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The Tomb of Zhang Erqi

The Tomb of Zhang Erqi

The Tomb of Zhang Erqi

Life

Zhang Erqi since childhood, smart and studious, familiar with the history of the scriptures, and the hundred schools of thought, and the side of the Taiyi, Qimen's learning. In his later years, he studied the "Three Rites" (Rites of Passage, Rites of Passage, and Records of Rites), and his attainments were particularly deep. The Rites of Passage, or Rites of Passage, is one of the important classics of Confucianism, and there are a lot of passages, notes, and oversights made by the predecessors for the Rites of Passage, but because of the long lapse of time, there are many omissions in the scriptures, and there are many confusions between the passages and the notes, which make it difficult for the descendants to read and understand them. Zhang Erqi by painstaking study, in addition to the biography, note clear, but also deleted the sparse in the text of the complex attachment, and re-sentence breaks, compiled into the ritual of Zheng note sentence reading book. And for the supervision of the book (the official book), "the book of rites" stone scripture (carved in the monument standing in the Imperial College), "the book of rites" errata **** more than 300 places. Zhang Erqi in Jinan lecture "ritual", occasionally for the then famous scholar Gu Yanwu heard, Gu very much admire its insights, the next day absolutely early morning that is to visit the door, talk about happy, and then engaged as friends. Later, Gu Yanwu said, "I am not as good as Zhang Jiruo, who was a master of the three rites."

Character Evaluation

Zhang Erqi noble character, praised by the people of the time. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, some people sent him the system of art (eight-legged model text) as a shortcut to prepare for the examination, he ignored. Zhang Erqi life, simple, upright and self-possessed. Its disciples Ai Yuanzheng for the Kangxi Ministry of Justice, every gift gift, will politely decline, usually more dry request. Once with the repair of the "Shandong Tongzhi", after the matter is not subject to pay gifts and return. To serve his parents to filial piety, because his mother was sick and study medicine, the art of becoming a township leader flocked to the clinic, will be careful treatment, not afraid of labor. Separated from his two brothers, Zhang Erqi chose his own inferior properties; his second disability (blind), he willingly undertook the service on his behalf for more than 30 years, and at the end of his life, he also instructed his sons to undertake the service on behalf of his uncle. Zhang Erqi's family, origin, experience, personality, decided that the scope and level of his life travel can not be compared with other scholars of the same time, such as Gu Yanwu, Li Erqu and so on. He was forty-five years old in Shunzhi thirteen years ago, the circle of the basic not out of Jiyang County, the object of questioning can only be a few teachers and friends in the same county; Shunzhi fourteen years, he and Gu Yanwu fixed cross, the situation began to change, questioning, there is a mentor, the character of learning began to be known for the outside world; Kangxi twelve to fourteen years, Zhang Erqi was hired to participate in the revision of the records of Shandong Province, the day of the wide range of travel, the situation as the The day outline, the people who spend time with each other in addition to Gu Yanwu, there are Xue Fengzuo, Li Huanzhang, Liu Kongwai and other learned men. Zhang Erqi and people travel, in addition to the factors based on geography, chance, but also based on the same or similar life, encounter, thoughts and feelings.

Character Contributions

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, society was in a state of "collapse". In the face of this historical change, all levels of society responded differently. As far as the intellectual circles are concerned, in order to maintain the cultural traditions and correct the evils of the late Ming Wangxue, the academic orientation of "the poor of the science of economics and science" has become the trend of the moment. Under the brewing of this trend, the rise of ritualism became the precursor of the revival of Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, Zhang Erqi, a great Confucian scholar, made a sentence reading of the "rituals", the examination and identification, as well as the interpretation of the meaning of the rituals, advocating the first sound of the rituals of the Qing Dynasty. The establishment of Zhang Erqi's way of learning, and his clarification of the study of the Rites of Passage established his important position in the field of etiquette and in the academic history of the Qing Dynasty. Zhang Erqi to the countryside as a tutor to participate in the Ming and Qing dynasties in the tide of thought, the formation of its learning to abide by the Cheng Zhu, there is a system of thought, there is innovation. From the focus of Chong real and depose the false, conforming to the trend of anti-King school of thought, Zong Cheng Zhu, focusing on both internal and external cultivation, "respect for morality" and "Taoist studies" for the same, the poor Jing body Tao. He revised Cheng Zhu's view of reason and qi, and put forward the ontology of "qi ben" and "qi qi". In order to rectify the shortcomings of the empty and sparse and the moral degradation since the late Ming Dynasty, he put forward the theory that "the six sutras are all rites", focusing on revealing the reasoning according to the rites, following the name and accusing the truth, and reaffirming the moral spirit and cultivation of the Confucian tradition. His ideas represented an academic direction at the time.

