China Merchants in History

1. What are the firsts in China's history created by China Merchants

China Merchants has created a number of firsts in China's history. This is firstly manifested in the system innovation. As China's first modern national industrial and commercial enterprise, China Merchants did not follow the old system in enterprise organization and management, but according to the realistic requirements of the industry, limited historical conditions, conducted many explorations, and experienced different management systems such as government supervision and commercial office, commercial office, and state-run management system in the history of the development of the pre-liberation period. Especially in the early stage of capital raising, China Merchants took the lead in China to enable a new form of industrial and commercial enterprise organization, i.e., shareholding enterprise organization, which made China Merchants become the first new type of shareholding enterprise in modern China to learn from western shareholding enterprises. China Merchants Bureau is engaged in the wheeled transportation industry, the need for capital is huge, not to gather the strength of the merchants can not be handled. Therefore, China Merchants Bureau pioneered the issuance of shares to the public to raise capital. Stock to equal amount of division, can be bought and sold transfer, which is the first time in Chinese history. In 1872, there was only one joint-stock enterprise, and in 1887, there were 36 enterprises that publicly announced their stock prices in the "Declaration".

As the saying goes: "The China Merchants Bureau started it, and one person advocated it, and all the people and it, and within a few years, the trend was wide open, and the companies gathered because of it. Although there is a difference between success and failure, it is a change from the previous narrow rules.

The pioneering role of the China Merchants Bureau in modern Chinese economy is also manifested in the fact that, with the capital, talents, and management experience that it has accumulated, it has directly founded, invested, and managed a number of new national industrial and commercial enterprises. Including: China's first modern large-scale coal mining enterprises - Kaiping Mining Bureau, the first iron and steel coal joint venture - Hanzhiping Mining and Mining Company, the first bank - China The first bank - China Merchant Bank, the first machine textile enterprises - Shanghai machine weaving layout, and so on. The founding of these enterprises, respectively, created China's modern mining, smelting, finance, textiles and other emerging economic areas, to promote China's economy into the era of modern economy.

2. The most successful business project in Chinese history is

If I say brothel, you certainly can not adopt my! Look, maybe down there. It's the t-top for fast fashion brands in China, it's the redefiner of urban lifestyles and standards, and it's the most successful commercial retailer in China over the past 2 years.

The question: Can it be replicated? Fang Yu, Global Entrepreneur In the US and Europe, department stores and shopping malls have been cowering in the face of specialty stores and affordable retail giants like Walmart, but in China it's a different story. If you doubt that, check out Joy City in Xidan, Beijing.

The mall, which bills itself as an "international youth city," has a total floor space of 115,000 square meters, equivalent to half the Bird's Nest stadium, and almost 40% of the Xidan shopping district. It's home to many of the world's most popular fast fashion brands: Uniqlo from Japan, Next from the UK, and Zara and H&M from Spain.

Almost every day, there's a carnival-like scene like the Christmas shopping season in the U.S.

You can find a lot of things to do in Joy City, but it's not all about the shopping, not about the shopping. There are many ways to describe Joy City: a redefiner of urban lifestyles and standards, a fast-fashion destination, and China's most successful retailer of the past two years.

Since its opening on December 28, 2007, all of its stores have been fully leased within five and a half months. It has attracted 234 brands, 46 of which are entering the Beijing market for the first time, and another 58 brands have chosen it as their first stop in the Xidan shopping district.

Over the past 2 years, the behemoth's daily sales peaked at 10.5 million yuan, and its daily foot traffic was once as high as 200,000 people. One wonders how it all happened.

In 2007, when Beijing's commercial real estate had a 30% vacancy rate, COFCO Property Group, the developer of Joy City, which got the project through an acquisition, faced its first problem: the key to retail success or failure - the location - could not be changed, and the geographic and transportation environments had been limited. Although Xidan is known as Beijing's largest business district, but the flow of people concentrated on the east side of the road, a street away, Joy City is located in the west side of the lot once became a commercial dead end, cell phone stores, Beijing Fucai Xidan hypermarkets have been halted in this.

