Who knows about Hongshan culture? Who can introduce the knowledge about the ancient pottery of Hongshan?

The Hongshan Culture is an agricultural culture created by a tribal group that operated north of the Yanshan Mountains, in the upper reaches of the Daling and Xiliao Rivers, during the 5,000 or 6,000 years before the present. It is named after the site of Hongshan, which was first discovered on the outskirts of Chifeng City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Hongshan culture to the Liao River basin in the Liao River tributary of the Xilamudun River, the Laoha River, Daling River as the center, the distribution of the area of 200,000 square kilometers, five or six thousand years ago, the continuation of the time up to two thousand years long. Hongshan culture social form in the early matrilineal clan society in its heyday, the main social structure is to female blood groups as a bond of tribal groups, late gradually to the transition to patriarchal clans. The economic pattern was based on agriculture, with animal husbandry, fishing and hunting co-existing. Its remains to the unique characteristics of the colored pottery and zigzag pattern pottery **** survival, and both fine stoneware Neolithic culture.

The Hongshan Culture dates from 4000 to 3000 BC. Hongshan culture residents are mainly engaged in agriculture, but also raising pigs, cattle, sheep and other livestock, and fishing and hunting, fine stone tools developed; there are also ground and beaten two-hole stone knives, stone plows, shoulder stone hoes, stone grinding wheel, stone grinding rod and stone arrowheads, etc.. Pottery to embossing and grate point of the zigzag pattern and colored pottery as a characteristic, the types of jars, pots, urns, bottomless cylindrical ware. The colored pottery is mostly decorated with swirl patterns, triangular patterns, scale patterns and parallel lines. The pottery kiln with double fire chamber and advanced structure has already appeared. The level of jade carving was high, and there were pig-dragon shaped fou, jade tortoise, jade bird, beast-shaped jade, hook cloud-shaped jade pendant, hoop-shaped ware, rod-shaped jade, etc. A considerable number of copper smelting tools were also found. Also found quite a lot of copper smelting crucible fragments, indicating that the copper smelting industry has been produced. The site is a square semi-cave type, divided into large and small.

The Hongshan culture was a developed civilization distributed in the Xiliao River basin at the same time as the Yangshao culture of the Central Plains, and the multiculturalism generated by the intersection of the Yangshao culture of the Central Plains and the grassland culture of the north in the development, was an excellent culture rich in vitality and creativity, very rich in connotations, and the handicraft industry reached a very high level, forming a very distinctive decorative art of pottery and a highly developed jade-making crafts. The colored pottery of the Hongshan Culture was mostly made of clay, and it was often seen in red pottery with black color, with rich patterns and vivid and simple shapes. Jade production for grinding and processing, smooth surface, crystal bright, very charm, the development of a professional, systematic, standardized, so far, the Hongshan culture of jade has been unearthed nearly a hundred pieces of which unearthed from the Inner Mongolia Chifeng Hongshan large jasper C-type dragons, peripheral body curls, the kiss part of the high, the hair floats up, extremely dynamic, is the masterpiece of the Hongshan culture of jade, is known as the "the first dragon in the world". Because of the Chifeng territory more than dragon table jade unearthed, so Chifeng is known as the hometown of the dragon, the ancestors of the Hongshan culture should be the heir of the dragon.

Hongshan culture comprehensively reflects the cultural characteristics and connotations of the Neolithic era in the northern region of China. Subsequently, in neighboring areas found to have and Chifeng Hongshan site similar or the same cultural characteristics of the sites, collectively known as the Hongshan culture. The sites that have been discovered and identified as belonging to this cultural system are spread all over the western part of Liaoning, nearly a thousand of them. It is rich in connotations and possesses a large number of vividly shaped jade artifacts, mostly with animal figures such as pigs, turtles, birds, cicadas and fish. As this batch of jade was identified in the 1970s, archaeologists discovered a large jade dragon from the Hongshan culture, one of the earliest dragons in China.