Characteristics

When Zhang Erqi was teaching Rites of Passage in Jinan, he was occasionally heard by Gu Yan, a famous scholar of the time, who admired his insights so much that he came to visit him the next morning and talked about them happily, and then he made friends with him. His disciple, Ai Yuanzheng, was the Minister of Justice of the Kangxi Dynasty, and every time there was a heavy gift for Zeng, he would politely decline, and usually did not ask for anything. He was hired to repair the "General Records of Shandong", and returned after the event without being rewarded. To serve his family to filial piety, because of his mother's illness and study of medicine, after surgery into the townspeople and neighbors to seek treatment, will be careful treatment, not afraid of trouble. Separated from his two brothers, he chose inferior properties; his second brother was disabled (blind), and willingly undertook the service on his behalf for more than 30 years, and at the end of his life, he also instructed his sons to undertake the service on behalf of his uncle.

Study of Laozi

Shandong scholar Zhang Erqi's study of Laozi is of great value in the history of Laozi in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. His "Strategy of Laozi" takes Jiao F's "Wings of Laozi" as the reference for interpretation, and reacts to the tradition of Song and Ming Confucians who used a lot of "life" theories in the process of interpreting the Laozi, paying attention to the political value of Laozi, and embodying a new style of interpretation. His thought of "Laozi", especially the old school of thought expressed in the book "Saying a little", represents the efforts of Confucian scholars in the field of old school to remove the influence of the "nature of the heart" and try to re-explore the political and practical value of the "Laozi", which reflects the new change of the old school of thought in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and should have a certain status in the history of the old school of thought. Zhang Erqi lived in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties this historical transition period, the hatred of the family and the country inspired and molded into his aspiring personality and Confucianism character. Zhang Erqi not only for the death of the Ming Dynasty, and reflect on the reasons for the death of the Ming Dynasty in academic thought. He y criticized the late Ming "nature of the heart" of science, to Cheng and Zhu science as a reference, but can jump out of its cage, the first wind of the Qing dynasty Park, there is against the monarchical dictatorship of progressive thinking. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese political and intellectual circles represented by Confucian scholars reflected on the history of the interpretation of Laozi, forming an anti-traditional tendency in the study of Laozi. Confucian scholars adjusted the relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, shifting from emphasizing the compatibility of the three ****tongs to emphasizing that they are essentially different and, in turn, highlighting the special status of Confucianism. They challenged the old school tradition of using the theory of "life" extensively since the Song and Ming dynasties.