Another little-known secret is that although the Xidan shopping district is well known, but the customer's spending power is limited. Joy City's chief investment and operations management consultant, Hong Kong's Spectrum Business Management Group, found in the initial research, the region's consumers in a single spending amount of 101-310 yuan accounted for 70% of the proportion of only 4% of the more than 1,000 yuan.

The consumer base is relatively young, with limited purchasing power, and mainly focuses on purposeful consumption, which can even be seen from the number of parking spaces in Zhongyou Department Store, which has been in the area for many years - only a mere 50 spaces. The secret to Joycity's rise may be very simple to summarize: Chinese consumers' newfound preference for spending time in shopping centers, and the retail opportunity created by the accelerating fast-fashion boom.

On top of that, it should be noted that China's purchasing power per capita has a lot of room to grow, which gives any new entrant the opportunity to act as a footfall booster - rather than a distraction - and to boost the amount of money spent by individual consumers. The McKinsey Global Institute estimates that without new measures to boost consumption, China's consumption will grow to 39% of gdp, which is far lower than many economies around the world.

As a commercial business, however, Joy City is not a new invention; its immediate template is the Vientiane City (the previous work of Ning Gaoning, now chairman of COFCO), which has been built by China Resources Group in Shenzhen over the past five years. The model first emerged in 1956 with the creation of Southdale, the first major shopping center in Minneapolis, which changed the American shopping and retail model forever.

By 2004, there were more than 47,000 copies of this type in the US. Essentially, you can think of a shopping center like Joy City as a Disney-style theme park, like Xidan or Wangfujing brought indoors, where you can shop, be entertained, get a haircut, dine, drink coffee, play street photography, or just stroll around.

It has the same qualities of plaza culture, only covered with a big roof. In such an enclosed environment, it utilizes a series of cues to keep the consumer on the move: the transparent railing keeps the view unobstructed, the verticality created by the artificial trees prompts you to ride the escalator to another level, and the bright lighting makes you feel like you're stuck at three o'clock in the afternoon so you forget about the passage of time.

It even controls the internal climate: it feels like it stays sunny and warm all year round. Such a meticulous approach reflects a fundamental difference in philosophy between these types of shopping centers and hypermarkets: whereas the latter strive for efficiency and therefore want consumers to spend as little time as possible shopping, shopping centers want consumers to stay as long as possible - and who knows? Who knows? Maybe in the next second, the consumer will impulsively open their wallet and decide to buy.

The truth is that many retailers are forgetting to do one thing: they need to take a hard look at consumer "walking distance" again. Traditional department stores are always divided by jewelry/cosmetics, women's clothing, men's clothing, home/children's products from low to high floor function, food and beverage and other ancillary services are generally located in the first floor or the highest level.

This layout implies that consumers walk into the mall with a strong sense of purpose, and the driving effect between floors is very low. But what Joy City tries to do is to let consumers do whatever they want to do here, or rather, whatever they don't want to do.

From the 2nd floor to the 5th floor, there are Starbucks, Burger King, Ajisen Ramen, Taiwanese snacks, etc. If you take the indoor escalator, which is said to be the highest span in Asia, directly to the 6th floor, the elevator entrance is KFC. On each floor, Joy City provides consumers with a place to rest at any time, and this layout design of "walking and stopping" is the result of careful consideration of consumers' walking distance: "people" is taken as the core of shopping center planning and organization, and consumers' shopping psychology and behavioral habits are taken as the core of shopping center planning and organization. Through the study of consumer shopping psychology and behavioral habits, the overall commercial organization.

Xidan Joy City opened in the early days, the then general manager, now vice president of COFCO Property Group, storm Xuesong will go to the underground garage to check the parking records, when he found that the customer's parking time from the initial 40 minutes to later more than three small.

