General situation of western architectural history

History of Western Architecture (I) —— Brief Introduction

From prehistoric Mediterranean culture to the history of western architecture today.

The history of western architecture is characterized by a series of new solutions to architectural problems.

From the beginning of civilization to the ancient Greek culture, the construction method of this period has also developed from the most primitive simple truss single-sided sloping roof to the horizontal beam or lintel supported by columns or columns.

Greek architecture also formalized many structural and decorative elements into three classic styles: chiton, Chilton and Corinthian.

Since then, architecture has been more or less influenced by these three styles.

The Romans made full use of arches, vaults and domes, and expanded the application scope of load-bearing masonry walls.

In the late Middle Ages, the pointed arch and ribbed pier system gradually appeared, and at this time, all the problems of masonry buildings were solved.

Therefore, before the industrial revolution, there was almost no innovation in the field of architecture except the development and change of decoration.

It was not until the appearance of cast iron and steel structure in the19th century that the dawn of a new architectural era was ushered in, and higher, wider and lighter buildings became possible.

With the development of science and technology in the 20th century, cantilever and other new building methods have been widely used.

At the turn of 2 1 century, computers have further enhanced the talents of architects and used their ideas to create new architectural forms.

The significance of writing the history of western architecture lies in letting people appreciate European architecture as they appreciate western cultural traditions.

For example, this paper discusses the architectural traditions of Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, North Africa and Jerusalem, which began in the Hellenistic and Roman periods and then continued through the Byzantine Empire. These fields are closely related to the development of European architecture.

/kloc-In the late 5th century, European architectural styles spread to countries in the New World, so this paper also mentioned the architecture in North America and Latin America. For centuries, the development of architecture in these countries has been closely related to that in Europe.

The architectural traditions of Native Americans are generally unaffected by Europe, and their history can be found in the visual arts of Native Americans. )

The islands in the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Love form a natural connection between the Middle East and the European continent.

In 3000 BC, civilizations spreading westward from West Asia and Egypt established colonies in Crete, cyclades and the Greek mainland.

These civilizations are fundamentally different from early civilizations. They used copper and lighter bronze instead of stone tools and weapons used in Neolithic culture.

The Bronze Age is usually regarded as a very long period of the Bronze Age, which lasted from the third millennium BC to the beginning of the second millennium in the Aegean region and was replaced by the Iron Age around 1200 BC.

Aegean civilization is characterized by simplicity, which simplifies the motif and craft of Asia into the original local style.

In the field of architecture, Minoan civilization in Crete and Mycenae civilization in Greece made the greatest achievements at this time.

Crete-Minoan Civilization Crete is a great marine civilization, which gave birth to the palaces of Knossos, Festus, Ayya Triada, Maria and Teerisuo. Minos Palace in Knossos is particularly important. Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been excavated and rebuilt under the leadership of Baron Arthur Evans.

From the Neolithic Age to the third stage of Minos (BC1700–1580), the brilliant peak of architectural activities, and finally to the invasion of Achaean (Greek) in the12nd century, provided a complete foundation for the development of architecture and art.

Palace is only the architectural style of the last two Minos periods (BC1800–1580).

There is no doubt that it can be compared with the huge palaces in the Middle East and Egypt.

Structurally, Minos Palace is a quadrangle of 175 × 100 feet (50 × 30 meters), surrounded by complex rooms and corridors. The northern end facing the sea is a colonnade formed by 12 pilaster, which leads to the central square, and the other end is rectangular, which may be used for holding religious ceremonies.

The east side of the palace is divided into two parts by a long corridor across the east-west axis, which was originally four to five stories higher than the valley slope.

To the southeast of the palace is the living room, with well-designed vertical and horizontal supply facilities, much like a refuge.

There is a wide staircase leading upstairs, but it doesn't exist now.

The northeast part is office space and storage room.

The west side of the palace is also divided into north and south by a main corridor over 200 feet (60 meters).

Behind the corridor to the west, a large number of Pisoy or adult-sized oil storage tanks were found in rows of long and narrow rooms.

On the side of the corridor facing the central square is the ceremony room, which contains the only royal family treated with plaster and the famous Griffin mural.

Bright murals are extremely important both inside and outside the palace.

Light is projected from the recently cleverly designed entrance hole; In the hot summer in Crete, colonnades composed of many columns provide ventilation for the palace.

The development of other Minoan palaces (Phaestus, Mallia, ayia triáda, Tylissos) is roughly the same as that of Knossos.

Every palace is famous. Due to a large number of Italian excavations, Festus has shown its unique charm.

The hegemony of Crete, the maritime kingdom, made the palaces they built not only low but also unguarded, so compared with the Great Wall of Mesopotamia, the unguarded wall became its obvious short board.

