Lenin’s personal experience

On April 22, 1870, Lenin was born in Simbirsk City, Simbirsk Province, Russian Empire (now Simbirsk City, Ulyanovsk Oblast). Ethnic origins of Erdovans, Kalmyk Mongols, Jews, Volga Germans, and Swedes.

Lenin's father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was born in a poor family. He studied part-time and later became the provincial director of national education due to his hard work and outstanding performance. , has done a lot of work in the field of education. Although Lenin's mother was a housewife, she was of high quality, kind and upright, and rich in knowledge. They have a close relationship as husband and wife and treat each other with respect. They love children and attach great importance to their education. This kind of family itself must play a good role in the growth of children.

Several of his brothers and sisters also have the same upbringing and moral character. His elder brother, Alexander Ulyanov, had excellent academic performance while studying at Petersburg University. Because he actively participated in the preparations of the Narodnaya Volya Party to assassinate the Tsar, he was executed in 1887. He was only 21 years old when he died. This incident had an impact on Lenin. great. Her sister Anna began to participate in the revolutionary movement in 1886 and was arrested many times by the Tsarist government. My sister Olga was very talented, but unfortunately she contracted typhoid and died of typhoid when she was studying at a women's higher school. She and Lenin were very friendly, and they often read Marx's works together and made progress in their thinking. His younger brother Dmitry has excellent academic performance and is a professional doctor who has been engaged in revolutionary activities since 1897. The younger sister Maria also participated in revolutionary activities when she was studying in college and became a professional revolutionary.

Lenin graduated from high school in 1887 and studied at the Law Department of Kazan University. In his first year of college, he was expelled for participating in student movements at school and was exiled to the village of Kokushkino near Kazan. The mother applied to the government authorities to move to the rural area where Lenin's brother-in-law lives in Samara Province and continue to be under public surveillance by the police.

He studied university law courses and Marxist works here, especially "The Communist Manifesto", "Das Kapital", etc., thus accepting and firmly believing in communism throughout his life. He returned to Kazan in 1888 and became an active member of the Kazan Marxist Group. In 1889, his family moved to Samara and organized the first local Marxist group.

In 1892, he wrote his first book "New Economic Changes in Peasant Life". In the same year, with the approval of the Ministry of Education of the Tsarist Russian Government, he went to Petersburg to take the national university graduation examination as an external auditor of the Law Department of Petersburg University, and received a gold graduation medal and a university diploma. He immediately entered a Petersburg law firm as a trainee lawyer and participated in the workers' group activities organized by local Marxists.

In 1893, he moved to Petersburg and did a lot of work to establish a proletarian revolutionary party in Russia. In 1894, he wrote the book "What are "Friends of the People" and How Do They Attack Social Democrats", which comprehensively criticized the populist economic and political theories, especially the idealist world view.

In 1895, various Marxist groups in Petersburg were unified and the "Association for the Liberation Struggle of the Working Class" was established, marking the beginning of the integration of scientific socialism and the Russian labor movement.

In December of the same year, he was arrested and imprisoned. In February 1897, he was exiled to Eastern Siberia. In 1899, he completed the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" in the exile colony, thus completely liquidating the erroneous theories of the Populists. After his exile ended in 1900, Lenin was allowed to return to Petersburg (renamed Leningrad from 1924 to 1991), and then went to study at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, and then to Stuttgart, Munich, Leipzig, Prague, Vienna, Manchester and London. , engaged in professional political activities against the government. In Munich, Germany, he co-founded the first Russian Social Democratic Labor Party newspaper "Iskra" with Martov, and then published it in Leipzig and London. During this period, he used many aliases, and finally adopted "Lenin" as his official name.

