Why was girding popular in Europe in the 19th century and foot binding popular in China?

European girdle on my personal, I think the ancient European girdle custom than the Chinese wrapped small feet more cruel, wrapped small feet the most serious consequences of disability, girdle the most serious consequences of death 19th century Europe in general had a number of deaths due to girdle: ribs overstressed, thus inserted through the liver. Girding the waist girdles the waist, but it is not just narrowing the waist, but from the lower end of the breasts on the tight strangulation to the stomach, and many women thus lead to two ribs appear long and deep wounds, deep into the skin, and even died as a result. Girdle the waist of the reason is very simple, two points 1, women are always through the performance of their own inability to work, to show their noble identity. 2, between men and women love, women's slender waist can always inspire men's libido, the time of the European, women's waist of the extremely thin often inspire men's extreme sexual desire. When "sex" is not easy to talk about publicly, men will steal the beam, to "beauty" for sexy name. Like footbinding, corsets were also "started at an early age" when girls began to wear them around the age of nine. Made of steel, leather and wood, the forty-pound equipment squeezed girls from armpit to hip, making it impossible for them to breathe. The corsets are full-bone and half-bone, "full-bone" meaning that each whalebone is lined up as tightly as possible. If there is a gap the width of a whalebone between two whalebones, then the corset is "half-bone". Some mothers even dress their daughters in "double-boned" corsets in order for them to have thinner waists and to be able to find a higher class of family in the future marriage market. In a corset, the girl is supported by the bedposts, her hands are tied to the bedposts by straps, and the mother puts her knees on the girl's back to tighten the straps as much as possible. The mother might tighten the corset's straps from bottom to top, then tie a tight knot and cut off the excess cord, leaving only a bare knob. Some mothers use wax and rings to seal the buckles. Finally they tighten the shoulder straps, by which time the girl is in excruciating pain. With the corset laces and straps tightened, they could not move their shoulders at all. There is no way to breathe without using every ounce of strength to make her ribs expand outward within the confines of the corset. This would cause her ribs to contract to a much smaller extent, which of course, was accompanied by pain. This pain has been compared to the piercing pain that accompanies each breath as a hot knife is inserted into the ribs on both sides. Many girls faint and some mothers loosen the corset, but corset makers recommend not undoing the corset, but rather using the hands to squeeze the ribs more y - artificial respiration - and using smelling salts in the girl's nostrils to help them wake up. It was impossible to remove the corset or loosen it by oneself. In almost all styles, women's corsets do not have hook-and-loop fasteners in the front, or any other kind of front opening. The only way to remove them was to loosen the ties at the back, and with the shoulders pulled strictly backward and downward, it was impossible to reach the top of the corset at the back - closed or not - making it impossible for the user to remove the corset by herself. In most cases, the girl would sleep in the corset, and the next day her mother would simply cut off the clasps and re-tie the knots, organizing the laces in a new position. As a result, the corset was never loosened or removed, only tied tighter and tighter. To ease the girl's pain, the body gradually adapts to the shape of the corset, and the mother simply keeps tightening it. In such a corset, the girl had to be "ladylike" - moving slowly and gracefully, standing straight as a soldier at attention, eating like a bird. It was impossible to eat more, to run or jump, or to slouch in a chair. Girdle and skirt support at the time "Gone with the Wind" also has a girdle shot - HaoSiJia grabbed the bedpost, to maid desperately to help her to the waist of a little thinner this is a movie shot and the reality of the ancient European women than in the movie can be called "bucket waist"! "In Europe at that time, how big is a normal waistline? Different periods of the European court set the standard will be slightly different, but the folk have a traditional waist standard - a girl should be able to use her hands around the waist. At its strictest, the standard was thirteen inches (33.03cm); during the reign of Elizabeth I it was relaxed to eighteen (45.72cm) to twenty (50.8cm) inches, but then returned to fourteen inches (35.56cm). The court standard set by Catherine de Medici of France was fourteen inches. Children of eight or nine naturally could not endure such pain, and girls beginning to develop at thirteen or fourteen were in agony when confined by a girdle, and many of them sought to undo or cut the cords short so as to breathe a little more freely; the best opportunity for relaxing the corset was at night, and so a variety of ways of tightening in bed came into being. Mrs. Ardmore's memoir, Slave to Fashion, recounts how she slept with her arms tied behind her back, and since the age of nine, when she began wearing a corset, she had slept with her knees and ankles tied. Her cousins and sister also slept in this form, bound all over their bodies, and if any of them complained, her stepmother would punish the one who complained the next day by tying her arms behind her back for the whole day. For more than a year Mrs. Ardmore's arms were bound every day, and to punish more complaining she had to wear a kind of punishment mask, the mask of blindness and forbidden voices. The masks were usually made of soft leather and covered the entire head and face, leaving no openings for the eyes or mouth. Some masks also had padding in the ear area so that the wearer could not hear, and hours of tight bondage without sight, hearing, or sound was very effective in keeping rebellious girls down. Some schools insisted that all girls use these masks at bedtime so that they could not communicate with each other while lying in bed at night. Because the European aristocratic women in order to fine waist and buttocks of the beauty, so that shapewear is extremely popular, with technological advances in a large number of hard and can be bent to change the curve of the whale bone, whale baleen is embedded in the shapewear and skirt support, from the Netherlands set up a whaling company, which land court women into the sea of the whale's natural enemies, in this regard, the whale is really the most innocent animals. Plump breasts, fat buttocks and waist, but I really do not appreciate 2, the ancient Chinese wrapped small feet foot binding, that is, the woman's feet wrapped up with cloth and silk, so that it becomes small and pointed "three-inch golden lotus". The "three-inch golden lotus" once became an important condition for women's aesthetic beauty in ancient China. Girls from the age of four or five years old will begin to wrap the feet, until the adult skeleton stereotypes will be unwrapped, there are also lifelong wrapped. According to evidence, foot-binding began in the Northern Song Dynasty. The foot-binding of the Song Dynasty was to wrap the feet "slender and straight" but not bowed. Yuan Dynasty foot binding continued to develop in the direction of small. In the Ming Dynasty, the style of foot-binding entered a boom period, and there was the saying of "three-inch golden lotus", which required the feet not only to be as small as three inches, but also to be bowed and curved. Qing Dynasty foot-binding style spread to all social classes of women, rich or poor, all have foot-binding. The creation of foot-binding, especially bone-binding, had many social and cultural factors, including: aesthetics: at that time, people, both men and women, thought that small feet were beautiful, especially for men, small feet have sexual attraction. At that time, three inches was called "Golden Lotus", within four inches was called "Silver Lotus", and those larger than four inches were called "Iron Lotus", which shows the degree of reverence for small feet. Foot fetish, sexy belt: It is said that, because of foot binding after walking difficulties, precisely exercise the muscles around the vagina, to prevent vaginal laxity, and even keep the virgin vagina like a tightened state. And women usually never bare feet, for men can see their private place, also has a similar foot fetish interest. Qing Dynasty literati Li Yu in his "Idle Happenings" published in the highest purpose of wrapping the feet in order to satisfy sexual desires, play with the method of up to 48 kinds of more, in ancient China, the feet of a woman in addition to the pubic area and breasts, the third "sex organs". Even the embroidered shoes worn on the feet were given sexual connotations. The following paragraphs are excerpts from Feng Jicai's Three Inch Golden Lotus, which I read in college and was shocked by. "This is going to be wrapped, Xianglian already do not know that the yell that screamed that begged that the noise, looking at the grandmother grabbed her feet, first right after the left, let go of the big toe, gathered the remaining four toes, oblique to the palm of the foot underneath the strength of a break, the bones gaer a sound, shocked Xianglian 'ow' a scream, the grandmother has been shaking open the foot wrapping strips, the four toes strangled. Xianglian saw her feet changed, and cried again before she realized the pain. Grandma's hands were fast. She was afraid that Xianglian would make too much trouble, so she wrapped her feet quickly. The foot cloth wrapped around the four toes, once around the heart of the foot, on the back of the foot, hanging on the heel, immediately in the four toes wrapped again. Then return to the top of the foot, using the strength to pull back harder, hard to the four toes to the center of the foot to the bottom of the roll. Xianglian only feel this pain that tight this sprain that fold, grandmother does not ask her to smack every flavor over, clean and quick, as usual, wrapped through two circles. Afterwards, she pulled the foot cloth forward, wrapped the exposed big toes tightly, and then beat her hands to the back layer by layer, wrapped the four toes under the heart of her feet tightly, as if she were asked to bite the iron clamps, and couldn't move even for a minute or a half a minute or a half a millimeter. "Xianglian saw her own feet, turned into this ugly monster, cried even more sadly, but only huffing and puffing, voice