3. How China Merchants was recorded in history

The earliest Chinese shipping company was China Merchants in the Qing Dynasty.

It was the earliest civilian shipping enterprise, organized by the late Qing (1872) by the foreign affairs bureaucrat Li Hongzhang. The capital was borrowed from the government and amounted to 200,000 strings of money.

The company was named "Ship Merchants Bureau" in 1873, with Tang Tingshu as the chief administrator, and the head office was located in Shanghai, with 19 branch offices in Yantai, Tianjin, Yingkou, Hankou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Kobe and Luzon. The ship "Eden" is the first ship sailing on the coast with the national flag.

The operation policy of the Bureau is to be supported by the government. Transportation of waterways was the fundamental, and cargo collection was the basis of shipping.

By 1914, the total assets amounted to 17 million taels, and in 1932, it came under the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, and was renamed as "State-run China Merchants Bureau".

In 1937, China Merchants had 86,000 tons of ships, accounting for 1/6 of the total number of public and private ships at that time. Due to the war, the China Merchants Bureau was moved to Hong Kong and Chongqing.

Historically, the establishment of China Merchants broke the monopoly of foreign capitalists in China's shipping industry, and played a role in *** the invasion of foreign capitalism and the development of national capitalism. 1949, China Merchants owned nearly 400 ships, nearly 400,000 tons.

In 1951, it was renamed China People's Steamship Company and moved to Beijing, and the original head office in Shanghai was changed to a district company and renamed Shanghai Maritime Transportation Administration in May 1953, and on January 15, 950, the original head office in Shanghai was changed to a district company and renamed Shanghai Maritime Transportation Administration.

4. What are the firsts in China's history created by China Merchants

China Merchants has created many firsts in China's history.

This is first manifested in the system innovation. As China's first modern national industrial and commercial enterprises, China Merchants in the enterprise organization, management did not follow the old system, but according to the reality of the industry engaged in the requirements of the limited historical conditions, carried out a lot of exploration in the development of pre-liberation history of the development of the government has experienced the Governor of the commercial office, commercial office, the state-run and other different management systems.

Especially in the initial capital raising, China Merchants Bureau in China took the lead in enabling a new form of industrial and commercial enterprise organization, that is, the form of joint-stock enterprise organization, so that China Merchants Bureau has become the first modern China to the Western joint-stock enterprise as the object of study of the new type of shareholding enterprises.

Therefore, China Merchants Bureau pioneered the issuance of shares to the private sector to raise capital.

Driven by the China Merchants Bureau, the establishment of joint-stock enterprises in China quickly became a trend. 1872, the joint-stock enterprises only one China Merchants Bureau, to 1887, in the "Declaration" on the public publication of the stock price of the enterprise reached 36.

As the people said: "China Merchants opened its beginning, a person advocated, and all the people, not a few years, the trend for the great open, the company because of the clouds. Although there are some successes and failures, but it is a change from the previous narrow rules.

⑥The emergence of these joint-stock enterprises marked the beginning of a new era in China's economic history. The pioneering role of China Merchants Bureau in China's modern economy is also manifested in the fact that it has accumulated funds, talents, and management experience by taking one step ahead of others, either by founding them directly, or by participating in investing in them, or by assigning them to manage them, which led to the rise of a number of new national industrial and commercial enterprises.

These include: China's first modern large-scale coal mining enterprises - Kaiping Mining Bureau, the first iron and steel coal joint venture - Hanzhiping Mining Company, the first bank - China Merchant Bank, the first bank - China Merchant Bank, the first bank - China Merchant Bank, the first bank - China Merchant Bank, the first bank - China Merchant Bank. -The first bank - China merchant bank, the first machine textile enterprises - Shanghai machine weaving layout, and so on. The founding of these enterprises, respectively, created China's modern mining, smelting, finance, textiles and other emerging economic areas, to promote China's economy into the era of modern economy.

5. History of China Merchants Bureau

The first government-owned business enterprise created in the late Qing Dynasty.

