What are the traditional Chinese cultural art forms and their characteristics?

Calligraphy is the art of writing Chinese characters. Throughout its long history of evolution and development, the Chinese character has, on the one hand, played an important social role in the exchange of ideas and the inheritance of culture, and on the other hand, it has developed into a unique form of plastic art in its own right. Chinese writing originated at a very early stage, and developed the written nature of characters to an aesthetic stage - incorporating the creator's concepts, thinking, and spirit, and being able to stimulate the aesthetic emotions of the aesthetic object (i.e., the formation of calligraphy in a true sense). The history and civilization of China is an ephemeral and linear process, and the art of Chinese calligraphy displays its own development in the context of such a large era. During the budding period of calligraphy (Yin and Shang to the late Han and the Three Kingdoms), the script went through the stages of oracle bone script, ancient script (jinwen), the Great Seal Script (prehistoric script), the Small Seal Script, the Official Script (octavo), the Cursive Script, the Running Script, and the Zhen Script, which evolved in turn. During the bright period of calligraphy (Jin, North and South Dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties), the art of calligraphy entered a new realm. From seal script and clerical script tended to be subordinated to simple cursive running script and true script, and they became the dominant styles of the period. The emergence of Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher, made the art of calligraphy shine, and his artistic achievements were highly esteemed in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty saw the emergence of a group of calligraphers, such as Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Broussonetz Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, and other great masters. Each of them had his own style of calligraphy. Although many works of the Ming and Qing dynasties have been handed down, there are many works that are mixed and abused. Therefore, for the current art market collectors, collectors, buy, collect this part of the work should maintain a cautious attitude

Chinese painting

Chinese painting is referred to as "national painting", is the Chinese nation created with a long history and distinctive national characteristics of painting. Chinese painting to line as the main means of modeling, pay attention to the use of brushes, ink, so that the line, ink, color intermingling, to achieve the artistic effect of "vivid rhyme"; characteristics of the second, for "the metaphor of the object, the painting of poetry", characteristics of the third for the poem, the feelings, paintings, prints into one. Chinese painting emphasizes the "external teacher, in the source of the heart", the requirements of the "meaning of the first pen, painting all the meaning in", emphasizing the melting of objects and I, creating the mood, to achieve the shape of God, the shape of both God and the vividness of the atmosphere. Since painting and calligraphy have the same origin, and both of them have a close connection with the bone method of brushwork and line operation, painting and calligraphy, seal cutting influence each other, forming a significant artistic characteristics.

Chinese painting can be basically divided into three main categories:

figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting. From Gu Kaizhi's Luo Shen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to Zhang Zeduan's Qingming Shanghe Tu in the Northern Song Dynasty;

From Tang Pakhu's Autumn Breeze Playboy Fan Drawing in the Ming Dynasty to Zheng Banqiao's Plums and Bamboos in the Qing Dynasty;

From Wu Changshuo's Flowers and Birds in the modern era to Zhang Daqian's Landscapes, Qi Baishi's Shrimps, and Xu Beihong's Yuan Zhenxi . Chinese Painting

"Horse", and so on.

Successive generations of painters have created countless scrolls, the National Palace Museum collection of thousands of famous paintings, and the University of Tokyo, Japan, published the "Chinese paintings in the General Directory" recorded in our country dispersed in the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries of the famous paintings there are 3900 pieces.