Edited History

Hongshan, in Mongolian, is called: Ulanhada, meaning red peak. It is located in the northeastern suburbs of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on the banks of the Yingjin River. Legend has it that the Red Mountain in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, was originally called Nine Women's Mountain. In ancient times, there are nine nymphs violated the rules of the sky, the Queen Mother of the West was furious, so the nine nymphs panicked, accidentally knocked over the rouge box, spilled on the mountain, and thus appeared in the nine red peaks, so, later called it "Red Mountain".

In the early 20th century, China was in the era of warlords, the local Karakin Mongolian princes hired a Japanese scholar called Torii Ryuzo to lecture. According to the Japanese recollection, that year he crossed the Liao Shangjing (now Bahrain left flag) to the red mountain, found some pottery pieces on the ground nearby. 1919, came a Frenchman, its name is Sangzhihua. He came to Linxi in Inner Mongolia (present-day Bahrain Right Banner) and returned without any finds. There was another Frenchman, whose name was De Rijin, and he found some fine stone tools of the Late Paleolithic in the area of Hongshan.In the winter of 1930, there came from Tongliao in the northeast a son of Liang Qichao named Liang Siyong, who was born in Macao, and began to study archaeology after he returned from studying in the United States. After it collected some information about Torii Longzang, he joined the archaeological group of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He traveled to the area of Linxi, Shalahai, and Panshizi Mountain, and returned to Beijing after finding only some pottery shards.

In 1933, the Japanese imperialists occupied Chengde, the capital of Jehol province at that time. Then came a group of so-called Japanese archaeological work group, called the Manchurian and Mongolian expedition. There was one called Hamada, was the president of the University of Tokyo that year. Their motive was: to conquer China, must first conquer Mongolia. Want to find out in Inner Mongolia does not belong to the evidence of Chinese history and culture. As a result, more than 30 sites in the Red Mountain only found some pottery debris and a few pieces of bronze, all belonging to the Chinese historical artifacts, the result is that the Japanese invaders wasted their efforts.

After the liberation, Mr. Liang Siyong was the deputy director of the Chinese Archaeological Institute. Chinese archaeologist Mr. Yin Da published a book "Chinese Neolithic Culture", Mr. Liang made a preface. According to Mr. Yin Da, the Hongshan culture was a combination of the northern fine stoneware culture and the Yangshao culture. The two scholars discussed the northeast of this cultural phenomenon, belonging to the Great Wall north-south contact produced a new cultural phenomenon, and proposed to name it "Red Mountain Culture".

The official discovery of the red mountain jade, is the 1970s. 1971 May, Inner Mongolia Chifeng City, Weng Niu Te Banner three stars of the village of Tara in the north mountain planting, accidentally unearthed a large jasper carving dragon. From then on, people began to realize that the source of Chinese jade carving art may have occurred in the Xiliao River Valley during the Hongshan Culture era.

Shortly thereafter, several batches of jade carvings of dragons, large-scale hooks and cloud pendants, and other jade objects of the Hongshan culture were found in the remains of the Hongshan culture in Aohan, Inner Mongolia, Keshketengqi, and Hutougou, Fuxin, etc. In May, 1979, the archaeologists found a jade tomb of the Hongshan culture in the mountain of Sangandianzi, Lingyuan, west of Liaoning, which was based on the scientific stratigraphy of the Hongshan culture and made it a definite conclusion that there were indeed jade objects of the Hongshan culture. Jade became the final conclusion.

In December 1981, at the Second Annual Meeting of the Chinese Archaeological Society held in Hangzhou, Mr. Sun Shoudao of the Liaoning Institute of Archaeology submitted a paper to the General Assembly entitled "Primitive Civilization of the Liaohe River Basin and the Origin of the Dragon", which confirmed that the above discoveries belonged to the "Hongshan Culture". After that, it caused a sensation in the world archaeological circles. A large number of scholars from home and abroad came to the northeast to investigate. At the same time, the late Chinese archaeologist Mr. Su Bingqi, on the Hongshan culture for further affirmation. Confirmed: the northeast region of the Hongshan culture, is China's five thousand years ago the dawn of Chinese civilization.