In the 1870s, under the impact of foreign shipping forces, China's transportation of grain and north-south materials of the old shipping industry was seriously damaged. 1873 January, under the auspices of Li Hongzhang, Shanghai set up a government-owned ship China Merchants Bureau, borrowing money from the government to make 200,000 strings of money and investment in the collection of shares.

The foreign buyers and industrial and commercial activists Xu Run, foreign buyers and foreign entrepreneurs Tang Tingshu successively participated in the China Merchants Bureau, in the collection of shares and business contribution. The China Merchants Bureau was headquartered in Shanghai, with branch offices in major Chinese ports, Nagasaki, Yokohama, Kobe and Singapore in Japan.

Due to the obstruction of foreign forces, only the North and South China Sea routes and the Yangtze River routes, foreign routes can not be navigated. 1877, the China Merchants Bureau with 2.2 million silver taels to buy the U.S. merchant Flag Chang Steamship Company all the old ships and other equipment, there are 25 ships, the transport capacity of 27,000 tons, quite profitable.

In 1883, **** recruited 2 million taels of capital, and in 1897, China Merchants to the surplus over the years to capitalize 4 million taels.

In 1909, it became a commercial company and set up a board of directors. 1911, there were 29 ships with a transport capacity of 49,000 tons.

After the Xinhai Revolution, the board of directors was reorganized several times, but the operation did not improve, except during the First World War, when it was more profitable. 1924, it was changed into a joint-stock company.

In 1930, the *** *** was put under the state management, and after it was transferred to the Ministry of Transportation and Communications in 1932, the transportation was reduced to more than 50,000 tons, while real estate investment continued to increase and accounted for about 80% of the total assets.

After the victory in the war against Japan, China Merchants took over 332 ships, purchased 106 foreign ships, and invested in other shipping companies. in August 1948, *** *** reorganized China Merchants into a joint stock company, and sold China Merchants' shares for half of its capital.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China *** and the State, China Merchants in the mainland property by the people *** take over, moved to Hong Kong, China Merchants all employees and 13 ships in January 13, 1950 in Hong Kong declared the uprising, continue to operate and development. To introduce the history of China Merchants, it is also necessary to mention Taiwan Yang Ming Marine Transportation Company, because the predecessor of Yang Ming Marine Transportation Company is China Merchants.

China Merchants is China's first shipping company, founded in 1872 during the reign of the Qing Dynasty, itself is the history of the modern development of China's shipping, but also witnessed China's modern history, in the Sino-Japanese War more because it is the nation's largest shipping company, so no matter whether it is to support the military transportation, and even in the battlefield for the strategic needs of the ship will be sunk in the river, in order to block the attack of the Japanese army, so that the national army can fight for more retreat time, which is very important to the country, but also to support the development of China Merchants. Retreat time, a great contribution to the country. Later, as China *** *** retreated to Taiwan, the mainland and Taiwan authorities each resumed the operation of China Merchants, which is still the largest shipping company on Taiwan Island and is highly valued by the Taiwan authorities.

In 1972, just before the 100th anniversary of China Merchants, Yang Ming Marine Transportation Company was established to specialize in international shipping. China Merchants in Taiwan Province of China Merchants founder of the Qing Dynasty Minister of Commerce Li Hongzhang, he was in view of the late Qing Dynasty foreign wars lost, the loss of navigation rights, whether coastal or river navigation rights are mastered by the power of the foreign ship, the domestic small ship simply can not compete with it, in order to avoid the transportation lifeline for the monopoly of outsiders, and therefore on the folders to the Empress Dowager Cixi, the creation of investment to set up a shipping company, and therefore named China Merchants Bureau.

The zhangzhang shown is the year Li Hongzhang submitted zhangzhang, by zhangzhang last can see the position of the Empress Dowager is also higher than the Emperor, which also witnessed the history of China's modern history of the Empress Dowager Cixi in power. Zaozuo originally now exists on the mainland.