On the Meaning of Learning

Zhang Erqi's learning is the path of Confucianism and rationalism. He emphasized both scripture and rationality, and by studying scripture, he landed on rationality, and made remarkable achievements in both aspects. He studied and ruled the scriptures, using the method of *** rule the scriptures, starting from the sentence reading, first read and understand the scriptures, and then think about their reasoning. This was the method of later Qing dynasty sinologists. However, at that time, there was no name of Sinology, and Zhang Erqi late years of friendship with Gu Yanwu is the founder of Sinology in the Qing Dynasty, so he Zhang Erqi's sentence reading greatly appreciated. However, Zhang Erqi does not limit himself to this, he wants to further pursue the scriptures contained in the theory of the life of man and nature, he thought that Cheng Zhu Science as if he had, so he was on the Cheng Zhu Science three to its meaning, fist to obey, thus Zhang Erqi's learning and has the characteristics of Song. Han studies emphasize pragmatism, Song studies emphasize theoretical thinking, and Zhang Erqi has the best of both worlds. Comparatively speaking, Zhang Erqi is less knowledgeable than Gu Yanwu, and his abstract thinking ability is higher than Gu Yanwu. This is Zhao Lisheng, Mr. Yang Xiangkui pointed out long ago. It can be said that Zhang Erqi has the meticulous work of Han studies, but also excels in the theoretical thinking of Song studies, which is the basic characteristic of Zhang Erqi's studies. Zhang Erqi recognized and advocated for their own learning, that the purpose of learning is to enrich their own learning, achievement of their own personality, to enhance their own realm, rather than fame and reputation, to show off to the people with erudition, to the people with a lot of information to boast. His learning focuses on mental cultivation, practicality, against the disease ***, more opposed to the cloud, like innovation, dare to innovate. Even when engaged in the imperial examinations, practice eight-legged text, he also refused to use others into saying, but independent thinking, since the new ideas. Every test, do not change the original intention, "victory or defeat, a not in the bosom, only to think alone for a pleasant metaphor." (Zhang Erqi "since the book Yi" preface) No wonder its repeated tests.

Philosophy

Zhang Erqi is a scholar, but also a thinker. He not only advocated for learning, but also emphasized theoretical thinking. He discussed with Gu Yanwu, Gu Yanwu that the rationalists say that the heart of that set of more involved in the emptiness, is not desirable, more or less contempt for the meaning of the formal education. Zhang Erqi disagreed with Gu Yanwu's view, he thought that the study of the life of man and nature can not be said, there is a reason for everything, do not know the reason for one thing, it is difficult to say that there is a full understanding of one thing, the heart, nature, life, heaven and so on is also the case. Although the theory of life is abstract, but not not scattered in daily life, if you can see the micro-knowledge, silent knowledge, check on their own, experience with the heart, Yuyu gradual accumulation, there will be self-realization. The role of a scholar is not only to recognize the external world, but also to recognize yourself. Even if you have exhausted the reason of everything in the world, you can't say that you have successfully completed the task of understanding, because there is still the reason of the body has not been involved. The truth of the body is the truth of the heart, the truth of life, and is no less important than the truth of the world's affairs and things. If you do not recognize the truth of the whole body, you may not be able to know the truth, and you may not be able to do the right thing to cultivate your body in this way, which is not possible. Zhang Erqi further pointed out that: If Confucian scholars belittle or even give up the task of recognizing yourself, and ignore the reasoning of the nature of the heart, "will make the heterodox school of direct reference to the body, but also to boast of their strengths, luring our party to go. This is what those who pay attention to the world's teachings should also consider." (Zhang Erqi "reply to Gu Tinglin book") here the so-called "heterodox", when referring to Buddhism. Zhang Erqi fully affirmed the importance and necessity of the formal study of the heart and nature from the two levels of doctrine and indoctrination respectively. Zhang Erqi attaches importance to theoretical thinking, but also good at using theoretical thinking, Mr. Zhao Lisheng once cited two examples to illustrate, one of the examples is: Zhang Erqi in the "preface to the Zhouyi", with "shadow like" this concept explains the hexagrams, lines and images of the world's people, things, things and their movement of the unity of the changes, said: "The world's characters and the characters of all the movement and static, qualitatively speaking, it is inexhaustible. And compared to its shadow like, the 64 hexagrams, three hundred and eighty-four lines and can be Bi. The quality of speech is specialized, specialized is stagnant, so the more detailed and more lost. To be similar to its shadow, then slightly in the matter of reason, slightly in the reason for the image of reason. Thus, where things are not to be combined, reason can be combined. This reason is not allowed to combine with the reason of the other, but the image of the reason is not not allowed to combine with it." (Zhang Erqi "Zhouyi said略序")/> Works Appreciation

