Official kiln, one of the five famous porcelains.

The Imperial Kiln is one of the five ancient porcelain kilns in China (Chai, Ru, Guan, Ge and Ding). One of the five famous porcelains after the Song Dynasty, Jun kiln was added instead of Chai kiln, such as Ji in the official kiln. This kind of porcelain, together with Ge, Ge and Ding, is also called the five famous porcelains in China.

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The official kiln was a porcelain kiln opened by the government in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan) during the Daguan and Zhenghe years of the Northern Song Dynasty. Later generations generally referred to official kilns built by successive governments in China for firing porcelain, and the ceramics produced were used by the court.

"Official porcelain" is a special term, which refers to the porcelain made by the official kiln set up in the capital during the Song Dynasty and Zheng He period. Celadon glaze is crystal clear, cracked or ice-like, characterized by pink purple.

After crossing the river in the Southern Song Dynasty, all the famous kilns in Jiangbei were destroyed by war. Before Jingdezhen, Changnan Town, Jiangxi Province was given the name "Jingdezhen", where Kublai Khan set up the Floating Beam Porcelain Bureau in the Yuan Dynasty. Except for the royal design, all the ceramic craftsmen captured in the war were sent to Changnan Mansion.

After nearly a thousand years' development, this ancient town of Changnan, which has unique kaolin resources, has officially become the centralized place of official kilns in China. The Millennium kiln fire has continued to this day, creating a unique flourishing age in Changnan.

So in addition to the famous official kilns in Song Dynasty, there are also official kilns in Liao Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. Official kiln products must meet the royal aesthetic standards, which objectively restricts the artistic development of ceramic craftsmen. After the Qing Dynasty, the products of official kilns gradually declined.

The official kiln began in the Tang Dynasty, which refers to the tribute and the official factory. There are many tributes in official kilns, but few in official factories. The form is "officials supervise the people to burn", and the porcelain burned is "one in a thousand, one in a hundred" and given to the ruling class. This kind of porcelain is called tribute porcelain and official kiln.

There was a secretary in the producing area of porcelain in Tang Dynasty. For example, in the early days of Tang Jinglong, Zhao was sent to supervise the affairs of Yuezhou kiln. In the Yuan Dynasty, a bureau was set up to promote the supervision of pottery, and later it was changed to the general manager. Porcelain with the style of "Jingdezhen Year System" and "Shufu" are called "Jingdezhen Kiln" and "Shufu Kiln" respectively.

broad sense

The names of official kilns have different connotations in the history of ancient ceramics in China. In a broad sense, it is a porcelain kiln which is different from folk kilns, operated by the government and monopolized by the court.

In the Song Dynasty porcelain, the official kiln is a proper name, which refers to celadon fired by the court of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, so there are also "old officials" and "new officials". The former is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the latter is the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Song official kiln is also called Bianjing official kiln. According to legend, during the Daguan and Zhenghe years of the Northern Song Dynasty, a kiln was set up near Bianjing to burn palace porcelain, which was the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. Because the Bianjing site in the Song Dynasty has sunk underground, the Imperial Kiln site in the Northern Song Dynasty has not been excavated, and the Imperial Kiln site in the Northern Song Dynasty lacks archaeological excavation site materials and sufficient literature support.

There are still different opinions about the location of the imperial kiln site in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are generally three opinions: one is that the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty is Ru kiln; The second theory denies the existence of official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty. Third, the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty was Bianjing official kiln, which existed successively with Xiuneisi official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.

From Kublai Khan's establishment of the "Floating Beam Magnetic Bureau" in Yuan Shizu to the demise of the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen was the seat of the Royal Porcelain Factory in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The official kiln system lasted for 632 years, and Jingdezhen in Jiangxi had the longest firing time, the largest scale and the most exquisite craftsmanship.

Therefore, there are a large number of ancient broken porcelain buried underground in Jingdezhen, which has become the most complete, reliable and informative official kiln site and "underground porcelain capital" in China.

There are few handed down products in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the shape, quality and technology are similar to those of Ru kiln. Most of the utensils are antique, mainly bowls, bottles, washing and so on. The carcass is thick, the fetal bone is dark gray, purple or black, and the glaze color is light blue, pink blue and moonlight white. Moreover, Wen Ya's enamel color is bright and moist, especially famous for its big cracks in glaze, which is different from the porcelain of official kilns, Ru kilns and Longquan kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are burn marks on the bottom of nails, which have the characteristics of "purple mouth and iron feet"

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xiunei Temple Kiln and Jiaotan Xia Yao were established successively. Southern Song Dynasty official kiln ware, tires are black, dark gray, light gray, beige and so on. The thickness is different and the tires are delicate. The glaze color is opaque and multifaceted, including pink blue, light blue, gray blue, moonlight white, beige and so on. Because the glaze at the mouth of the vessel is thin and purplish; When the glaze mat is burned, the tire is exposed on the foot, showing reddish iron, so it is called "purple iron foot".

