What are the main features of Confucianism?

Basic characteristics: there are differences and opposites in political and philosophical views within Confucianism. However, as a school of thought for more than 2,000 years, it has the same characteristics in thought: ① it is a master of Confucius, and his words and deeds are the highest standards; ② Based on poems, books, music, rites, the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.

The establishment and development of Confucianism is called "Confucianism" because its early members took "Confucianism" as their profession. Some scholars in modern times believe that Confucianism, formerly known as witchcraft, history, desire and divination, served the nobility in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the society was in great turmoil, and Confucianism lost its original position. Because they are familiar with aristocratic manners, they make a living by "courtesy". According to this statement, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, "Confucianism" was an intellectual who took propriety as his profession. Confucius was familiar with the etiquette of health preservation and dying in his early years, and he also had rich cultural knowledge, and was proficient in etiquette, music, archery and archery. Since then, the number of students has increased year by year. "Historical Records Confucius Family" records: "Confucius taught with poetry, and his disciples covered 3,000 Yan, and there were 72 people who were proficient in six arts." So a school with Confucius as the core was formed. Later generations called it "Confucianism".

Historical position and influence: Confucianism ruled China for more than two thousand years. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was honored as a saint by feudal rulers. In the long history, Confucianism has made brilliant contributions to the cultural development of the Chinese nation and the cultivation of the unremitting struggle spirit of the Chinese nation. However, it was used by feudal rulers for a long time, and with the continuous development of productive forces, Confucianism gradually became the shackles of the feudal ruling class to imprison people's thoughts, which seriously hindered the development of China society.

The characteristics of China's philosophy:

First, a feature of China's philosophy: innovation is constantly emerging.

China's philosophical tradition is quite different from that of the West. For a long time, western philosophy has been dominated by materialism and mechanism, while China's philosophy has been dominated by non-materialism and institutionalism. In the west, a unitary external transcendental God, pure spirit and unchangeable entity are the creators of the universe, and the universe or the world cannot create itself, such as the static and static creators and the lively world created by them, nature and supernatural. Man and God, this shore and the other shore, heart and things, spirit and things, subject and object, soul and body, body and mind, value and fact, reason and emotion are all tied together, and there is a huge gap between them. The mainstream of China's philosophy is natural vitality, affirming that the world is self-generated, and there is no creator or God on it.

Second, the second characteristic of China's philosophy: Harmony is the most important.

As mentioned above, the world in the eyes of China people is not only a world full of vitality, popular life and permanent development, but also a rich and diverse world, an open, integrated, organic, interdependent, dynamic and balanced world. Between heaven, earth, people, things and me, between heart and things, between body and heart, between spirit and form.

Third, the third characteristic of China's philosophy: the connection between facts and values, and the connection between language and superlanguage.

In the history of western philosophy, Hume emphasized the dichotomy between "fact" and "value" and thought that "value" was only human.

Response to a certain social and tangible preference ",that is," unverifiable concept ",so

Confusing "fact" with "value" will cause "cognitive confusion". In the tradition of western epistemology,

Emphasize cognitive priority, virtue is knowledge, emphasize objective knowledge, emphasize objectivity and fairness of knowledge, and advocate value.

Be neutral and avoid infiltrating values and beliefs into research. For us to do research, we should temporarily put facts and values

Differences, as a link or level in the research process, deserve attention. China's traditional values are excellent.

First of all, both value and cognition do have disadvantages.

The basic spirit and characteristics of China traditional culture;

First of all, China's traditional culture is the product of a natural economy dominated by agriculture under a closed ecological environment. It was created with the Han nationality as the main body and the wisdom of people of all ethnic groups. It is a social spiritual form of a specific region and a specific group of people, and it has a strong national character.

Secondly, China's traditional culture is a complete and huge system, which lasted for 5,000 years. It permeates all aspects of social life from philosophical thinking, thinking mode, psychological tendency and so on. It is very rich and has the integrity of content.

Third, as a cultural tradition, whether it is natural or selective, it will be passed down from generation to generation and will not stop with the passage of time. The inheritance of education belongs to selective inheritance, that is, the inheritance of excellent parts. Therefore, it is permanently hereditary.

Fourth, traditional culture belongs to the old times. Due to the limitations of the times, it is always divided into two parts. Essence and dross coexist, and nutrition and toxin coexist. It has both positive and negative effects on education, and has a dual impact.

Influence of Taoism on China: Taoism is a religion rooted in China and originated from the ancient traditional culture of China. After its birth, it had a great and far-reaching influence on China culture, especially in the late feudal society, and the influence of Taoism could be seen everywhere in China culture.

In literature, the influence of Taoism is very extensive. Many biographies of immortals included in Daozang, such as Liu Xiang's Biography of Immortals in Han Dynasty and Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals in Jin Dynasty, are exquisite essays with unique style and value. Taoism has also deeply influenced the creation of folk literature and literati. In China's several famous classical novels, The Journey to the West's characters include Buddha and Jade Emperor headed by Tathagata. There are chapters in the Water Margin, such as Zhang Tianshi begging for epidemic disease, meeting Xuan Nv for nine days, and Gongsun Sheng breaking high integrity. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has such plots as Zhuge Liang predicting bad luck and begging for rain. A Dream of Red Mansions is accompanied by monks, all of which reflect the influence of Taoism. Taoism also promoted the development of China's literary theory and writers' artistic imagination. The ever-changing rich imagination in Li Bai's poems is obviously related to his longing for the immortal world.

In terms of art, Taoist music has developed by absorbing folk music from all over the world and even music from the western regions. It has not only produced such famous musicians as A Bing (the author of "The Moon Reflected in Two Springs"), but also preserved many music scores, such as "The Echoes of the Ritual" and "The Jiao Xuan Movement of the Ming Empire", which are valuable heritages of China folk music.

In science and technology, many alchemists often attack chemistry, pharmacology and medicine at the same time. For example, Ge Hong of the Jin Dynasty not only wrote the Inner Chapter of Bao Puzi, which recorded his understanding of the chemical changes observed in the process of alchemy, but also wrote various medical books such as Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Elbow Urgent Prescription, and Fairy Oral Prescription. Sun Simiao's research on medicine is more profound and respected by later generations. ". It was invented by Taoist alchemists when refining Dan medicine. Many Taoist priests are also proficient in astronomical calendar calculation. It is said that Zu Chongzhi may be a Taoist. Taoism pays attention to health preservation, preserves and develops Qigong, and also contributes to China's human science. In addition, some Taoist priests also developed China's boxing, such as Zhang Sanfeng, the founder of Wudang Neijia Boxing in the Northern Song Dynasty.