Which punishment in Chinese history can be called the most brutal

The death of a thousand cuts words "Ling Chi", the most cruel punishment in ancient China

"Ling Chi" torture, also known as "Ling Chi", refers to the gradual lowering of the slopes of the mountains, containing the meaning of "slowly", also commonly known as "death". Slowly meaning, also commonly known as "death". Because of its regulations on top of a thousand cuts, "lingchi" can also be commonly known as "death by a thousand cuts". Tang law is not yet "ling chi", five generations before the special set. Ma Duanlin "literature" said that the middle and late Song dynasty began to use "lingchi", but not commonly used. The Xuanhe Remains" records that when Dun Zhang was in Yuezhou, he specialized in cruel punishment, including "knife breaks", "nailed hands and feet", "skinning", "beheading", "pulling out the neck", "pulling the neck", "pulling out the neck", "pulling out the neck", "pulling out the neck", "pulling out the neck" and "pulling out the neck". ", "pulling out the tongue", but no "lynching". Yuan dynasty "ling chi" in the code of criminal law, the specific execution is less.

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Just to the Ming Dynasty, "lynching" language frequently, more typical of the Ming Dynasty, "Rui Yan Gong Nianpu", "Fishermen and Woodcutters talk about the end of the Zheng Ben", which "lynching" of the details, so that people see its Specific steps --

"Ling Chi" when a shed, shed before the erection of a thick wooden pole on the fork, the executioner holding a sharpened iron hooks, sharp edges, three gunfire will begin, the regulation is 3357 knives, every ten knives, a break, a yell, cut to the muscle. Yell, cut muscles such as large nail slice, a wisp, dense clumps, like a hedgehog. The first knife, blood flow inch, and then move the knife is no blood. Mainly due to the torture sufferers frightened, blood club into the abdomen, calf belly, cut than open, blood from here flow out. After the "lynching" will be punished by the organs, body, head are hanging on the pole to show the public, the superintendent of punishment officer dance red flag, curry fast horse, galloped to the palace, to the emperor to report the number of knives ......

The prisoners to take such a powerful "lynchings ", is because of the early Ming Zhu Yuanzhang on the execution of very strict, when the officials went so far as to use the blood of turtledoves stained sash, a capture, that is, sucked with the death, so as not to be tortured and tormented. According to the "History of Ming", "Ming Shilu", the criminal law at the time of everything:

Ju have Hsi to predator liver and brain as a thing, Zhu Xian forcing rape of women or raw in the coffin burned to death, or hand blade picking their arm meat, plucking out the eyes and ears. Others buried their heads alive to make them die slowly, or let the tortured eat their own son's cut off nose and tongue. Zhu Guozhen's "Siu Ping" said that Han Guan, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was so murderous that he used human skins as mattresses and ate people's eyes. Xia Yunyi "Survival Record" said a Xu surnamed Warlock, arrested for scolding Wei Zhongxian, hands and feet were nailed to the door board, poured asphalt all over the body, knocking with a vertebra, a moment to lift the body are off, and its crust is like a person ......

Wish Yunming "Wild Records" in the record is even more horrific:

Gao Huang evil naughty people fleeing the Velvet River, gathered dozens of offenders, digging up the Velvet River, and then the people were forced to flee. Gathered dozens of offenders, digging mud buried their heads, fifteen side by side, especially exposed its top, with a big axe to cut off, a cut off several heads, called "shoveling the head will be". The beginning of the country re-establishment, death by lynching, there is "scrubbing", naked in an iron bed, with boiling broth, with an iron brush to brush away the flesh. There is a "kingpin order", with hooks hanging from the back. There is "weighing pole", tied to the end of the pole, hanging stone weighing. There is a "pumping intestines", also hung on the shelf, hooks into the valley, hooks intestines out, but put his end of the stone, the corpse up intestines out.

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Even the general criminal law, the implementation of the very cruel. Such as the "imperial edict prison miserable words", recounting the Ming dynasty town of the most common five kinds of torture: one is the "arm". Made of solid wood, one foot five inches long, four inches wide, chiseled two holes in the arm, is not off when tortured, killing the most convenient. One is "shackles". Iron, also known as "chain". Five or six feet long, disk on the left foot, because the right foot is not convenient to be tortured.

One is "stick". Yang, made of elm wood, five feet long, curved like a dagger, hand, large like the human pinky, the diameter of the meat can be eight or nine points. Every stick, with a rope binding its waist, two people step on the ends of the rope, so that the condemned person shall not turn around. And rope tie two feet, a person negative back, so that no stretching.

One is "squeezed". Made of poplar wood, more than a foot long, diameter four or five minutes. Each with a squeeze, two people to help the tortured up, kneeling on the rope, the force beam wood at both ends, and then knocked around with a stick, so that the tortured more painful.