Paper-cutting paper-cutting, also known as paper-cutting, is one of the oldest Chinese Han folk art, its history can be traced back to the 6th century AD. Window decoration or painting cuttings. Difference in the creation, some with scissors, some with a carving knife, although the tools are different, but the creation of works of art is basically the same, people collectively referred to as paper-cutting. Paper cutting is a kind of hollow art, which visually gives a person the feeling of transparency and artistic enjoyment. Its carrier can be paper, gold and silver foil, bark, leaves, cloth, leather, leather and other sheet materials. Paper-cutting is a folk art form with a long history and wide circulation in rural China. Paper-cutting is the use of scissors to cut paper into a variety of patterns, such as window, door paper, wall, ceiling, lamps and so on. The emergence and spread of this folk art has a close relationship with the festive customs of rural China. During festivals or wedding celebrations, people put beautiful and brightly colored paper cuttings on snow-white windowpaper or bright glass windows, walls, doors and lanterns, and the festive atmosphere is rendered very rich and festive. Paper-cutting has many contents and a wide range of meanings. Auspicious and peaceful motifs are expected to be auspicious to avoid evil; dolls, gourds, lotus flowers and other motifs symbolize many children, Chinese farmers believe that more children will be more blessings; poultry and livestock and fruits, fish and insects, etc. because of the close relationship with the life of farmers, is also an important content of paper-cutting performance. As a folk art of paper-cutting, has a strong regional characteristics: Shaanxi window style simple and bold; Hebei and Shanxi paper-cutting beautiful and colorful; Yixing paper-cutting gorgeous and neat; Nantong paper-cutting beautiful and exquisite. Although paper-cutting is easy to make and simple in shape, it is the concentration and exaggeration of many forms of folk art in rural China because it can fully reflect the connotation of the people's life and has a strong folklore character. From an understanding of paper-cutting, one can conveniently understand other aspects of Chinese folk art. Chinese folk paper-cutting handicraft art has its own formation and development process. The invention of Chinese paper-cutting was in the Western Han Dynasty (3rd century B.C.), when people used thin sheets of material to make handicrafts through the technique of skeletonizing and carving, but it has been popular as early as before the emergence of paper, i.e., carving, skeletonizing, picking, engraving, and shearing techniques to cut and carve patterns in gold foil, leather, silk, or even on tree leaves. The Historical Records of the cut Tong Feng Di described the early Western Zhou Dynasty King Chenggong with sycamore leaves cut into a "kui" given to his brother, sealed Ji Yu to Tang as a marquis. Warring States period, there is leather skeletonization, (Hubei Jiang Ling Wangshan one of the Chu tomb excavated artifacts), silver foil skeletonization carving (Henan Huixian solid surrounding the village of one of the excavated artifacts of the warring states ruins), are with the paper-cutting with the withdrawal of a withdrawal, the emergence of them for the formation of folk paper-cutting has laid a certain foundation. China's earliest discovery of paper-cutting works, is in 1967, China's archaeologists in Xinjiang Turpan Basin, Gaochang site near the Astana ancient Northern Dynasties tomb group, found two group of flower paper-cutting, they use hemp paper, are folded ritual paper-cutting, their discovery of China's paper-cutting formation to provide physical evidence. Wooden board New Year's Paintings around the wooden board New Year's Paintings process is similar, the basic use of hard, fine-grained pear, jujube board carving, brush ink, printed on easily absorbent rice paper, but also with water-based color pigments, multi-printed multiple times printed into a colorful New Year's Paintings, usually available in five versions, up to, such as the Zhuxianzhen New Year's Paintings, there are nine versions of the printed; and Taohuayu wooden New Year's Paintings with red, yellow, green, blue and black five colors only. Yangliuqing New Year paintings are used to carve the outline of the printed lines, and then artificially filled with color halo; Mianzhu, Sichuan woodblock New Year paintings first printed lines, artificially filled with color after the completion of the set of once again the gold line version; Jinnan woodblock New Year paintings like to paint with poems and paintings, but also their own characteristics, many woodblock New Year paintings are also very much focused on reflecting local customs and folklore, such as Peach Blossom Lake New Year paintings, the traditional subjects also include "Gusu Wannian bridge" Liangping woodblock New Year paintings, the traditional subjects also includes "Gusu Wannian Bridge" Liangping woodblock prints, "Xuanmiao Guan temple fair" and so on. They have strong local characteristics and are very popular among the masses.　Traditional woodblock prints have simple lines, bright colors, mostly red, green and yellow, and mainly in primary colors, with less use of compound colors, the performance of the scene is lively. The content can be celebratory and auspicious, avoiding evil aversion to win two categories. Because of the woodblock prints are easy to print, inexpensive, and the subject matter is popular among the people. So widely welcomed by the Chinese people, until it becomes the Chinese folk festivals, for wedding celebrations essential content, its wide range of self-evident.　Kaifeng Zhuxian Town woodblock prints are the originator of Chinese woodblock prints. It is mainly distributed in Kaifeng, Zhuxianzhen and its surrounding areas, in addition to Yangliuqing in Tianjin, Taohuayu in Suzhou, Weifang in Shandong and other places of New Year's paintings are influenced by it. It is characterized by its exquisite use of colors, thick and vivid colors, long-lasting color, strong contrast, ancient and rough, full and compact, and strong generalization. With traditional techniques of composition, the picture has a primary and secondary, the object is obvious, and the scene and characters are skillfully arranged, showing the beauty of uniformity and symmetry.　Chinese New Year painting is a traditional folk art, as early as in the Han Dynasty, painting on the door has formed a custom, containing the meaning of the "evil", especially in the old lunar New Year, both said that a pair of door god, you can pray for peace and good luck, at the same time, but also has the role of decorative door panels. The earliest door god painting is "Shentian" and "Yubi", which is two of the earliest characters in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, legend has it that they will use the reed haunts to catch the ghosts, caught the ghosts with a peach bow to shoot dead to feed the tiger, so in ancient times in order to ward off the evil spirits, it is the "Shentian", "Yubi", "Shentian" and "Yubi". Shentian", "Yubi" and tigers were painted on large and small doors in ancient times to ward off evil spirits. Legend has it that between the Tang Zhen Guan, Li Shimin dreamed that the palace is haunted, can not sleep at night, general Qin Qianbao, Yuchi Gong voluntarily guarded in front of the palace door to prevent the evil plagued by chaos, and for its boldness, the palace was really quiet. Later, Li Shimin in order to avoid its use of the Palace of hard work, ordered the great painter Wu Daozi for the two people to create a statue, posted in the palace door, this custom will be used down. In the Dunhuang Grottoes has been found woodcut "Diamond Sutra", which has a woodblock printed Buddha, which is the earliest woodblock prints, "Five Dynasties" recorded in the "Changxing three years after the Tang Dynasty, under the Zhongshu Menzai, please according to the text of the stone scriptures, engraved with nine scriptures printing plate. This may mark the engraved printing was widely used, at that time, engraved printing does have many benefits, "Zhu Zi class" The Analects of Confucius wrote: "I'm just a printing plate printing will go, a thousand parts of the ten thousand parts, although more, just a printing plate." The emergence of engraving and printing, mainly used to print Buddhist scriptures and a small number of books, was the best use of folk is to print the New Year's paintings and other folk supplies. So, to the Northern Song Dynasty, there is a color plate New Year's paintings. Tokyo Dreaming Records: "Near the New Year's festival, the city are printed and sold door god, Zhong Kui, peach board ......". Tokyo Dreaming Records" records such things, indicating that this is a new thing.