Genre classification of Hunan ancient painting drama

Hunan ancient paintings are divided into Changsha ancient paintings (Yiyang ancient paintings), Yueyang ancient paintings (Linxiang ancient paintings), Changde ancient paintings and Hengyang ancient paintings. Due to the differences between regional phonetics and folk accents. They all use Changsha Mandarin as a unified stage language, and each has its own representative repertoire and musical sound. Changsha ancient painting plays are popular in Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Ningxiang, Liuyang and Pingjiang. It is the most popular and influential ancient painting drama in Hunan. As early as the mid-Qing Dynasty, it became popular and flourished in these places.

The main melody of Changsha ancient painting drama is "Sichuan tune", and most plays adopt "Sichuan tune". Folk call it "Black Boy Play" because it is equipped with silk and bamboo instruments. "Black boy drama" is also influenced by naughty yellow in Han Dynasty, and gradually approaches to banqiang music, including [first class], [second class], [third class], [guide board], [bereavement], [singing] and [sharp cavity]. The main repertoires are Pan Fu, Sacrifice Tower and Draw lots.

Changsha Huagu Opera is a Hunan Huagu Opera with Changsha Mandarin as the stage language and great influence. /kloc-for more than 60 years, it has developed from rural folk songs, folk tunes and local flower drums (including flower drums and ground flower drums-flower drum lanterns).

Changsha ancient painting drama has developed from "the second small" (clown, Xiao Dan) to "the third small" (the second small plus pupils), and then from "the third small" to various roles. However, it is still an important feature of Changsha ancient painting drama.

Drama and music

In the traditional repertoire of Changsha ancient paintings and operas, there are a large number of small plays and passbook plays, which are the most distinctive and representative repertoires. Small plays include "opposite plays" and "three small plays". Traditional Chinese operas are mostly developed on the basis of folk songs, fishing songs, minor tunes, flower drums and bamboo lanterns. Zhezi opera is often performed as a solo in Big Ben's opera, and it is the most popular repertoire in ancient painting opera. After the founding of New China, relying on the cooperation of old artists and literary and art workers, the traditional plays of Changsha ancient paintings and operas have been excavated and adapted. There are 50 scripts such as Chopping Wood with Liu Hai, Lulin Club, Yin and Yang Fan, Rent Collection in Nanzhuang and Golden Frog in Liu Hai Play.

Musically, it belongs to "Qupai couplets". The method of couplets is to connect many tunes with the same tone according to the needs of shaping the image and keeping the layout of the vocal cavity unified and coordinated, so as to achieve the purpose of depicting characters and expressing the plot. However, in terms of expression techniques, it is supplemented by plate changes to make up for the lack of tunes.

Changsha tune can be divided into three categories: Sichuan tune, Gong tune and minor tune. The first two categories are called "positive tune", which have relatively fixed vocal cavity format and melody characteristics; The melody, rhythm and mode of the latter kind of tunes have changed greatly, and the original folk song structure has been basically maintained. Paper-cut music of Changsha ancient painting drama, with tunes from folk songs and classical music cards. On the basis of "three small", Changsha ancient painting drama has developed the roles of life, Dan, Jing and Ugliness. However, the clown, Xiao Dan and Xiao Sheng still represent the unique artistic style of the play. Clowns can be divided into wrinkle ugliness, short body ugliness, official clothes ugliness, rotten cloth ugliness, milk ugliness and so on.

The accompaniment band of Changsha ancient painting drama is divided into two scenes: civil and military. There is a drum suona in the literary field. Drum is the main musical instrument, shaped like erhu, made of bamboo snake skin, with clear and rich timbre, which is used to keep the tune in accompaniment; Suona is divided into big suona and small suona, which are mainly used for knocking on doors. There are drums, gongs (Su Gong), big notes (Han Notes), small notes and small gongs in the martial arts field. Clap your hands is "Kezi" (that is, rectangular bangzi). Yueyang ancient painting drama originated from Linxiang ancient painting drama and was popular in Yueyang, Miluo, Linxiang, Tongcheng, Chongyang and other places in Hubei. Jiaqing's "Baling County Records" in Qing Dynasty recorded the prosperity of flower drum drama in rural areas around Baling.

As far as music is concerned, the main vocal cavity of Yueyang Opera's ancient painting cavity is called "Qin cavity". The tunes of "Qinqiang Opera" include [monosyllabic sentence] (positive tone), [sandwiched sentence], [dreamy tone], [negative tone], [sad tone] and [one-character tone]. Other folk songs, such as Sifu Tune, Acacia Tune, Noisy Wugeng, Ten Embroideries, Huimen Tune, Ten Cups of Wine, and Plum Blossom Introduction, are also commonly used in it. Obviously, "Qin Opera" was influenced by China's tunes. Many operas of Yueyang Huagu Opera are based on "Qin Opera", so when it spread to Tongcheng, Chongyang and other places in southern Hubei, it was deeply loved by local people because of its homology in music and similar language, and gradually formed a new local opera called "Violin Opera".

The main repertoires include Four Clothes, Mending the Back, The Story of Lin Lou, Double Stealing Flowers, Double Selling Wine, Cowherd and Weaving Girl, etc.

Whether it's "Shaanxi Opera" or "Sichuan Tune", Heizi is accompanied by drums and other strings, and his pronunciation is gloomy and simple.

And Changsha are both called "Gong Opera". "Gong cavity" is also called "Gong cavity", that is, when singing, it is accompanied by gongs and drums, regardless of strings and voices. Before liberation, Jingzhou ancient painting drama was accompanied by gongs and drums, and the voices helped each other. Wenchang's accompaniment was only added in the 1950s. Whether it is Yueyang Opera or Changsha Ancient Painting Opera, the local gongs and drums are like Mupi Tune, Troy Tune, Ciqi Tune, Liu Si Tune and Octopus.

On this basis, it absorbed some board cavity music of China Naughty Huang, and formed a board combination structure such as "guide board", "third stream", "emergency board" and "scattered board".

Yueyang ancient painting opera and Changsha ancient painting opera also have a third tune, called "minor", which is local folk music with strong local flavor. For example, folk songs such as Tea Picking Tune, Mother Looking Tune, Inverted Tune, Four Seasons and Lotus Picking Tune.

, [washing heart] and so on. However, some classical gongs and drums in the Han Dynasty were also used as music to cut the field, such as "Wan Nianhuan", "A Flower", "Moth", "Victory Order", "Liu" and "Beside the Dresser".

Yueyang ancient painting drama and Changsha ancient painting drama have become independent dramas. The earliest performance was "Erxiao" with few plots, that is, the "Sanxiao" song and dance drama, which was ugly all its life, mostly used local minor, and later influenced by dramas such as Han Opera, it performed plays with strong plots and more characters.

Because of the low drama level of minor, they absorbed the Han tunes which are adjacent to it and similar in language and pronunciation, and formed the later "Qin tunes" or "Sichuan tunes" and some "Gong tunes". And in the process of long-term stage performance, local music has been integrated, and the melody characteristics are relatively fixed. The ancient painting opera house called it "the right tune". The formation of "orthodox tune" makes up for the deficiency of minor and the combination of music and cards, which makes the ancient painting opera have the musical conditions for performing this drama. Mainly popular in Changde, Taoyuan, Hanshou, Linli, Dayong and Cili. It originated from the folk "tea-picking lamp".

"Car lanterns" flowed into cities in the late Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Xuan Tong, Changsha Daily recorded that "lantern prostitution" was prohibited in Changde, forcing ancient paintings and dramas to co-perform with Han dramas, which was directly influenced by Changde Han dramas. Before liberation, many artists of ancient paintings and operas studied China operas and joined Han classes. They often perform "two pots" in harmony with Chinese, which is called "two classes" locally. This situation continued until after liberation.

Changde's music is also "Sichuan tune", "Gong tune" and "minor". The main repertoires are Watching Flowers in the Shadows, Jumping on the Pink Wall, Picking Mushrooms, Going Down the Mountain, and The Death of Second Sister You, which were adapted after liberation. Modern new drama "Country Veterinary".

In addition to vocal music, many traditional plays in Hunan Opera are moved from Han Opera. It is said that there are hundreds of them, such as Song Jiangsha, Meilong Opera Phoenix, Temple Burning Incense, Huaiyin Songzi, Qingfeng Pavilion, and Catching Dishes. Hengyang ancient painting drama is a kind of folk drama popular in southern Hunan. Different places have different names. In Hengyang, Hengnan and Leiyang,

Changning area is called "Lantern", Youxian and Chaling areas are called "Flower Drum", Anren area is called "Lantern", Yongxing Jiangzuo area is also called "Lantern" and Jiangyou is called "Singing". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was once known as the Hengju Opera. 1954, Hengyang ancient painting drama was named by Hunan Provincial Cultural Bureau. 1983, when editing and sorting out "China Drama Records Hunan Volume", it was named Hengzhou Ancient Painting Drama.