Edit the source

The study of the source of the Hongshan culture, after the founding of the country, especially in recent decades, one of the most striking research results. At present, there are four opinions in the academic community:

One, the Hongshan culture is the primitive culture of the Yangshao culture system, or a variant of the Yangshao culture;

Two, the Hongshan culture inherited the Hebei Maishan culture;

Three, the Hongshan culture is likely to be a new culture produced after the interaction of the Fine Stone Age culture and Yangshao culture, containing elements of both Fine Stone Age and Yangshao culture;

Two, the Hongshan culture is a new culture, containing elements of both Fine Stone Age and Yangshao culture.

Fourth, the Hongshan culture is the unique characteristics of this region of a new stone culture. It has its own development process. At the same time by other cultural influences,

Four say coexist, each holding their own views, the latter understanding is more in line with reality, archaeology reveals clay pottery, colored pottery, embossed "zhi" pattern sand sandwiched pottery, stoneware, fine stoneware **** existence, is the unique characteristics of the Hongshan culture, the dragon theme is the most representative of the content of the Hongshan culture, the "emblem". The dragon theme is the most representative content of the Hongshan culture, this "emblem" of the pattern from the early Hongshan culture has continued to its late. In the stone tools in tobacco leaf-shaped, grass to fulfill the stone ploughmen, gui leaf-shaped two-hole stone knife is rich in characteristics of farming tools; fine stone tools in the scraper, stone blade, stone arrowheads and other artifacts, small and exquisite, exquisite craftsmanship, pottery in the clay red pottery and sand sand brown pottery pots, pots, jars, urns, etc. Each has its own decorative patterns, and the horizontal "zig-zag" pattern and the straight line is the characteristic pattern of the Hongshan culture. Hongshan culture is characterized by patterns, painted clay pottery is also the most representative of the artifacts, although by the influence of the Yangshao culture in the Central Plains, but there are still differences and similarities between the two (**** sex and personality). Yangshao culture painted pottery decoration is made of black, purple or white decorative ground, compared with the red mountain pottery type is colorful, banded decoration sandwiched between the circle scrolls, leaf-shaped pattern, diagonal lattice pattern and rope pattern, but also with a separate "S", "X" pattern, etc., and the red mountain pottery type is also the most representative of the pottery. It is very different from the Hongshan Hou type pottery. Hongshan Hou type pottery, even point arc pattern is a kind of falling form, which is not in the Yangshao culture pottery. There are also similarities between the two, Hongshan culture after the type of Hongshan bowl "red bowl" bowl with the Yangshao culture after the type of similar colored pottery, colored pottery in the parallel lines, parallel diagonal lines composed of triangular pattern with the after the type of similar colored pottery, their differences, explaining their respective cultural traits; their similarities (or similar) indicate that the age is generally similar, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time, the same time. ) indicates that the age is generally similar, but can not simply think that the Red Mountain culture is a branch of Yangshao culture, local variations or mixed cultures, etc..

The connotation of the Hongshan culture is not homogeneous in the Xiliao River Basin either, it includes different cultural characteristics of different economic types. Different local types or different stages of development. Daling River Basin of the Dongshan Mouth, Niheliang, Chengzishan site, Hutougou jade tomb of a class of Hongshan culture remains, unlike the Laoha River Basin after the Hongshan, Xishuiquan, Siliangshan, a class of Hongshan culture remains, the former type of more than a special use of colored ceramic cylindrical ware, polished clay black ceramic footed ware, not see or see less after the Hongshan type of red bowl, see the red bowl "Bowl" type bowl and triangular scroll pattern of colored pottery. This shows that the formation of Hongshan culture is not a single farming, but mainly farming, agriculture, livestock, fishing and hunting combination of economic types and a variety of cultural connotations contributed. The new archaeological discoveries provide a basis for us to reveal the development law and nature of the Hongshan culture. The main development of its own, the influence of intercultural had played the role of "catalyst"; cultural influence is first of all the Hongshan culture distribution area of the "culture" of the mutual influence; and the influence of the culture of the Central Plains is not unilateral, but the mutual influence of each other.