One is "clip stick". Made of poplar, more than three feet long, more than five inches to the ground, through the iron bars, each root in each tied to three vice. Where clip people, then straight up its stick, a person to help, foot on its feet, the emergency beam rope, still with a stick, cross the foot of the left, so that the condemned can not move. And a six or seven feet long, around four inches above the big bar, from the right side of the violent knocking foot shin, so that the foot spilled blood ......

These kinds of torture, is the most basic of the ancient Chinese criminal law, it seems simple, but with a very bitter, such as the Ming people said: "The stick is the pain into the heart and the spleen, and every time with the bone, then The soul flies over!" Yankee "Tianrenhe Zhengji" narrative Yang Lian, Wei Dazhong and other "six gentlemen" in prison by the "stick punishment", beating 30 sticks, the flesh has rotted, only to use the silk wrapped in a hurry. Especially "by the whole sentence", that is, instruments, shackles, sticks, sticks, sticks and other instruments of torture at the same time, by the "Ming History - Criminal Law Zhi three" as: "five poisons are ready, call the sound of violence boiling, flesh and blood ulceration, Wan turn to die."

Even in the Ming Dynasty, many foreigners came to China, giving them the deepest feeling is that these kinds of torture and torture: Ali Akbar "China Chronicle" said Chinese prisoners in prison:

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With shackles and chains, fixed to the iron stakes, and the hair is also chained to the iron nail. Even this was not allowed to make them comfortable; their feet were pinned to plates, and 100 yards of chains and torture devices were wrapped around their backs and chests, which were feared to crush their ribs. When a prisoner, shackled and chained, was forced into a small, narrow, triangular cage, only an arm's length in height, "his head was pressed down so low in order to close the cage that it was squeezed with his limbs, as if he were a heap of flesh without bones stuffed in the cage, and when, after the cage was opened, the man was drawn up in chains and shackles, it scared us out of our wits." .

Crusher's Chinese Journal says that the prisoner "puts his fingers in a stick, and then pulls the rope hard enough to make the bones rattle," and that "the foot torture is very severe and painful, and the instrument of torture consists of two square strips of wood, about four spans in length, connected on one side by a twisted chain. They took the rope and tied it to the other side, with the ankle between them. They beat the heads of the wooden bars with a mallet."

Rada's "Remembering Chinese Matters in Daming" records:

At a shout from the official, five or six hangmen pounced on the poor prisoner, and at once pressed him to the ground and stripped off his pants. As he thus crawled face downward, one of the executioners pressed firmly on his feet, another on his head, and another, holding aloft the aforesaid bamboo board or stick, beat him vigorously on the flesh at the back of his thighs until he called for a halt. Every five strokes they turned around so that they could strike the other side. At this point, another executioner kneels down and loudly reports the number of strokes, which is so barbaric that anyone who receives more than 60 strokes will die.

The three foreigners saw is only the most common criminal law of the Ming Dynasty, but has made people really feel the cruelty of its punishment! These tortures, in general, mainly on the lower officials and civilians, especially for those who "offended". Qing Jiaqing eight years (1803), for stabbing Jiaqing and was caught on the spot by the Interior Ministry kitchen servant Chen De, in the interrogation has been all-night simmering questions, twisted ear kneeling refining, slap the mouth plate responsibility, torture clamped on the stick ...... by the Jiaqing trial, Chen De was sentenced to "lynching". According to Yan Bei old man "thirteen dynasties of the Qing Dynasty Palace Palace Secret History":

Execution, from Chen De's ear, nose, breast cut up, left and right arm broken cut, into the shape of fish scales. Then the right arm, then chest and back. At first, blood was seen, after a while the blood flowed out, only yellow water. When finished cutting the upper body, Chen De suddenly opened his eyes and called out, "Faster." But the supervisor said, "There is a decree from above to make Er Er suffer more." The first time I saw him, he was still slowly cutting up Chen De!

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The Jiaqing self-proclaimed benevolence and righteousness, the "treacherous" people are never merciful and soft, the Chen De's "lynching", fully exposed the ruler of the rebels can take extreme The "lynching" of Chen De fully reveals the extreme means of retaliation that rulers can take against those who resist. However, it is biased to summarize all tortures as "class struggle and oppression". Because like Jin Linggong from the platform to play people, to see its avoidance of pill nest; Wang Yuanji when the street and shot, to see people avoid arrows; Daji put an insect basin, to see its Chu poison for fun; Qi Houzhu put scorpion bath dendrobium, people naked bath, to see its screaming is a great joy ...... These are no direct criminal cause of the torture of the torture of the cruelty is not the class, the political influence, but a barbaric cultural concepts of representation. The representation of the concept. This is well illustrated by the Tongdian, which records the punishment of abusive Xiucai for drinking a bucket of ink during the Northern Qi Dynasty.