Crete people have no real temples because they are extroverted and don't worship God like Middle Easterners.

However, the layout of the houses around the central square and the practice of avoiding the outer windows as much as possible seem to indicate their early relationship with the Middle East.

The long and straight palace corridor design and highly developed water supply system may have been inherited from an older civilization in the East.

The colonnade in the palace of Crete first appeared in Europe, and it often appeared on both sides of the entrance gate in small quantities.

Grave architecture in Crete developed from the ancient corpse storeroom in Minos (2750-2000 BC) to tholoi or honeycomb tombs in Mesala Plain in the middle and late Minos, and the exquisite tombs in Knossos.

The peak of Minos' development ushered in a catastrophe.

About 1400 BC, invaders from the mainland destroyed the palace and led to the transfer of hegemony to Mycenae, Greece.

These pre-Greek architectural structures in Crete have been preserved, which makes the buildings built after this catastrophe extremely precious.

Temples in many cities belong to this post-destroyer era, and the earliest date of the only temple building in Prinias is 700 BC.

There are bas-reliefs on the buildings in front of these temples, sculptures are located on both sides of the lintel, and statues of goddesses and animals are also carved on the lower side of the lintel itself.

The pillar in front of the door, like Minos Palace, shows people that Minos tradition has not completely disappeared.

The sudden rise of Greek-Mycenaean architecture in the Greek mainland is closely related to the prosperity and decline of Crete-Crete civilization, which can only be understood as the background of the long-term development of Crete Island.

Unlike Knossos in Minos, archaeologists have unearthed only some fragments on this continent, and at least three sites have been unearthed: Mycenae, Tirins and Pyrrhus. They pieced together a picture of Mycenae architecture.

Most of the important monument buildings we can see now are those in the late bronze age of Greece (from BC 1580 to BC 1 100), and a few early buildings have been preserved.

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The prevalence of giant buildings in the 0/4th century BC/KLOC reflects that this is an era of war, and powerful Greek-speaking kings built fortresses at the main points of the Greek mainland.

The giant wall of Mycenae and Tilins (cyclopean wall, made of irregular and unadorned boulders without any mud) and the strategic place of Mycenae, Lion Gate, were built during this period.

The latter is a single stone lintel supported by two huge doorframes.

The wall on the lintel forms a triangle that can reduce the pressure, and the triangle area is supported by stone tablets engraved with lions.

This door is also named after a lion.

This architectural method cleverly replaced the arch that Mycenae did not know.

Equally famous is the original stone vault hidden under the Thurlings, which consists of many stone layers, each of which slightly exceeds a part of the lower layer, and finally the two sides meet at the top.

See the picture below), this construction method first appeared in continental Europe.

Mycenae Palace was excavated in Mycenae, Thurlings, Pyrrhus, Guerra and Filacopi (KiClardy).

Pyrrhus is a typical continental palace in the heroic age, just as Homer described it in his poem.

Its design has four basic features: (1) there is a narrow courtyard in front of the building, (2) there is a two-column porch at the entrance, (3) there is a front hall (prodomos), and (4) there is a room (domos) with rich murals or a unique hall with a throne at one end and a middle one.

Wooden columns support an open tower-shaped building, which extends to the roof for ventilation and lighting.

Connected to the palace is the archives, comparable to Boazkoy (Bo? azk？ Y) Hittite king.

The private house found in Mycenae has similar characteristics to the underground storage room mentioned by Homer.

Coffin room

The first of the two earliest known tombs was discovered by heinrich schliemann in 1876, and the second was discovered by Alain Wiss in 195 1 year.

These circular tombs have no architectural features and are mainly built by a vertical axis cutting into bedrock.

The more important building of the circular tomb is tholoi. These family tombs began to develop from Crete civilization in Minos, but reached their peak in Mycenae, which is called the treasure house of Atreus.

We can confirm that the Atreus Treasury was built around AD 1250 at the latest. The most striking thing about this Mycenae World Monument is its spire dome, which is densely built of cut and polished stones and looks like a real vault.

Juzhong's entrance tomb is about 50 feet (15 meters) in diameter, which is somewhat short.

The huge single lintel at the entrance weighs about 120 tons, is 29.5 feet (9 meters) long, 16.5 feet (5 meters) wide and 3 feet (1 meter) high. It is supported by a decompression triangle similar to the lion's gate and decorated with lighter stones.

The small side room separated by rocks is for the living to attend the funeral, while the main room may be reserved for the ceremony.

Two embedded Crete-style semi-columns (that is, half into the wall, usually left outside) are used to protect the safety of the facade, which is the entrance of dromos or ritual passage.

The tunnel is made of huge stones.

Mycenae and other large tombs in Ochmonos have not been preserved.