What are the characteristics of ancient buildings in Tang and Song Dynasties?

Song Dynasty architecture generally refers to the architecture of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty from 960 to 1279. Just like all previous dynasties, it inherited the architectural tradition of the previous dynasty. With the development of economy, handicraft industry and science and technology in the Song Dynasty, the architects, carpenters, technicians, engineers, bucket systems, architectural structures and modeling techniques in the Song Dynasty reached a high level. The architectural style is becoming more and more systematic and modular, and the architecture gradually appears free and changeable combination, which blooms a mature style and a more professional appearance. In order to enhance the indoor space and lighting, the column lowering method and the column moving method were adopted, which increased the number of stories of huge bucket arches on beams and columns, and even appeared irregular beam-column layout, jumping out of the neat pattern of beam-column layout in Tang Dynasty. There are various types of architecture in Song Dynasty, among which pagodas, stone bridges, wooden bridges, gardens, imperial tombs and palaces are prominent. Because the garden design that pays attention to artistic conception deliberately pursues the artistic conception of the combination of natural beauty and artificial beauty, the architecture of this period has changed the vigorous characteristics of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The roof and corner of the building tend to tilt, unlike the rich style of the Tang Dynasty, which gives people a gentle feeling. The extensive use of paint makes the color more prominent. The carving and painting of window lattice, beam column and stone pedestal are very varied, and the shapes of columns are even more varied. Song Dynasty was one of the most powerful dynasties in ancient China. It has developed in politics, economy, culture, handicrafts and commerce, and made great progress in science and technology, which has brought the architectural level of the Song Dynasty to a new height. During this period, the civil class grew, and the architecture in Song Dynasty changed the vigorous characteristics of Tang Dynasty, becoming slim and beautiful, and paying attention to decoration. In the Song Dynasty, the city formed the layout of opening shops along the street and forming streets by lines, and the buildings such as urban fire protection, transportation, shops and bridges all had new development. Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, completely presents the face of a commercial city. During this period, large-scale buildings were no longer built in all parts of China, and only the spatial level of deepening direction was strengthened in terms of architectural combination, so as to set off the main building and vigorously develop architectural decoration and color. The main hall and fish pond flying beam in Jinci, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province are typical buildings in the Song Dynasty. The level of masonry buildings in Song Dynasty was constantly improved. At this time, the masonry buildings were mainly pagodas and bridges. Lingyin Temple Tower in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Fanta in Kaifeng, Henan Province, and Yongtong Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei Province are all examples of masonry buildings in the Song Dynasty. The modular system and the number of quota system based on "materials" are adopted in the wooden structure building, which makes the architectural design and construction standardized to some extent. In the Song Dynasty, China's economy and society developed to a certain extent, and artistic gardens began to rise during this period. China classical gardens are based on freehand brushwork, integrating natural beauty with artificial beauty, and expressing a certain artistic realm with architecture and artificial home landscapes, rocks, flowers and trees. The representative gardens in Song Dynasty include Canglang Pavilion in Su Shunqin and Sima Guang's paradise. In Song Dynasty, the specification book "Building French Style" about architectural design and construction came out, which is a perfect monograph on architectural technology. The publication of this book reflects that the architecture in China reached a new level in engineering technology and construction management during this period.