(a) non Yin spring visit to Mr. Yuan Ming Mr. Zhang Yinjun return

embroidered water between the clouds and the lake, nearly ten miles from the city. I want to visit the ghosts, I put on my clothes and got up in the early hours of the morning. The first thing I did was to take a walk in the spring breeze, and the clouds and the trees were winding each other up. I asked the plowman on the side of the road, and he told me that this is the hut. The willow cataracts, bamboo and stone steps, and the white hair is short over the ears. The white hair is short and covers the ears. The bones are even more perfect, and the ancient opinion is that the crown is covered. I was surprised to learn the name of the hut, but I was slightly surprised to be seated there. The tea was brewed and the words were spoken, and the theory of the world was enshrined in a wide variety of words. The sun was setting at the end of the tree, and I wanted to go. The last thing I want to do is to go back to my home, and I'll be there all night.

(2) Lixian Poetry

Jade Morning King came down from the Purple Court at night, and taught him the language of Ling Wei and Bird Tracks. The instructions are clear, but Jikang is not the one who solves the book.

A peach of ice fell into the Han family, the group of immortals jealous of Jin Gong Xia. The first time I saw it, it was a very good one, but it was a very good one, and it was a very good one.

The Han Palace is in a cold sunset, and the tears are not drying up. The first thing you need to do is to rub your hands together, and then you will be able to see the compost.

Note that the "old" is spread on the river on the public, Wen Huang virtual visit to the proposed empty the same. The first time I saw this was when I was a student at the University of California, Berkeley, and I was a student at the University of California, Berkeley.

(C) to send Zhang Feiwen back to Li

Life is bitterly different, retired from poetry and books. The first is a very simple and easy to understand story. The first is to be a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The first is a new one, a new one, a new one, a new one. His words are of great quality, and their twists and turns are quite interesting. I see you sending me food, but I don't worry about hunger or cold. He may laugh at himself, but he is not happy at all. I am so proud of myself, and I am so happy to see that I have won the battle. The time and the month have passed, and the heart is full of thoughts. I am worried that I will not be able to make the right decision, and that I will not be able to make the right decision. I often cut my heart, and I am ashamed to sweat with Lu Pu. The white jade is displayed in the seat, and I realize that there are many dirt scars. We have been together for more than eight years, and we are like mirrors. Suddenly, I heard that I was going to leave, and I crossed the river dry night and day. There is a kind order in the North Hall, and it is difficult to stay in the right place. It is a pity that this good friend is far away, so I don't find it too complicated to write a speech. I hope that each of you will encourage the end, do not change the green and the Dan.

Works

Zhang Erqi's life writings, in addition to the "rituals Zheng Note sentence reading", the important ones are "I Ching said strategy", "Poetry said strategy", "the book of the direct interpretation of the book," the "Laozi said strategy", "the Spring and Autumn Annals refutation of the meaning of the three biographies", "Artemis Fowl," "disciple of the job note" and so on, more than by the descendants and disciples of engraved version of the world, participated in the compilation of the "Shandong Tongzhi", and Gu Yanwu engaged in a friendship. He participated in the compilation of Shandong Tongzhi, and was engaged in friendship with Gu Yanwu. Zong Cheng, Song Zhu study, after the "Rites of Passage", wrote "Rites of Passage Zheng Note sentence reading", "Zhou Yi", "Laozi", "Artemisia" and so on.

Zhang Erqi's Tomb

Located in Jiyang County, store in the township of former Chen Wangzhai East, 1956 was included in the provincial cultural relics protection units. 1970 relocated to the village of Zhang Jiruo northeast of 300 meters.

Links

1, "Artemisia gossip" by: (Qing) Zhang Erqi written Publisher: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House

2, "Wind Corner Book" by: (Qing) Zhang Erqi written Publisher: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House

3, "Artemisia collection of three volumes of the volume of the appendix," by: (Qing) Zhang Erqi written Publisher: Qilu Shushu.

4, "Artemisia collection of three volumes Appendix Volume I" Author: (Qing Dynasty) Zhang Erqi wrote Published: Qilu Shusha

5, "Artemisia gossip two volumes" Author: (Qing Dynasty) Zhang Erqi series Published: Qilu Shusha

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