About Bamboo

Bamboo, the common name for plants of the bamboo subfamily of the grass family (Gramineae), generally woody. According to recent discoveries, it also includes a few herbaceous and near-herbaceous species called herbaceous bamboos. Ancient China called the plant "not rigid and not flexible, non-grass and non-wood, small differences in the empty solid, the same program" bamboo. Han name "bamboo" character, hieroglyphic, from the arrangement of the shape of bamboo leaves. According to "Shuowen Jiezi": "bamboo, winter grass, like shape, hanging down the Ruo also." Ruo is bamboo leaves. Branch tip leaves drooping, forming a number of "a" character. The interpretation of the name "(Liu Zhao of the Eastern Han Dynasty) also said that" bamboo is said to be a ". Bamboo's English name "Bamboo" comes from the shape of sound, that is, the bamboo culm in the fire when the fire issued by the cracking sound.

Morphological features bamboo has underground stems, culms, branches, leaves and culm sheaths, flowers, fruits and other organs.

Underground stem is the main organ of nutrient and water transmission, storage, growth of bamboo culm and reproduction and renewal. It can be divided into two basic types: uniaxial type and uniaxial type, as well as compound axial type between the two (Figure 1). The uniaxial underground stem is also known as the thick underground stem. By the bamboo culm base (bamboo root and stem) of the large shoots sprouting growth, in the soil near the ground for a short distance (generally 10 ~ 30 centimeters) lateral extension, each section of the culm sheaths wrapped, no roots, no buds, also known as false whip. Its tips out of the ground for bamboo shoots, grow into bamboo culms; new bamboo culms at the base of the buds sprouted the following year to form a new false whip, shoots into bamboo, outwardly, so the ground bamboo culms dense plexus, known as coaxial tufts of bamboo. Some bamboo species such as pear bamboo (Melocanna baccifera), bamboo (Pseudostachyum polymorphum), bamboo (Sinarundinarianitida), etc. pseudo-whips up to more than 1 meter long, scattered distribution of above-ground stems, known as the axial scattered bamboo. ② uniaxial underground stem, also known as fine underground stem, in the soil can be long-distance lateral extension, when young for the culm sheath package; old culm sheaths rot, the section of the alternate buds and whorls of roots, known as the true whip. True whip is divided into whip neck, whip body and whip tip 3 parts, always called whip section. Whip neck is the new whip connected to the old whip part, no roots and buds; whip body is the middle of the bamboo whip, there are roots and buds; whip tip is the growth and extension of the bamboo whip part. The side buds of the whip body sprout, or extend horizontally for the new whip, or head growth for bamboo shoots, out of the ground into bamboo. Therefore, the ground bamboo culms are sparse and scattered, known as uniaxial scattered bamboo. The bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens), which accounts for about 70% of China's bamboo forest area, belongs to this type. New whips are constantly produced and old whips are constantly dying. The bamboo forest also expands outward. There are also very few tips out of the ground, growing into a small bamboo, known as the whip bamboo. ③ compound axis type underground stem both lateral growth of the real whip, but also from the root of the bamboo root side buds sprouting, head out of the soil of the false whip, so the ground culms both dense clumps, but also sparsely scattered, known as the compound axis of the mixed bamboo.

Bamboo culm The main body of the bamboo. It is divided into 3 parts: stalk, culm base and culm stem. The stalk is the lowest part of the culm, connected to the culm base of the whip or parent bamboo, small, shortened internodes, not rooting, composed of ten or more sections, is the hub of the bamboo's above-ground and underground systems connected to the transmission. The base of the culm is the rooting part of the culm, consisting of several to dozens of nodes with short and thick internodes. The base of the culm of both the co-axial and compound-axial bamboo species is interspersed with large buds (also known as bud holes), which can sprout into bamboo shoots or grow into bamboo whips. The nodes of the culm base are densely rooted, forming an independent root system of the bamboo plant. Culms, stalks and roots are collectively known as the root and stem of the bamboo plant. The culm stem is the above-ground part of the culm that bears branches and leaves, and is generally round and hollow with nodes. Each node has two rings: the lower ring for the culm sheath ring, also known as the sheath ring, is the bamboo culm sheaths fall off after the ring marks; the upper ring for the culm ring, also known as the growth ring, by the intermediate meristem stops growing after the bulge of the aging and become. However, some bamboo species such as video editing printers of the genus Bambusa (Bambusa)? The culm ring of some bamboo species such as Bambusa (Bambusa), Schizostachyum (Schizostachyum), and Dendrocalamus (Dendrocalamus) is less obvious. The part between the two rings is called the intranodal node, where the culm internodes are located. The nodes are interwoven with basic thin-walled tissues and vascular bundles, which play a role in enhancing the mechanical strength and lateral transport of the culm.