From 1901 to 1902, he wrote "What to Do?" which would be very influential in the Russian Revolution. "This book. The book clearly stated its opposition to Bernstein's revisionism, criticized the "economist" line within the party, believed that backward groups should accept the leadership of advanced groups, and called for the party to be built into a well-organized party with "professional revolutionaries" as the vanguard core. Disciplined institutions (i.e. democratic centralism). In 1903, Lenin attended the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. During the meeting, Lenin's views were opposed by Martov, Trotsky and others, and his ideas were criticized as "Jacobinism." Due to conflicts on principled issues, the party gradually split into the Bolsheviks (meaning the majority) headed by him and the Mensheviks (minority) headed by Martov.

After the Russian Revolution broke out in 1905, the leader convened the Third Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, attended only by Bolsheviks, and formulated the Bolshevik strategy for this revolution. At the climax of the revolution, in early November, Lenin returned to Petersburg, where he directly led the Bolshevik Central Committee and the Petersburg Committee and participated in the editing and publishing work of the party's official newspaper, Novaya Zhizn. In 1906 he was elected to the Presidium of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

After the failure of the revolution, Lenin left Russia in December 1907 and went into exile in Paris and other places in Western Europe, where he continued to engage in political writing under relatively poor conditions. In response to the debate on the issue of socialist revolution, he completed the book "Materialism and Empirical Criticism" in 1909, which later became the basic philosophical principle of Marxism-Leninism. He was busy attending socialist rallies across Europe, such as the 1912 Prague Congress. Lenin met the socialist revolutionary Inessa Armand in Paris, and the two established a secret relationship.

After the outbreak of World War I, Lenin criticized those social democratic parties that supported the war in their country, claiming that the Second International was dead, and put forward the slogan of "turning imperialist war into civil war". During the war, while living in the Austrian town of Poronin, he was briefly detained by the authorities. He then moved to Bern, Switzerland, in neutral Switzerland in 1914, and later to Zurich. And in August 1915, he proposed for the first time that socialism could win in a few or even a single capitalist country.

In September 1915, he participated in the Zimmerwald Conference in Switzerland against the First World War. As the leader of the Zimmerwald left wing, Lenin advocated transforming imperialist war into a class war and called on the working class to take the opportunity to launch a civil war to seize power. The majority in the meeting rejected his proposal and believed that the program of the meeting should be limited to the scope of pacifism. At the second anti-war conference in Switzerland, he led the Zimmerwald leftists to reiterate their claims, but in the end they only got a compromise declaration.

In the spring of 1916, he completed another theoretical work "Imperialism is the Highest Stage of Capitalism" in Zurich. While criticizing his enemy Kautsky, he also popularized the latter's correct views in the 19th century. .

The February Revolution broke out in Russia in 1917. Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire abdicated. The rule of the Romanov dynasty was completely overthrown, and various parties, mainly the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Cadet Party, were established. Party Alliance Russian Provisional Government. At the same time a Soviet was established in Petrograd. Lenin, who was still in the neutral country of Switzerland, knew that he needed to return to Russia immediately, but because the neighboring country was involved in World War I, he could not pass directly. Despite this, Swiss Social Democrat Fritz Platin actively negotiated with the German authorities. Germany also hoped to use Lenin to ease the war with Russia on the Eastern Front, so it agreed to help Lenin return home on a "sealed train" arranged by Germany. After crossing the German border, Lenin arrived in Sweden by boat. With the help of Swedish Social Democrats Otto Grzymullen, Ture Niemann and others, he successfully passed through Scandinavia and died on April 16, 1917. Take the train to Finland Station in Petrograd.

Lenin quickly became the leader of the revolutionary movement after returning home. He proposed the famous "April Theses", stating that the Russian revolution must transition from a bourgeois democratic revolution to a proletarian socialist revolution, opposed the so-called "bourgeois provisional government", protested against its deliberate delay in the election of the Constituent Assembly, and proposed "all Power to the Soviets" slogan. At first his political leftward leanings isolated the party, but later his uncompromising stance caused all those who distrusted the Provisional Government to regard the Bolsheviks as their allies. Kerensky, the leader of the Socialist Revolutionary Party who opposed the Bolsheviks, slandered Lenin as a spy sent by Germany.