The Ming dynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi depicts the so-called "cannon branding": "about two zhang in height, eight feet round, with three fire gates at the top, middle, and bottom, which will be made of copper, like a copper pillar, with charcoal burning red on the inside," and the person is stripped of his clothes and "will be wrapped around the iron rope, wrapped around the copper column above, only cannon branding limbs and sinews, not a moment, smoke and bone disappear, all into ashes". However, this torture is not used for resistance to the civilian population, but against the bureaucrats. Xu Xueju "National Dynasty Collection" said that during the Jiajing years Zhu Guan obscene play without measure, often making men and women naked group bath, no longer human rituals, "around the Yin discussion and color disobedient," he added "cannon branding. This shows a cruel cultural mentality. Donglin party member Zuo Guangdou, also subjected to "branding", Gu Gong Xie "summer excerpts" said he "face burnt indistinguishable from the left knee, sinews and bones all off carry on". This is the result of the struggle between different political factions within the class.

So, torture should be analyzed specifically. Moreover, the torture is not only for the destruction of flesh and blood, the main purpose of torture is to warn and show the law.

"Kusumu Zi Yu record" described Zhu Yuanzhang strict in the rule of officials, "where the guards order corruption, allow the people to go to the capital to complain. Stolen to sixty two or more, the head of the public, still peeled grass. Prefectural and County Yamen of the left, set up a temple to worship the land, for the skinning of the field, called the skin field temple. Officials next to the public seat, each hanging a skinned real grass bags, so that the shock".

This inhumane torture, in essence, is the ruler attempts to enslave subordinates by cruel means of the consciousness of the projection, but it is crowned into the orbit of the rule of law, which in the objective of corruption and bribery of officials or a great deterrent, as historians analyze: the reason why the early Ming Dynasty officials is better, which is commonly used with Zhu Yuanzhang, great use of torture, there is also a certain relationship. In order to make more people obedient, ancient rulers set the main target of torture on the common people, a phenomenon that was particularly prominent in the Qing Dynasty. Zhang Jixin "Dao Xian Huanhai see book", a true account of the Daoguang years in Sichuan torture: prison inmates, some into the cage, a day and death, some with a pot to cook, "cruel unspeakable". Such as capturing the rebellion of the "bandits", do not ask the truth, the first 400 small plate, there are heavy beating two or three thousand small plate and then interrogation, the charge is not determined, in the hall to death, fracture fracture ...... due to the indiscriminate use of torture, and even wrongly captured into the prison, but also tend to be beaten into a trick. The Qing Dynasty Liu provincial three written by the public novel collection "among the spring Taiwan", which has a "double wrong report", describes the Wang and Wei Youren this pair of male and female cousins, forced to submit under torture:

Nailed the bamboo stick ten fingers blood spray, the pain of the slave dead and soul. The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a new one, and then you'll be able to get a new one. I want not to confess to my cousin's wife, but I want to be excused unless I ask the king of hell. The first thing I want to do is to get rid of all the people who are in the world, and I want to do that.

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The Qing Dynasty officials also dug into the mind, and constantly in the torture device "innovation". Li Boyuan wrote the "living hell", is more typical to reflect the brutal scene caused by the power of the torture instrument: such as, "a pair of iron shoes, put in the fire red, on the feet, which is called 'red embroidered shoes'. In fact, this is a continuation of the "red embroidered shoes" invented by Xu Xianchun, the righteous son of Wei Zhongxian, during the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty. There is also "over the mountain dragon", "is to ask the tinsmith to play a curved tube, straighten to be enough more than two feet long, the prisoners bare stripped, with the tube all over the body coiled up, in addition to the heart and the lower part of the two places. Tin tube on the upper side of a large opening, the lower side of a small opening, with a hundred boiling water, pouring in from this end, the circumference of the full body, from the end of the trickle out. This boiling water, however, must not be interrupted."

This is the same as Xie Zhaochou "Wen Hai Pisha" said the Wanli period in Fujian, an official in the disk in the waist of the prisoner "tin snake" is the same. The interrogation of the prisoner to the "tin snake" in the heart of the filling of boiling water, the prisoner can not withstand the hot, had to succumb to ...... In contrast, the Qing Dynasty "over the mountain dragon" than the Ming Dynasty's "tin snake" more cruel, this is a general trend.

And then the most commonly used boards for execution. In "Living Hell", there were already iron plates, with which people were beaten, "after a dozen or so strokes, the flesh on the thighs would fly up in pieces, and the flesh and blood would fly everywhere. By the time it was a dozen or so times, the meat would have finished flying and the bones would be exposed. At this point, he instructed the criminal in charge, do not take the board flat hit, but with the board across the thigh knocking, cut the bones shell shell sound. Some also open the bones, bone marrow marked out several feet away ......"

Through the beating of the board, the most common punishment in ancient times, people see the cruelty! This is exactly the intention of Li Boyuan's creation of "Living Hell", which aims to expose the official government offices in the Qing Dynasty as hellish ......