The number of culm nodes varies. Shibataea chinensis (goose feather bamboo) has only a few nodes, while moso bamboo has 70-80 nodes. The internode length ranges from a few centimeters for the Buddha's belly bamboo (Bambusa ventricosa) to more than 1 meter for the powdered single bamboo (Lingnaniachungii) (see color chart). The internode length of a single bamboo plant is always longer in the middle of the culm and shorter at the base and tip, in line with the pattern of taller growth of bamboo shoots and young bamboos. The length of the culm is highly variable. Gooseflesh bamboo culms are only a few tens of centimeters long, while giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) reaches more than 30 meters long, and woven bamboo (Dinochloa andamanica) can reach 90 meters. The diameter of the culms ranges from a few millimeters (e.g., Gooseberry) to more than 30 centimeters (e.g., Dendrocalamus giganteus). Most culms have varying degrees of curvature at the tip. The slender cane bamboos, on the other hand, can extend their growth into the upper canopy by leaning on other supporting trees.

Most culms have hollow internodes, and the diameter of the cavity and the thickness of the wall vary according to the species. Wooden bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides f. zitchiku) has nearly solid culms. Penny bamboo (Bambusa pervariabilis), hemp bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and other bamboo wall is thicker, smaller cavity, thin bamboo (Schizostachyum chinense) bamboo wall is very thin, only a few millimeters, the cavity is large. Giant bamboo, moso bamboo base wall thickness of up to 3 centimeters, but the bamboo culm is thick, so its cavity is also large.

The wall of the bamboo is divided into three parts: outer, middle and inner. The outer part is called bamboo green, the epidermal cells contain chlorophyll, the bamboo culm is green when young, with the age and become yellow-green and yellow, due to the vascular bundles are small and arranged densely, the texture is tough. The inner side of the culm is called bamboo yellow, the vascular bundles are large and sparsely arranged, the texture is hard and brittle, the inner side of the bamboo yellow has a layer of film, also known as flute membrane or lamellar crumbly. Between the bamboo green and bamboo yellow for the middle of the bamboo wall, its vascular bundles and the arrangement of the basic tissues are generally uniform and neat. A typical bamboo vascular bundle consists of the bast, xylem and the surrounding fiber sheath.

The life span of a bamboo culm is generally 5 to 10 years, and some species of bamboo, such as moso bamboo and osmanthus bamboo, can live for more than 20 years.

Branches The way the bamboo branches and the number of branches vary according to the bamboo species. Bamboo species of the genus Indocalamus and Sasa are unibranched, with only one main branch per section of the culm. Its thickness is almost equal to that of the culm. Bamboo species of the genus Phyllostachys are double-branched, with two main branches per node. Bamboo species such as Sinobambusa and Indosasa are three-branched, with three main branches per node. The printers' bamboos have a longitudinal length and a longitudinal length, with three main branches per node. The pruning bamboo species of the genus ? Bamboo species such as the prunus and mongoose are multi-branched, with a large number of branches per node. Except for a few bamboo species, the size of the main branches does not vary significantly. Large and medium-sized bamboo species of branching nodes are mostly in 10 sections, but some species such as bamboo, bamboo (Phyllostachysbambusoides), etc. branching is higher, up to 25 ~ 30 sections, bamboo culm under the branch length of up to 1/2 of the total length of the culm, but also some species of bamboo such as Penny bamboo, culm, from the ground on the ground on the nodes of the branching. Bamboo branching is usually divided into 3 levels, namely, the main culm branching main branch, main branching lateral branch and lateral branching branchlets.

Bamboo leaves and culm sheaths Bamboo leaves are attached to the apices of branches at all levels, one leaf per node, staggered in two rows. When new leaves are not unfolded, wrapped in needle-like, after unfolding, the blade is lanceolate or elliptic, the leaf sheath is long, wrapping part of the bamboo branch internodes. The petiole is short or absent. The size of the leaf blade varies greatly. The leaf blade of Bambusa multiplex var. nana is only a few centimeters long and a few millimeters wide, while the leaf blade of Bambusa multiplex var. nana is 30 to 50 centimeters long and 10 to 15 centimeters wide. The midvein of the leaf blade is prominent and consists of several vascular bundles juxtaposed. The parallel veins are prominent, connecting with the transverse veins to form small squares. The inner side of the leaf blade where it joins the leaf sheath has a membranous sheet or cilium called the ligule. On both sides there are auricular projections called auricles.

The leaves of bamboo culm are called culm sheaths or bamboo shoot culm sheaths. Culm sheaths are attached to the culm sheath ring, the intermediate meristematic organization has a protective role. Intersegmental growth stops, bamboo culm sheaths are generally formed off layer and fall off, there are some species of bamboo culm sheaths late fall or persistent culm. Culm sheaths equivalent to leaf sheaths, papery or leathery, wrapped bamboo culm internodes. Culm sheath apex central bearing a blade, called culm sheath leaves or narrow leaves. Culm sheath leaves without midvein, erect or outwardly inverted, deciduous or persistent. Culm sheath apex sides called culm sheath shoulder, bearing culm sheath auricles or shoulder hairs. Culm sheath leaves and culm sheath joint in the inner side, bearing culm sheath tongue.

Flowers and fruits The inflorescence of bamboo plants can be divided into two main types. That is, a finite true inflorescence that occurs once and an infinite pseudo-inflorescence that occurs many times. True inflorescences have a common peduncle, and the main axis of the inflorescence is branched into paniculate, racemose, and subspicate. The pseudo-inflorescence consists of sessile pseudospikelets forming capitate, globose clusters. Spikelets stipitate or absent, containing 1 to many flowers. Each spikelet has one to several (usually two) glumes below. Each flower has one lemma and one palea. Flowers usually bisexual. Stamens usually 3 or 6, or varying between 3 and 6. There are also as many as 30-120. Ovary 1 per flower, with a style, stigma divided into 2 or 3. The fruit is usually a caryopsis. There are also types of fruit, such as sacs or pears.

Species There are about 60 genera and more than 900 species of woody bamboos (more than 80 genera and more than 1200 species) and 25 genera and more than 110 species of herbaceous bamboos in the world. There are about 30 genera and more than 300 species in China, with about half of them being uniaxial and half being monoaxial (including polyaxial), of which more than 50 have timber value. In the axial type, the printers bamboo is the largest genus, with about 100 kinds of printers bamboo, which belongs to five subgenera, namely, printers bamboo subgenus (Bambusa), Guadua bamboo subgenus (Guadua), Penglai bamboo subgenus (Leleba), mono bamboo subgenus (Lingnania) and green bamboo subgenus (Dendrocalamopsis), except for Guadua, which is produced only in South America, and the other subgenera are distributed in China. The other subgenera are all distributed in China. Among the monocotyledons, the genus Gangzhu is the largest, with more than 60 species, produced in East Asia and mostly distributed in China. The main bamboo species in China are listed below.

Bambusa textilis The underground stems are uniaxially tufted. Culms are erect, 8-12 meters tall, 5-6 centimeters in diameter at breast height, 35-50 centimeters in internode length, with thin walls and young culms covered with white hair powder. Young culms covered with white hair powder. Culm sheath leaves erect, long triangular, about as long as culm sheaths, culm sheath auricles small, long elliptic, nearly equal. Branches high, 10-12 short branches densely clustered, branchlets with 8-18 leaves. Pseudospikelets solitary or clustered at nodes of flowering branches. It is a major bamboo species in southern China, distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and southern Yunnan (Fig. 2).