In July 1917, the "July Incident" occurred in Petrograd. The provisional government suppressed the workers and soldiers who demonstrated in support of the Bolsheviks, and announced that Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders were wanted. Lenin believed that the time was not yet ripe and temporarily gave up the idea of ??seizing power by force. He lurked in a hut on the shores of Lake Razliv and continued to guide the revolutionary struggle. On August 9, he left Russia and arrived in Finland (which was in a semi-independent situation at the time), where he completed the writing of "State and Revolution". On September 7, the Russian commander-in-chief Kornilov launched a coup aimed at overthrowing the provisional government, which had to ask for help from the Bolshevik Red Guards. The coup was eventually defeated, and the Bolsheviks took the opportunity to strengthen their own power. After analyzing the new situation, Lenin wrote two letters of instructions to the Bolshevik Central Committee, the Petrograd Committee and the Moscow Committee from September 12 to 14, clearly proposing a plan to seize power through an uprising. On October 7 of the same year, Lenin Finland secretly returns to Petrograd. He drafted the resolution on armed uprising adopted by the Party Central Committee Plenary Session, and arrived at Smolny Palace on the night of October 24, 1917 to personally direct the uprising.

The October Revolution was launched, and workers, soldiers and sailors supporting the Bolsheviks occupied the Winter Palace, the seat of the Provisional Government, at 2 a.m. the next day, announced the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government, established a People's Committee, and stated that a Constituent Assembly would be held immediately election, and demanded the elimination of the Cadets and the establishment of a purely socialist democratic government, that is, "all power belongs to the Soviets." On November 8, 1917, he was elected chairman of the People's Committee and promulgated the "Peace Decree" and the "Land Decree". After Lenin launched the October Revolution and seized power, he stated that he would immediately convene a Constituent Assembly to achieve socialist democratic elections. At the same time, we attacked the bourgeois opposition press and suppressed the Cadets. However, because the peasants, who accounted for the majority of the Russian population at that time, generally supported the populist Socialist Revolutionary Party (while workers in big cities generally voted for the Bolsheviks), the Socialist Revolutionary Party defeated the Bolsheviks in the Constituent Assembly elections with a clear advantage.

Lenin did not want to see the fruits of the revolution lost, saying "rely on public opinion, but we must not forget the rifle." On January 5, 1918, he dissolved the Constituent Assembly held in the Tafrida Palace in Petrograd and sent troops to disperse the opposition. The demonstrators who dissolved the Constituent Assembly later claimed that "all power to the Constituent Assembly" was a counter-revolutionary slogan, which aroused fierce opposition from the Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Cadets and other parties.

In order to safeguard the Soviet power and combat opposition forces, on December 20, 1917, Lenin proposed the establishment of an all-Russian extraordinary committee to eliminate counterrevolution and sabotage (Cheka). Dzerzhinsky was appointed Chairman of the Cheka. In February 1918, the Central Committee issued the "Message of the Council of People's Commissars to the Working People of Russia". In the decree "The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger", Lenin personally added that "all men and women of the bourgeoisie who are capable of working should be incorporated into trench digging" All enemy spies, profiteers, thugs, gangsters, counter-revolutionary agitators, and German spies will be shot on the spot.” can execute the execution by firing squad. In September 1918, Lenin publicly declared that he would create a "red terror" against bourgeois counterrevolution, bringing panic to society. Studies by different scholars indicate that the number of people hanged and shot by the Cheka between 1917 and 1922 may have ranged from hundreds of thousands to millions. Those affected are not only members of the opposition, but also civilians from all walks of life. The entire family of the last Tsar Nicholas II was also shot at this time. Some Marxists and social democrats have condemned Lenin. The Menshevik leader Martov and the "centrist" leader of the German Social Democratic Party, Kautsky, called the Bolshevik Party's rule a "reign of terror." The father of Russian Marxism (later became the Menshevik) Plekhanov also called Lenin "the new Robespierre".

On January 14, 1918, after Lenin completed a speech in Petrograd, he and Swiss Social Democrat Fritz Platin *** were riding in a car on a bridge. At that time, he was suddenly shot violently by 12 unidentified gunmen. Platin hurriedly pressed Lenin's head under the seat, but his own hand covering Lenin was beaten with blood. Cheka personnel were unable to capture the shooter or identify the killer. According to the assassin who later emigrated abroad, it was Prince Shakovsky who organized the operation, who sponsored 500,000 rubles for the operation.

On August 30, 1918, Lenin was about to step into the car after giving a speech to the workers at the Mikhelson Factory outside the capital Moscow. A woman came up to talk to her. While Lenin was answering her, a The hand holding the Browning pistol was stretched out at close range three steps away, and three shots rang out. The first bullet hit Lenin's left shoulder, the second hit his left chest and passed through his neck, and the third hit the woman who was talking to him. Lenin immediately fell to the ground unconscious.

After regaining consciousness, he refused to go to the hospital for treatment because he thought there might be another assassination waiting for him, so he was quickly taken to the Kremlin. The second bullet was dangerously positioned and doctors were unable to remove it. The bullet did not puncture the left lung, but the situation was still critical due to blood flowing into the lung. Lenin continued to work, and his physical condition gradually recovered. However, the assassination had a serious impact on Lenin's health, and many people believe that his stroke in his later years was related to this.

She is a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. She was arrested by the Cheka shortly after the incident. Kaplan admitted that she had assassinated Lenin and said that no one was behind the assassination and that it was entirely personal because Lenin was a "traitor to the revolution." The bodies were burned. In February 1938, the Soviet authorities once claimed that Bukharin was the mastermind behind the incident, and later rehabilitated Bukharin in February 1988. Due to many doubts in the records of the assassination process, some scholars believe that the real murderer was not Kaplan but someone else. Among them, Lenin's deputy and Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Sverdlov was a major suspect. After this case and the assassination of Cheka leader Moisei Uritsky, Stalin proposed "open and systematic mass terror... against those responsible". On January 15, 1918, the People's Committee passed a decree establishing the Red Army and appointed Trotsky as the People's Commissar of Military Affairs and Chairman of the Supreme Military Council. In March 1918, Lenin led the Seventh Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), and the Bolshevik Party was officially renamed the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), referred to as "Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)". In the same year, a constitution was promulgated and the official name of the country was the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or Soviet Russia for short.

In 1920, Lenin said that the Soviet regime could not survive without Baku's oil, so Soviet Russia supported the Bolshevik forces in Azerbaijan. In March 1922, these three countries formed the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federation* **The Republic of China, referred to as the Transcaucasian Federation.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, Russia and Germany were still at war. Lenin advocated accepting Germany's conditions and withdrawing from the First World War, Bukharin believed that the offensive should continue to liberate Germany, and Trotsky supported no war or peace.

At first, supporters of Lenin's plan were in the minority, so the armistice resolution was not passed. However, as the German army advanced, some leaders changed their stance. Finally, on March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed with Germany. Exit World War I. The treaty made Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Finland, Georgia and other countries independent one after another, causing Russia to lose large areas of territory and arousing strong dissatisfaction among domestic nationalists. The Left Social Revolutionary Party also took the opportunity to split with the Bolsheviks and withdrew from the coalition government in March of the same year.

After the Bolsheviks dispersed the Constituent Assembly and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the domestic situation became violently turbulent. In the spring of 1918, the Czechoslovak Legion rebelled and took control of the Siberian Railway near the Ural Mountains. On June 8 of the same year, the Socialist Revolutionaries, Cadets and Mensheviks established the Constituent Assembly Committee (later renamed the All-Russian Provisional Government) in Samara and took control of Saratov, Simbirsk, Kazan, and Ufa. . In November, Kolchak established the Siberian government in Omsk, and soon after launched a coup to overthrow the All-Russian Provisional Government, proclaiming himself the "Supreme Ruler of Russia." At the same time, he united with Denikin in the south and Yudenich in the Baltic Sea coast. With the support of Britain, France, the United States, Japan and many other countries, he launched the White Guard movement to fight against the Bolsheviks, and the Russian Civil War began. The Central Committee of the People's Committee led by Lenin appointed Trotsky as chairman of the Supreme Military Council to form and lead the Red Army, which employed a large number of officers from the former Tsarist Russia era to fight against the White Guard movement. In 1919, the Baltic Fleet of the Red Army on the Western Front defeated Yudenich and the British Fleet. The Red Army on the Eastern Front, under the command of Frunze and others, defeated Kolchak's White Army on the East Route. In 1920, Budyonny, Tukhachevsky and others led the Red Army to defeat the White Army on the southern route of Denikin and Wrangel. Until October 1920, Soviet Russia basically stabilized the domestic situation.

During 1918-1919, socialist revolutionary movements such as the German November Revolution, the Hungarian Revolution, and the Finnish Revolution occurred in Europe. The smooth development of the world situation aroused Lenin's optimism in launching a proletarian world revolution. . He predicted that the next step in the Russian revolution would be the German revolution. In order to aid the workers' movements in other Western European countries, he hoped to penetrate Poland and establish a Soviet government, and then extend to Germany to support the socialist revolution there. At the same time, the Bolsheviks established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Pi?sudski, the leader of the new Polish Second Democratic Republic, hoped to take the opportunity to establish a national alliance composed of Central and Eastern European countries to disintegrate Soviet Russia and prevent its westward expansion. In 1920, he and the Ukrainian nationalist leaders Simon Petliura formed an alliance and sent troops into Ukraine to occupy Kiev. Friction between the two sides triggered the Polish-Soviet War. After several rounds of tug-of-war between the Red Army led by Tukhachevsky and the Polish army, the Soviet army was repulsed by the other side in the Battle of Warsaw. The two sides signed the Treaty of Riga on March 18, 1921, ending the war. Due to the intense revolution and war, Lenin's health had been seriously damaged before the assassination. The bullet was lodged in his neck, very close to his spine, about 1cm. The medical conditions at the time made it impossible to safely remove the bullet. It was not until April 24, 1922, that a German doctor performed an operation on Lenin to remove the bullet. In May 1922, Lenin suffered his first stroke and was partially paralyzed on his right side. He began to reduce his government affairs. After suffering a second stroke in December of the same year, he ceased political activities. After his third stroke in March 1923, he remained bedridden and unable to speak until his death.

After his first stroke, Lenin completed a will and gave it to his wife Krupskaya, commenting on six senior leaders of the Soviet Union, including: Trots Key, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Pitakov. One of his views on Stalin is "I am not sure whether he can always use this power very carefully." Since Lenin and Stalin had serious disputes over the foreign trade monopoly and the Georgia incident at the same time, on January 4, 1923, Lenin made another supplement to his dictation record, which was specifically directed at Stalin: Stalin was too rough, and this shortcoming was Among us, it is completely tolerable in our dealings with Communists, but it cannot be tolerated in the position of General Secretary. Therefore, I suggest that comrades find a way to remove Stalin from this position and appoint another person to serve as general secretary. On March 5, 1923, Lenin was very angry after learning that his wife Krupskaya had been insulted and threatened by Stalin, and proposed to break off diplomatic relations with Stalin. Stalin apologized to Lenin and things eventually settled.

