The relationship between the architectural forms of ethnic minorities and the local environment

The Dai people, in the Dai area where climate change is greater, where there are fewer flat dams and more mountains, and where people live in the foothills, live in heavy, sturdy, flat-roofed earth palms. The earth palm house system of earth and wood structure, generally for two floors, the first floor to live, the second floor of the pile of food and sundries, livestock built separate pens. Because of the climate change is large, the earth wall has two layers, up to three feet thick, on the heat to keep cool and cold has a great role. Earth and wood rammed flat roof as thick as five to ten inches, summer nights can be cool on the flat roof, fall harvest can be on the top of the turning sun grains, the effective use of space. Hani people, living in the mushroom room, legend has it that when they moved to a place called "Jarrow", they saw the mountains growing large mushrooms, they are not afraid of the wind and rain, but also allows ants and insects to make a nest underneath the habitat, they are more than the appearance of the mushroom room. The mushroom house of the Hani tribe is like a mushroom, made of earth-based wall, bamboo and wood frame and thatched roof. The roof is four slopes. The house is divided into layers: the bottom layer of the cattle and horses off the stacking of agricultural tools, etc.; the middle layer of the wooden boards, separated into the left, middle and right three rooms, the center of a perennial smoke and fire in the middle of the square fire pit; the top layer of the soil cover, both fire prevention, but also can be stacked items. The main walls of the houses are made of earth and stone. If they are related to the environment, they are the "Tupa Houses" with flat roofs and the thatched houses with double and four sloping sides. Since the terrain is steep and there is a lack of flat land, flat-roofed houses are more common, which are fire-resistant and make it easier to dry grain on the roof, thus making full use of the space. Mushroom houses are durable, warm in winter and cool in summer. The housing structure of the Yi people is the same as that of the surrounding Han people in some areas; Liangshan Yi residents mostly use board roofs and earth walls; and there are dwellings shaped like "dry bars" in the Yi areas of Guangxi and eastern Yunnan. Related to the environment is the soil palm house, soil palm house is distributed in the middle of Yunnan and southeast Yunnan area. The soil in this area is delicate and moderately wet and dry, providing a large number of convenient and easily accessible materials and conditions for the construction of earth palm houses. The Dong people live in the "dry bar" building, I think the local environment has little to do. Tibetan watchtower, Tibetan should be located in the alpine region, the watchtower has a solid and stable, tight structure, the building corner of the neat features, not only for the wind and cold, but also to facilitate the defense against the enemy and burglary. Another kind of tent, tent and room is very different, it is the pastoral Tibetan people in order to adapt to the mobility of living by water and grass lifestyle and the use of a special form of construction. Because of the mobility of life, the tent has a simple structure, bracket easy, flexible, easy to move and other characteristics. Hui Hui since the formation of the day, that is, more mixed in all parts of the country among the various ethnic groups, the form of residence is also based on the local climate, terrain and habits of the relationship, so the Hui residential in addition to a strong national characteristics, some aspects of the local residential also have similarities. For example, in the mainland or the flat area of the Hui people live in cottages and buildings; in the Loess Plateau live in the kiln; in some places in Yunnan and bamboo buildings, and so on. It is not very easy to say, you refer to this website /html/report/224223-1.htm Bai, not much to do with the form of Bai housing, the dam area is mostly "long three rooms", lined with kitchens, stables, and thatched roofs with yards, or "a positive two ears", "three ears", "two ears", "two ears". ", "three sides of a wall", the Bai people near the Erhai Sea building "four five patio" of the tiled houses, bedrooms, kitchens, stables are separated. In the mountainous areas, there are mostly grass houses, "flash piece" houses, gabion houses or "wood pallet houses" with downstairs stables, and the cooking and sleeping places are often connected together. Mongolia is the yurt, Mongolia and other traditional nomadic housing. Anciently known as the dome, also known as felt tents, tents, felt bags and so on. Mongolian language called Ger, Manchu for yurt or Mongolia Bo. Nomadic people to adapt to the nomadic life and the creation of this residence, easy to dismantle, easy to nomadic. Since the Xiongnu era has appeared, has been used until now. Yurt is round, around the side walls into several pieces, each piece of 130 to 160 cm high, 230 cm long or so, with strips of wood woven into a net , a few connected, surrounded by a round, conical dome, and the side walls connected. The roof of the tent and the four walls were covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwestern wall for installing the door panel, and a round skylight is left on the roof of the tent for lighting, ventilation, and smoke emission, and it is covered with felt at night or in rainy or snowy days. The smallest yurt is more than 300 centimeters in diameter, and the largest can accommodate hundreds of people. The tent of the Khan and the kings in the Mongol Khanate era could accommodate 2,000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and traveling. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas are mostly built in fixed style, surrounded by earth walls, covered with reeds and grasses; nomadic areas are mostly in mobile style. Traveling type is divided into detachable and non-detachable two kinds, the former to livestock transportation, the latter to oxcart or horse-drawn carriage. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Mongolian settlers increased, only in the nomadic areas are still retained yurts. In addition to the Mongols, Kazakhs, Tajiks and other herders also live in yurts when they are nomadic. The last one, the Zhuang, I think not much to do with it, but say it, living in the dam area and the town near the Zhuang, their houses are mostly brick and wood structure, exterior walls painted whitewash, the eaves painted with decorative patterns. Living in remote mountainous areas of the Zhuang people, the village houses are most of the earth and wood structure of the tiled houses or straw houses, the building style generally have half of the dry bar type and the whole of the ground residence type two kinds. They are also called wooden buildings and footstools. Zhuang, Dong, Yao, Miao and Han have. Mostly two-story. The upper floor is usually 3 rooms or 5 rooms, living people. The lower floor is a wooden building foot, more bamboo, wood paneling for the wall, can be used as a stable, or stacking farm equipment, firewood, miscellaneous goods. Some have attics and ancillary buildings. The general dry fence are based on the mountains and water, facing the fields. A cottage a cluster, both majestic and spectacular. Some villages, families are connected, connected as one, like a big family. Residence pattern, each place has its own characteristics. Longji Township, Longsheng County, the Zhuang dry bar, centered on the shrine, behind the shrine, in the middle of the house (centered on the hostess), the left corner is the housewife housing, with a small door and the housewife room. The housewife's room is in the right corner. The husband's room is off the right side of the hall. The guest room is in the left corner of the vestibule, and the girls' room is in the right corner by the staircase, making it easy for them to socialize with the lads. The most important feature of this layout is that the husband and wife have different rooms, following the ancient custom. Dry bar, the internal structure has changed slightly, but the basic pattern remains the same. I hope it is useful