The Ming Dynasty adopted the form of "officials burning the people". At first, there was a government-run factory, which specialized in firing tribute porcelain, also known as Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory, and there were special factory officials. Funds came from the local government, servants were compiled, and more than 50 kilns were built, which were dedicated to burning imperial vessels, that is, tributes.

After the development of Song Dynasty, porcelain firing reached its peak in firing technology and types of utensils, and there were different representative varieties in each period, such as Yongle Sweet White, Yongxuan Blue and White, Chenghua Doucai and Wan Jia Multicolor.

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During Yongle period, Jingdezhen porcelain production flourished. This period is an important stage of China porcelain firing, and it is also an important stage of connecting the preceding with the following and internal and external communication between Song and Yuan Dynasties. Skillful craftsmen not only inherited the exquisite craftsmanship of their predecessors, but also made bold innovations and improvements.

New porcelains with the characteristics of the times, such as Yongle sweet white, blue and white, underglaze red, etc., were fired, especially multi-color low-temperature underglaze porcelains, which broke the tradition that most porcelains were monotonous in color and made them more pleasing to the eye, laying the foundation for the firing of Chenghua Doucai, Wan Jia multicolored and even Kang Yong dry pastel porcelains.

The Qing Dynasty was the peak of China's porcelain-making history, and the level of porcelain-making reached an unprecedented peak. Influenced by the hierarchical feudal ruling system and the historical tradition of porcelain-making, the inscriptions of official kiln porcelain and folk kiln porcelain in the Qing Dynasty also have certain conventions, and at the same time, new inscriptions of gold, ink and enamel have been created, and various hall names, flowers and auspicious symbols are more diverse.

narrow sense

Strictly speaking, the narrow sense of "official kiln porcelain" is divided into two types, imperial kiln porcelain and official kiln porcelain. These two kinds of porcelain are purchased under the supervision of the "official", so they are collectively called official kiln folk porcelain. But as far as management is concerned, there is a very big difference.

Imperial kiln porcelain refers to the porcelain specially used by the royal family. There are strict etiquette rules in modeling and decoration, and the hierarchy is strict, which strictly corresponds to the "car service system". Misuse or unauthorized use is a felony.

1, Royal Porcelain: For example, the "yellow porcelain" of Qing Yongzheng is the royal color, which can only be used by emperors and princes. Judging from the design, the emperor used a golden dragon with five claws, while the prince could only walk the dragon with four claws, also called a python (there was only one imperial edict and two seals in the Qing Dynasty). One person has enjoyed the treatment of using Huang Zheng, five claws and five dragons). These things have been systematically passed down to this day. The first one is "porcelain for the wedding of Emperor Tongzhi";

2. Wang Fu Porcelain: This kind of porcelain was specially burned for other members of the royal family, including the prince. The famous "Ledaotang Porcelain" among cultural relics is a model of Wang Fu porcelain.

3, Yipin Palace Porcelain: Under the world, it is the land of kings, and the place of command is the king's minister? More for the reward of the emperor. The themes of early court porcelain were mostly taken from the auxiliary clothing elements on the official clothes, such as the unicorn of Wuyi Yipin and the crane of Wenyiping.

It is a compromise between royal etiquette and folk custom to hide Duo Long's claws in the cloud and water in the porcelain of folk kilns.

Official kiln porcelain, mainly used by huge bureaucrats, requires relatively low types and is mostly limited to topics other than "ceremony" such as the myth of flowers, birds, insects and fish. Sometimes the royal family will buy it as a "fun" toy, but it is mostly used by officials and wealthy businessmen. This kind of porcelain is generally purchased by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and a special pottery supervisor is set up in Jingdezhen, which is fired for many years.

distinguish

The products are divided into two types: thin tire glaze and thin tire thick glaze celadon. The fetal quality is loose and purple-gray. Celadon with thin tire and thin glaze is fired in Zhi Ding, with full glaze color and 3 to 4 or more Zhi Ding marks on the outsole.

Thin-walled glazed celadon, fired with a cushion cake, with opaque glaze. The glaze color is mainly pink, but also light yellow and cyan. The pattern is rare, with purple mouth and iron feet. There are bowls, plates, washing machines, bottles, stoves and so on. And antique bronze and jade carvings are more common.