Archaeologists based on the results of archaeological excavations over the past three decades to prove that China's pre-history there are two major cultural systems, namely, the ancient culture of the Central Plains and the ancient culture of the northern part of the northern part of the ancient culture by the Red Mountain culture and the river-loop culture composed of the two major cultural systems have **** and individuality, can not be viewed as a branch of the ancient culture of the Central Plains or the ancient culture of the northern part of the local varieties.

To recognize the origins of the Red Mountain culture, the first task is to find the remains of the Red Mountain culture in the region earlier than the 1983 Xinglongwa site excavations, a clear understanding of the Xinglongwa culture to explore the origins of the Red Mountain culture, there is a solid comparative object.

Xinglongwa site found in the early Red Mountain culture, the middle of the house respectively break the stratigraphic relationship of Xinglongwa culture settlement trench, but also has the characteristics of the remains of the early stone culture, by the C14 determination of the age of 7470 + 80 --- 6895 + - 205 years ago than the Red Mountain culture, and the predecessor of the Red Mountain culture, can be called the "former", can be said to be the "former". Related to the predecessor of the Hongshan culture, can be called "before the Hongshan culture", Longwa culture and the Hongshan culture distribution of the same geographical area.

Early Hongshan culture and Xinglongwa culture pottery most of the pottery coarse and thin, the fire is more than the bottom of the types of ware and decorations less, generally sand sand brown pottery cylindrical jar, coarse clay (including fine sand) pottery bowl, representative of the decorations are embossed "zig-zag" shaped line pattern, and grid-like scratch pattern. It can be seen that the early Hongshan culture is richer than the Xinglongwa culture, and shows a certain degree of progress.

Longwa culture has a certain level of agricultural production, there is a considerable scale and number of settlement sites. It can be regarded as the basis for producing a prosperous primitive agricultural society like the Hongshan culture.

This shows that the Xinglongwa culture and the Hongshan culture with inheritance relationship may be the source of the Hongshan culture. The later development of the Red Mountain culture, also experienced a long historical period, in 1973, Aohan Banner Xiaoheyan type of discovery, for this problem found a strong clue. Xiaoheyan culture type is a new culture type divided in recent years, it and Shiyang Shihushan found in the Neolithic in the shape of the artifacts, colored pottery patterns, decorations, all have different characteristics with the Hongshan culture type, its age later than the Hongshan culture. Combined with the Aohan Banner Xiaoheyan South Terrace site and Wengniuet Banner Danangou Shibangshan burial sites obtained information, archaeologically identified as "Xiaoheyan culture". Its distribution area is basically the same as that of the Hongshan culture, and its cultural characteristics can be summarized as follows:

(1) Stone tools. Ground stone tools and fine stone tools **** exist, there are beaten stone tools, there are four sides of the prongs, rectangular cross-section of the ground stone axe, stone ploughs, the appearance of polished stone shovels, fine stone tools, stone arrowheads and bone handled knives with stone blades. The stone blades are exquisitely finished. The appearance of the pig's head on the pottery reflects the economic life of the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and hunting.

(2) Pottery. There are four types of clay red pottery, sand sand gray pottery, clay gray pottery and clay black pottery. Decorated with fine rope pattern, incised pattern and additional pile pattern, by the fine rope pattern composed of rhombic back to the character of the pattern has been the beginning of the thunder pattern. Colored ceramics mainly black color, red color and white, decorated with oblique parallel lines, folded line back to the character pattern, there is a color, a typical painting method for the application of white after the parallel diagonal lines drawn out the boundaries of the area, the addition of black, red, brown color, composed of a variety of geometric patterns such as back to the character, triangular, octagonal, mesh, etc., Zhu painted has seen many cases, the objects for the sandwiched gray ceramic straight canisters, pots and pans and hollowed out beans, jugs, and pedestals, pellets, Zun, double ears, and the large mouth jar-type ware. Large-mouthed pots. In the late period, there were large flat-bottomed pots, large open mouth and folded belly, shallow dish and thin handle beans, and there were painted ceramics.

(3) Cemeteries. Clan cemetery selected in the high mountains, the cemetery internal partition, the district within the branch, the structure of the chamber for the barrow vertical cave or cave, there is the custom of burning the tomb pit with fire before the tomb, a single supine flexed limbs burial men and women and burial, male tomb more buried with the tools of production. And there is the custom of binding the hair, wearing a collar and arm ring.

While no clear stratigraphic superposition has been found between the Xiaoheyan type and the Hongshanhou type, there is a clear relationship between the two in terms of cultural connotation between the early and late eras and inheritance. It is worth noting that the stone tools of Xiaoxiyan type are more exquisite in the processing of fine stone tools, and the stone-bladed knives with rounded bone handles are more common and practical, reflecting that the production technology is more advanced than that of Hongshan Hou type. Xiaoheyan type early pottery and Hongshan later type inheritance relationship is relatively clear, are mud red pottery and colored pottery, Xiaoheyan type mud red pottery convergence mouth bowl, sand sand gray pottery deep belly jar, double ear double mouth connecting pots as well as parallel diagonal colored pottery pattern, incised pattern, etc., all have off from Hongshan later type signs. Clay gray and black pottery increased, but no embossed "zigzag" pattern, replaced by a fine rope pattern and rhombic zigzag pattern. The emergence of other types of vessels, such as hollowed-out beans and zuns, and the geometrization of colored pottery patterns indicate that there was a new development in the pottery industry.

Small river type appeared double room site and men and women and the custom of burial, indicating that at that time has entered the stage of primitive commune dissolution, in the stage of social development, showing more than after the red mountain type progress. In the era should be between the Hongshan culture and the Xiajiajian lower culture remains, is by the Hongshan after the type of direct development and evolution of the type.

After the Xiaheyan culture, this is the center of Xiajiajian lower culture distribution, in the Aohan Banner South Terrace was found in the Xiaheyan type of late cultural layer was broken by the Xiajiajian lower culture of the early stratigraphic relationship between the house, some cultural factors have opened the Xiajiajian lower culture of the precedent, such as the increase of polished mud black ceramics, Zhu painted and painted appear, the rise of rope pattern, the folding of the belly, the large open-mouth shallow dish thin handled beans, large flat bottomed pots, hollow footed ware pots, and hollowed-out footrims all have the characteristics of the Hongshan Culture period. In this way, due to the development of Xiaoxiang type, fill the gap between the Hongshan type and Xiajiadian lower culture, they have been basically can be articulated, from now on, four thousand years ago, Xiliang River, Daling River Basin has entered the Bronze Age.

How the formation process and the direction of the Xiajiadian Lower Culture, the former involves its relationship with the Hongshan Culture, and the latter involves its relationship with the Yan Culture.

Edited Development

The Hongshan Culture is a Neolithic culture, also known as prehistoric culture, in the northeast of China, about 5,000 years ago. Its macro-environment: it is located in the Xiliao River basin at the southern edge of the Daxing'anling Mountains and the northern foothills of the Yanshan Mountains, between longitude 117°-123°E and latitude 41°-45°N. It is a place that bridges the Northeast Plain and the Yanshan Mountains. It is a triangle connecting the Northeast Plain and the Mongolian Plateau, and is also the intersection area between the farming culture of the Central Plains and the grassland culture of the North. Throughout the world geography, the West Liaohe area belongs to the southeast edge of the steppe corridor of the Asian-European continent, connecting the west coast of the North Pacific Ocean. Its special geographic location is determined since ancient times in the western part of the Liaohe River connecting China's north and south and the world's east and west of the traffic hub, is a variety of economic and cultural types of intertwined, a variety of ethnic composition and a variety of cultural factors in one of the centers. Hongshan culture is the most representative of this region's outstanding culture.

Nearly 10,000 years, the West Liaohe region of ancient history and cultural development, can be roughly divided into: the early farming culture and the late nomadic culture of the two development period. The main reason is the change of climate environment. Farming culture, including the Hongshanzhu culture and Xiajiajian culture, time equivalent to the middle of the Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age, about 8,000 - 3,500 years ago. During this time, the Xiliaohe area, like the rest of China, was experiencing the climatic optimum of the middle Holocene, with abundant rainfall, warm and humid air, streams and marshes, and grasses and trees.

Because of the relatively high terrain conditions of the shallow hills near Yanshan Mountain and the Daxing'anling angle, the ancient human beings here provide more favorable conditions for survival than in other areas. Half a century, from this area unearthed a large number of ground stone plow, stone axe, stone grinding wheel, stone knife, stone spinning wheel, pottery, bone products, etc., shows that this period has been here in the early farming culture, have gained a long development.

During the heyday of the Hongshan culture, about 5,500 years ago, the form of the ancient state of Hongshan had already appeared. Altars, goddesses, patriarchal temples, and cumulus mounds, three extremely important factors are well known, so let's put them aside. It is necessary for us to propose a discussion on the shape of the Jade Pig Dragon. Inner Mongolia archaeology expert Mr. Bugu that: jade pig dragon, domestic and foreign collection of many. Its individual modeling is both similar to the shape, but also similar to God, are specific products of the Hongshan culture. Its distribution is known to the north from the north of Chifeng, south to southwestern Liaoning, this distance for the diameter of a circle.

The late Hongshan culture has been uneven distribution of social products and other phenomena. Niheliang stone mound of large-scale tomb size, buried with a lot of jade, indicating that the owner of the tomb in life above the general members of society. At that time, a lot of manpower and material resources were also spent on the construction of altar temples, Niheliang Goddess Temple site was excavated and proved to be the site of the Hongshan culture. In Kazuo Dongshanzui site, there is a stone masonry sacrificial building site. It is a large square altar as the center, the north wing has two north-south oriented stone wall base, the south wing has a long stone pile, altar front is a stone circle-shaped platform and round stone masonry base site. Small statues of pregnant women and large seated figures have also been excavated from this site. Based on the emergence of the copper smelting industry, the unequal distribution of wealth and the emergence of large-scale ceremonial buildings for rituals, it is believed that the Late Hongshan Culture had entered the age of civilization; others believe that it was in the period of military democracy.

Edit this section of the art

(1) ceramic art

Being in the north of Inner Mongolia Chifeng red mountain culture, three-dimensional round sculpture of nude women, some of the breast protruding from the chest, and some of the torso with the characteristics of a pregnant woman; in the Liaoning province, jianping, lingyuan two counties junction of the oxheliang, the unearthed face of the goddess of the clay head of the red, the place is also a distribution area of red mountain culture, presumed to be a goddess of the goddess, and the red, red, and the red, red, red, red, red, red. This is also the distribution area of the Hongshan Culture, and is presumed to be a goddess temple or a female-oriented sacrificial site. Hongshan culture excavated a large number of ceramic female, some scholars speculate that the fertility god or earth mother god symbol, but also a specific expression of matriarchal society.

The pottery unearthed at the Hongshan Culture sites mainly includes cylindrical jars, slant-mouth vessels, urns, beans and jars with lids. Several characteristics of the Red Mountain Culture pottery include:

1. The pottery of the Red Mountain Culture is dominated by two major pottery systems: sand-filled gray pottery and clay red pottery, while the proportion of clay red pottery is larger than that of sand-filled gray pottery.

2. The cylindrical jar represents the basic shape of the Red Mountain Culture pottery. Hongshan culture of cylindrical jar is characterized by a large mouth and small bottom, the belly wall oblique straight, belonging to the cylindrical jar of the late form, and then from the cylindrical jar and alienated from the cylindrical ware, forming the evolution of the Hongshan culture pottery a new feature.

3. Embossed character pattern is the style of Hongshan culture pottery decoration. The character pattern line is thin and the band is wide, line and grate point *** with, horizontal and vertical rows and vertical pressure horizontal rows *** with, straight line and arc, wavy line *** with. The character pattern decoration and often combined with the cylinder jar, become more obvious characteristics of the Hongshan culture pottery.

4. colored pottery in clay red pottery occupies a considerable amount. Hongshan culture colored pottery in black color, but also red, purple color, pattern to dragon scale pattern, hooked flower pattern and checkerboard pattern three most representative.

(2) Stone Carving

In the early Neolithic jade carvings, there are many jade carvings with animals as the theme, such as the pig and dragon penannular jade pieces unearthed in the Hongshan Culture, but whether it is a jade penannular jade piece is still to be discussed, and jade ornaments of the same shape have been found in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Hebei, which are probably derived from the image of the pig and then by the god of the character, or the dragon in the early stage of myth and legend. It may have been derived from the reification of the image of the pig, or the image of the "dragon" in the early stages of myth and legend. At the Hongshan culture sites, small animal figurines such as birds, tortoises, tiger-shaped pendants, and fish-shaped stone pendants have also been unearthed, mainly carved from jade or turquoise.

The use of jade and funeral rituals is a major feature of the Hongshan culture and a window into the social structure of the time. From the current big archaeological excavations, the general Hongshan people's graveyard is mostly a cumulus mound, a planned cemetery, the big tomb in the center of the only jade for the burial, and the graveyard the more towards the edge of the lower specifications. Some of the tombs near the tomb are also buried with jade, but the number and specifications are obviously lower than the center of the tomb, but at the same time, there are also a varying number of pigs, dogs, and so on, and then the low-grade tombs are only accompanied by pottery, and individual tombs have no accompanying burial goods. This shows that the social structure of the Hongshan culture was strictly hierarchical, and there was already a class division, with a great gap between the rich and the poor, the concept of private ownership, and even the formation of a primitive state.

The origin of jade was decorative, and the use of jade developed from shamanistic culture to symbolize clan power, divine power, and military power; many of the jade objects were primitive ceremonial objects, and some of the animal shapes were totems of clans.

The International Research Center for Hongshan Culture of Chifeng College in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region found through years of archaeological research that the owl was the main totem worship object of Hongshan culture. According to reports, the jade owl in the red mountain culture unearthed the largest number, the largest reached more than ten centimeters high; posture is different, there are simulation, there are also abstract, with other animal combinations are also varied. Archaeologists say, Hongshan culture period, people fear the dark, hope to get light in the dark or see everything; people are often attacked by other beasts, hope to be able to fly up like a bird, in order to avoid receiving injuries; people living in agriculture and animal husbandry fishing and hunting life, but also hope that like eagles to easily capture the prey. And owls have all these advantages, owls are prevalent in western Liaoning region of the raptors, night activities, can fly to the high altitude, but also give people access to the mysterious sense of yin and yang of heaven and earth. Therefore, the ancestors in the Hongshan culture period hoped that the owls could give themselves the magical power to fight with nature, so that the owls became the totem worship of the ancestors in the Hongshan culture period should be a kind of inevitable.

Editing Cultural Sites

In the mid-1980s, more important results were finally achieved after the excavation of the goddess temples, altars, and cumulus mounds of the Hongshan Culture in Dongshanzui-Niuheliang, west Liaoning.

The Dongshanzui site in Kazuo County, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, is situated in the center of the top of a mountain beam, facing southeast and overlooking the open waters of the Daling River. This is a site of a group of buildings built with large stone blocks, in the form of a south-circle and north-circle, with symmetry on both sides of the center. Among the ceramic figures unearthed next to the round altar in the south, there is a nude figure of a woman, which is the first time in China that a nude figure has been clearly found. Accompanied by unearthed pottery such as skeletonized tower-shaped ware and other peculiar shapes, obviously not daily life utensils. It can be seen that this is is where the sacred rituals.