At 18:50 Moscow time on January 21, 1924, Lenin died in the village of Gorki at the age of 53. More than 900,000 people attended the memorial meeting to pay their respects to Lenin's body and observe a moment of silence. Sun Yat-sen, who regarded Lenin as a good teacher and helpful friend, delivered a eulogy after hearing the news:

There are countless living beings in the vast five continents; who is the first to realize the blessings of the people? From ancient times to the present, there are thousands of scholars who only talk but do nothing, but who can actually do it? Only the king is established, the hero of ten thousand men; build this new country and join our great unity. We were born side by side, and share the same continent and country; we have been facing each other for many years, lifting our hands from left to right. You have encountered many hardships, but I have faced many hardships. I hope that I will be on the same track as you. The enemy is not happy, but the people are happy; the distance is thousands of miles, and the spirit is back and forth. Heaven never leaves the year, what can I say to you? Eternal is like life, and I will always cherish the sage.

The British Prime Minister Churchill, who insisted on an anti-Communist stance, commented: The Russian people fell into the quagmire and struggled. The worst thing for them was the birth of Lenin, and the second worst thing was The thing is his death. After Lenin's death, the Soviet government built Lenin's tomb in Moscow's Red Square in memory of him and used modern antiseptic technology to mummify Lenin's body and preserve it in a crystal coffin for viewing. In the early 1920s, when the cosmist movement was quite popular in Russia, Leonid Borisovich Krasin and Alexander Bogdanov proposed freezing Lenin's body so that he could be resuscitated in the future. . Refrigeration equipment needed to be purchased abroad, but the plan failed to materialize due to various reasons. So the plan was changed to embalm the body, which was placed on permanent exhibition at Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow on January 27, 1924. The Russian Academy of Sciences and other institutions proposed moving Lenin's body out of the Lenin Mausoleum in Red Square for burial, and received support from some members of parliament. However, this proposal was also opposed by many politicians, including Putin.

Three days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it was renamed St. Petersburg. The Leningrad Oblast, where St. Petersburg is located, retained its original name.

The exact cause of Lenin’s death has long been the subject of speculation. What did medical experts discover when they dissected and carefully analyzed Lenin's brain? Monica Spivak, PhD, PhD and author of the best-selling book Diagnosis of Genius After Death, had access to secret archival documents and helped us unravel this mystery.

Spivak said that after Lenin's untimely death at the age of 54, scientists began to study Lenin's brain. The following is a passage from the report of Academician Nikolai Semashko, the People's Commissar for Health: "The cause of Lenin's death was considered to be sclerosis of the blood vessel walls (arteriosclerosis). An autopsy proved that this was the main cause of Lenin's illness and death. The cause was In the carotid artery." When the autopsy was performed, it was discovered that Lenin's brain was in poor condition, Spivak said. The total mass of Lenin's brain tissue was only 1,340 grams, which was not even the standard brain weight. Academician Semashko’s report said, “Arteriosclerosis first affects the brain, which is the organ that directly controls human body activities.” In the words of this expert, the disease directly affected the "most vulnerable part", and Lenin's brain tissue was such a "vulnerable" part.

Later, experts put Lenin’s brain, heart and bullets taken out of his body into glass bottles at the institute for careful study. According to Spivak, in 1925, the Soviet Union established a laboratory dedicated to studying Lenin's brain. The young Soviet state had no experts of its own and had to turn to foreign countries for help. The famous German neuroscientist Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) led the research work. According to Vogt's plan, a macro-cutting machine (cut into several large pieces) and a micro-cutting machine (made into 34,000 slices) were built in Germany.

In 1927, Vogt submitted a research report. The report said that Lenin's brain structure was different from ordinary people, which made him a leader. Lenin's pyramidal cells are very developed, the connecting fibers between the cells are very strong, and the cell core is extremely solid and clear. Scientists compared Lenin's brain with the brains of other geniuses and believed that Lenin's brain was of higher quality. Lenin's forehead had more grooves than Lunacharsky, Michurin, and Mayakovsky.