Now it refers to the official kiln.

The official kiln was first located in Maogong Cave (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu). The official kiln porcelain of the Southern Song Dynasty follows the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, with regular symmetry, court momentum, elegant atmosphere and meticulous. Because of the high iron content in the tire soil, it feels heavy, and the tire soil is dark brown, which is later called "purple iron foot". The glaze is heavy and bright, thick as fat and moist as jade.

Repeatedly scraping the glaze, the glaze is heavy without glare, the texture layout is regular, and the shape is solemn and generous. In addition, the "bones left by meat decay" (the exposed part looks like the bones of the dead, commonly known as "Gu Dong") was also made at that time. The official kiln we are talking about today generally refers to the porcelain fired by official kilns in past dynasties. In fact, in history, they only refer to porcelain fired in the Southern Song Dynasty, and later generations did not have this name.

Auction appreciation

Deep-bellied bowls of official kilns in Song Dynasty.

65,438 yuan+066.842 million yuan

Imperial kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty have been handed down from generation to generation, which is very rare and precious. At present, there are four pieces of porcelain in Shanghai Museum, one in Hongxi Art Museum of Taiwan Province Province, and several pieces of remains and porcelain unearthed at the site of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty by China Cultural Relics and Archaeology Department. So far, there is no complete porcelain in the world. The official kiln deep belly bowl and oval wash that participated in this filming are handed down from ancient times by overseas private collections. Because the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty evolved from Ru kiln, it is even more precious, and its cultural relic value, historical value and collection value far exceed Ru kiln. To be sure, the market value of the oval washing (the first one) of the deep belly bowl in the official kiln is immeasurable.

Southern Song Dynasty official kiln green glaze octagonal plate bottle

Rmb 965438+0,9065438+0,65438 +060.

The color of the official kiln is turquoise, bright, even and elegant, reflecting a sunny day after the rain, and the glaze is like gold thread, dancing and gossiping, weaving the unparalleled classics. From time to time, Longquan kiln, mechanical learning, and the wind of imitation burning in later generations continues to this day. In the Ming dynasty, people wrote many articles and praised them greatly. During Xuande and Chenghua periods, Jingdezhen official kilns were mostly imitated, but the shape was slightly smaller. After entering the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng once took the treasures of the palace to Jingdezhen and ordered the imperial kiln owner to burn them accordingly. If this product is shaped, it may be found in it.

Emperor Qianlong, especially good at ancient treasures, threw himself into his liking, entered a large number of Song officials into the DPRK, saw it as true, chose its goodness, and wrote poems. This kind of product has puzzled the world for a long time, and it has only been distinguished in recent years. 1989, the National Palace Museum in Taipei exhibited and recorded 143 official kilns, including 30 bottles. However, only four pieces are real official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Southern Song Dynasty Xiu Neisi Official Kiln Begonia Bottle

Rmb 80.408 million yuan

Xiunei Temple official kiln, also known as the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, has a very short firing time. Many porcelain and kiln furniture were found in the ruins of Tanguan kiln in Wuguishan, a suburb of Hangzhou. The fetal quality is dark gray or grayish brown, the fetal quality is light and thin, the glaze layer is thick, and the glaze color is pink blue, honey yellow and other colors. There are often plates, bowls, dishes, etc. And antique utensils were influenced by Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty and were used as palace furniture. There are rich cultural relics unearthed from the official kiln site in Jiaotan, and their characteristics are consistent with those recorded in previous dynasties.

The glaze color of the official kiln porcelain in the Southern Song Dynasty is mainly powder cyan, which is extremely pale blue-green according to the chromatographic color, but some are mainly gray-green and yellow-green tones. Good opacity, rich glaze layer, and the pursuit of jade roughness in texture. The existence of the official kiln in Xiunei Temple is even more rare. This bottle of begonia is extremely light in weight, which conforms to the typical characteristics of thin tire and thick glaze in official kiln, and the glaze color is also the ultimate in official kiln. Purple mouth iron foot craft is a typical feature of official kiln in Southern Song Dynasty. Although it has been honed over the years, its glaze color still maintains a strong jade texture, such as jade!

Oval washing of official kilns in Song Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty

7465438 yuan+052000 yuan

The official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty was built in Zhanggong Lane, Ruzhou, Song Huizong, and was mainly used for firing celadon. The shape of utensils often has elegant palace style, and the glaze colors are moonlight, pink and green. The azure glaze on the carcass of the official kiln is slightly pink with large stripes on the glaze, which is a typical feature of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty.