy, and they should make cakes on New Year's Day or wedding day and when receiving distinguished guests. Dagao is a famous traditional flavor food of Korean nationality. Because it is made by putting steamed glutinous rice into a trough and beating it with a mallet, it is named "Dagao".