early exhaustion. Grandma told her to get up and try her steps. But the two feet touch the ground, the pain of a butt squatting child sat down and could not get up. That night, two feet burning fire, pleading with grandma to loosen the foot cloth, grandma heard the face and board into the board. When you can't stand it at night, take the tripod on the window sill, let the night wind blow okay. The next day, my feet hurt even more. But do not go down to the ground to walk, toes step constantly, small feet can not be molded. Grandma simply turned into an evil spirit in the City God Temple, full of murderous spirit, and took up a broom to beat her, whip her and blow her to the ground, begging for forgiveness and playing tricks, but all were useless. She had to race the cripple (and the bird), jumping in the yard and walking hard, and even if she fell down, she was not allowed to lie down and rest for a while. Just feel the toes crunch break, bone ballast creaking back and forth grinding, is solid heartache, and then do not feel the pain and do not feel is their own, but still have to go. Xianglian's father and mother died when she was a child, and her grandmother was the only one who loved her. When her grandmother turned into such an evil-looking woman, she really became a lonely bird without any support. One night, she escaped through the window and ran to the river, but she couldn't get across and couldn't walk, so she hugged her little feet, tore off the cloth with her teeth, and opened it up to look at it. Under the moon, it looked really scary. She stuck her foot in the mud and dared not look at it again. At dawn, her grandmother found her, and without scolding or beating her, she carried her back and wrapped her feet again. This time, she was wrapped even more fiercely, and the bones of her feet that were attached to her little toes were also folded down, and the four little toes that were rolled up under the center of her feet were pressed even further inward, which made the wrapping even narrower, more pointed, and more painful. She only thought that her grandmother hated her for running away and punished her ruthlessly, but she did not realize that this was the most important part of the foot wrapping. The toes of her feet were only half finished when they were broken, and she was only finished when her feet were fractured. But the grandmother is not satisfied, every day to take the staff to knock, so painful that she screamed with a sharp, drilling wall out. An old woman surnamed Wen from the east could not bear it and scolded Grandma: 'What have you been doing all this time? You're too young to have your feet wrapped, and there's no such thing as wrapping the feet of a seven year old girl, and you're asking the child to suffer so much! You don't know what you're doing, but you're doing it.'' If it weren't for my granddaughter's naturally small, soft, and good-looking feet, and if it weren't for the fact that I couldn't wait any longer, I wouldn't have been able to do it today. ......'' I've been waiting for you to come here. I've been waiting for a long time to get hard meat and hard bones, and I've been knocking them out with a walking stick. It's better to use a knife to sharpen it! Don't suffer, there's nothing you can do, just do what you have to do. Grandma had a plan in mind, so she didn't say anything. She went to pick up some broken pieces of bowl, cracked them, and gave them to Xianglian to put under her feet when she wrapped them. As soon as she walked, the broken pieces of bowl broke her feet. Grandma's broomstick how to bombard, Xianglian also do not move the strength, the beatings are not as painful as the foot. But the broken foot is smothered in the footbinding strip, composting pus. Every time you change the foot cloth, you have to pull it down with pus, blood and rotting flesh. In fact, this is the old way of foot wrapping in the northern countryside. Only meat rotting bone damage, can change the mold at will. Just wrapped small feet not long ago, the children of the year the woman suffered torture as an honor. Their feet are small, standing there before and after the unsteady, but feel graceful; walking, due to the loss of the forefoot, must take small steps, naturally very fast, it will lead to the body of the skirt fluttering, the man looked at it will be shaken. But in order to get such a pair of "beautiful feet", must be a pair of "flat" twisted, molded into "three-inch golden lotus", that is a "tragic The word "miserable" is enough. However, at that time are like that, all women think with the birth of a child, twisting off the toes as a crime to be suffered, no one has put forward resistance. Some girls because of foot-binding too hard, usually stand can not stand, in and out of the need for others to hold walking, but this "hold Miss" at that time is only the rich and noble families can have. Foot binding seems to have another purpose. Due to small feet is not easy to walk, let the woman wrapped feet can prevent "red apricot wall". As in ancient Egypt, men did not give their wives shoes to wear; medieval European men made chastity belts for women. In fact, in poor and backward China, in addition to a small number of wealthy family women, most of the small-footed women have to run for their livelihood, they pay the hardships, to be far more than a day foot woman.