The gold medallion in the display case belongs to the mainland China Merchants Bureau according to the original shrinkage of the copy given to Yang Ming. China Merchants in the history of the Bureau can be divided into several periods, in the early days of Taiwan, due to the special status of China Merchants, although under the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, but in fact, the chairman of the board of directors of China Merchants, general manager of China Merchants have been appointed by the highest authorities agreed.

But later, because of the establishment of Yang Ming Marine Transportation gradually left only the management office, and in 1995 with the resolution of the Legislative Yuan, merged into the Yang Ming Marine Transportation Company.

Yang Ming Marine Transportation Company Limited was established on December 28, 1972. As of the end of May 2010, Yang Ming Marine Transportation has 80 operating vessels with a capacity of 4.1 million DWT/321,000 TEUS, including container ships, bulk carriers, and coal carriers on behalf of Taipower.

Since its establishment, Yang Ming Marine Transportation has been upholding the business philosophy of "Teamwork, Innovation, Integrity, and Pragmatism" with its employees around the world, constantly innovating, working together, and overcoming obstacles to not only provide excellent services with the four major criteria of "Accuracy, Speed, Stability, and Savings", but also to become one of the world's top maritime transportation companies. Become the world's top shipping company, the average age of the ship is more global one of the youngest companies.

6. The difference between the ancient historical metropolis and the commercial center

The formation and development of China's commercial center has experienced the historical evolution of the ancient, modern, and new China.

In the ancient pre-Qin era, China in the commercial economic activities developed in the Yellow River Basin appeared a number of commodity distribution centers that do not have the significance of a full commercial center, such as Daliang (now Kaifeng), Jiji (now Beijing), Luoyang and so on, which is the germ of China's commercial center.

In the Sui and Tang dynasties, some commercial centers began to appear.

In the early Sui and Tang dynasties, centered on the Yellow River basin, commercial centers were concentrated in the north and the interior, such as Chang'an, the western capital, and Luoyang, the eastern capital.

With the prosperity of the national economy, the geographical distribution of commercial centers expanded southward, and new commercial centers gradually appeared in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as Jiankang (now Nanjing), Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and so on, but at that time, Chang'an was still the country's largest and most prosperous commercial center.

Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, China's commercial center further changes, commercial centers further increase, mostly in the southern commercial center, such as the Song dynasty Lin'an (now Hangzhou) became the country's largest commercial center at that time;

Ming and Qing dynasties, the country's commercial center of the city amounted to more than 50, the north, in addition to Beijing, Beijing, Shengjing (today's Shenyang) due to successively become the location of the Kyoto but the National commercial center, the southern commercial center in the south, the southeast coast and the canal along the three zones of the most prosperous, the emergence of a number of commercial cities, such as the Ming and Qing dynasties, "the four great towns" - Henan Zhuxian Town, Jiangxi Jingdezhen, Guangdong Foshan Town, Hubei Hankou town (now Wuhan) and so on.

In modern times, from the Opium War to the Chinese people **** and more than 100 years before the establishment of the country, due to the development of the Western powers, so that China's commercial centers are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, less inland, geographically unbalanced distribution.

During this period, the main commercial centers were Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, Xiamen, Qingdao and Dalian, with Shanghai being the most prosperous.

Since the founding of New China, in addition to the southeast coastal commercial centers for technological transformation, adjusting the structure of the commercial economy has been fruitful so as to continue to expand, the vast interior, especially in the northwest, southwest belt development of industrial and mining enterprises, transportation to make a rapid rise of a number of new commercial centers, such as Lanzhou, Xi'an and so on.

And from a national perspective, the initial formation of the country's provinces (districts), land, counties and even townships (townships) multi-level commercial center system.

The geographical distribution of commercial centers from the east coast gradually to the development of the interior, the unreasonable distribution of commercial centers formed in the history of the situation is gradually improved, increasingly reasonable.

Commercial centers can be divided into national commercial centers and regional commercial centers according to their size.