The Niheliang Red Mountain Culture Site, located at the junction of Lingyuan and Jianping counties in Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, was discovered during a cultural relics census in 1981. Many important historical and cultural relics have been excavated in five locations, and large altars, goddess temples, stone mounds and "pyramid"-style buildings dating back to about 5,500 years ago have been found. The site is rich in content, and the excavated artifacts are exquisite and rare in the world. This major discovery of the history of Chinese civilization more than 1,000 years in advance, known as "the new dawn of Eastern civilization". Niheliang Hongshan culture site is comparable to the Egyptian pyramids, India, Hengjodaro ancient civilization of the world's discoveries, the site for the national key cultural relics protection units, has been declared a world cultural heritage

Hongshan culture altar, temple, mound, on behalf of the known prehistoric culture of China's northern region of the highest level of experts and thus the origins of the history of Chinese civilization, the history of China's ancient history of the new thinking; the study of the origin of Chinese civilization, from the history of Chinese civilization, the history of Chinese ancient history. The study of the history of the origin of Chinese civilization from 4,000 years ago to 5,000 years ago; the study of the history of China's ancient countries, from the Yellow River basin to the Yanshan north of the West Liao River basin.

Since the 80's, the series of red mountain jade discovery and research, made a series of important breakthroughs.

Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County in western Liaoning Shala Township Chahai site, belonging to the former Hongshan culture type. After dating: 8,000 years ago. This major discovery confirms the contemporary archaeological master Mr. Su Bingqi in August 1991 for the Fuxin Yulong Cultural Festival handwritten inscription "Yulong hometown, the beginning of civilization," the assertion.

Chahai site after excavations have unearthed jade penannular, jade dagger, tubular ware, such as axes like adze-shaped ware. Successive discoveries are: Fuxin hutougou tomb unearthed jade tortoise, jade owl, jade bird, jade jade jade, jade ring, fish-shaped jade pendant, joint ring jade jade; Lingyuan three Guandianzi burial area found horseshoe-shaped jade, jade battle-axe, jade ring, hook cloud pattern jade ornaments, jade cicadas, bamboo shaped jade ornaments, pig's head jade; Jianping County, Niheliang Jig and Mound Group found in a jade ring, double joint jade jade bibs, horseshoe-shaped jade hoops, jade pig dragons, jade jade jade bibs, square jade ornaments, rod-shaped jade, hook-cloud-shaped jade ornaments; double-dragon head jade juan and turquoise bird-shaped pendant unearthed at the Dongshanzuizi site in Kazuo; and jade silkworms, jade pig dragons, jade phoenixes, hook-cloud-shaped jade pendants, jade owls, fish-shaped jade ornaments, triple-jointed jade bibs, hook-cloud-shaped jade objects, jade axes, and jade tubes, etc., discovered at the Nastai site of Bahrain Right Banner.

In addition, in the western region of Liaoning and in the Aohan Banner of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, Wengniuote Banner, and the banners belonging to Xilingol League, there are also jade dragons, jade auns, jade birds, horseshoe jade hoops, jade ornaments with hook-and-cloud motifs, jade axes, and jade rods of various shapes and forms that have been found in considerable quantities. In particular, Mr. Huang Kangtai, a part-time researcher at the Institute of Ancient Culture and Application of Liaoning University, has collected more than 1,000 pieces of Red Mountain Culture jade artifacts under the guidance of relevant experts, accumulating decades of experience in researching ancient cultures and conducting field studies. Among them, in addition to covering the above types of jade, the "Wannian male and female jade dragons" are the best. Today, Liaoning famous jade collector Mr. Qi people, accumulation of decades of hard, its collection of ancient red mountain jade is 5000 years ago a pair of male and female jade dragon, female dragon 48 cm high, male dragon 42 cm high, green jade, brown qin spot, feel oily, bright, can be regarded as the treasure of the country.

Hongshan culture in recent years, there are new discoveries, in Liaoning Province, Kazuo County, Dongshan Mouth and Lingyuan, Jianping junction Ox River Liang has been found in the Temple of the Cow God, the Jaolite Mound and the altar. 2003 in the red mountain after the discovery of a new well-preserved Xiajiajian the lower culture of the sacrificial site. The Hongshan site cluster was announced as a national key protection unit by the State Council in 2006.

The Hongshan culture has important historical value. The discovery of the Red Mountain culture, so that the Xilamudun River Basin and the Yellow River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, side by side as the three major sources of Chinese civilization; to the original Xia Dynasty for the beginning of the history of Chinese civilization forward for more than a thousand years; the Red Mountain culture and Liangzhu culture is the two major jade culture centers in ancient China.