Bamboo B. pervariabilis (B. pervariabilis) is clustered in jointed axes. Bamboo wall thicker, internodes 20-45 cm long, with yellowish-white rings of hairs on the basal nodes and yellowish-white longitudinal stripes between nodes. Culms green, smooth and glabrous, young culms with white wax powder pilose. Shoots May-August. Culm sheath leaves erect, subtriangular, base cordate, culm sheath auricles developed, highly asymmetric, lateral culm sheath auricles large and long oblique, medial culm sheath auricles small and short flat, with wrinkled fimbriate curls? hairs. Branches lower, branchlets with 5-9 leaves. Fl. 2～Aug. One of the main timber bamboo species in South China, distributed in the middle and lower part of Pearl River basin (Figure 3).

Bamboo (B. omeiensis) is uniaxially tufted. Culm apex slender pendulous, 5-10 m tall, 4-8 cm in diam. at breast height, middle nodes 40-60 cm in length, cylindrical, thin walled, culm sheath ring conspicuous, white tomentose bands above and below basal nodes. Culm sheaths green, leathery, hard. Culm sheaths green, leathery, hard and brittle, inner surface smooth, abaxial surface densely covered with brown spiny hairs, culm sheath blade apex pointed, outwardly inverted, culm sheath auricles absent, culm sheath tongue fimbriate. Branches high, branches short, densely clustered. Branchlet apex bearing several to more than 10 leaves, blade thin, 10-30 cm long, 1-3 cm wide. The leaves are thin, 10-30 centimeters long and 1-3 centimeters wide. Cizhu is the most common gabion bamboo species in southwestern China, distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and southern Shaanxi (Fig. 4).

Maozhu (Phyllostachys pubescens) is uniaxial and scattered. Underground stems with stout transverse walks. Culms erect, 6-18 m tall, 6-15 cm in diam. at breast height, central internode up to 45 cm long. Branchless internodes cylindrical, culm ring flat; branch internodes grooved on one side, culm ring prominent. Culm sheath rings elevated at nodes throughout culm. Young culms densely puberulent, glabrescent with age, with a white powdery ring under culm sheath ring, darkening with age. Asparagus white-yellow, yellow-brown tomentose in soil, emerges in March-April as spring asparagus. Culm sheaths thickly leathery, purple-brown, densely covered with brown hairs and black-brown patches, shoulders hairs developed, culm sheath ligule broad and short, both sides decurrent; culm sheath leaves long triangular to lanceolate, green. Branches high, 2 branches per node, branchlets bearing 2-4 leaves, blade lanceolate. Leaf blade lanceolate. It is the most widely distributed of the Chinese bamboo plants, east from Taiwan, west to northeastern Yunnan, north to northern Anhui, southern Henan, and south to Guangdong and central Guangxi, with Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and northern Fujian as the central production areas (Fig. 5).

Guizhou bamboo (P. bambusoides) is uniaxially scattered. Culms 6-16 m tall, 4-14 cm in diam. at breast height, green, glabrous, glabrous, without white powder, culm and culm sheath rings elevated, shoots in late May. Culm sheaths yellow-brown, with ink spots, sparsely erect bristles; culm sheath auricles smaller, with long curved shoulder hairs, culm sheath ligule slightly elevated, culm sheath leaves triangular to laceolate, orange-red, margins green, straight or slightly wrinkled, pendulous. Branches tall, 2 per node. Branchlets bearing 3 to 5 leaves, blade lanceolate, lower face green, with auricles and long shoulder hairs. Flowering April to June. Widely distributed, east from Jiangsu, west to Sichuan, south to the middle of Guangdong, north to Henan, south Hebei (Figure 6).

The tea-culm bamboo (Arundinaria amabilis) has mixed compound axes. Whip internodes slender, whip roots sparse, nodes not elevated. Culms erect, 6-14 m tall, 2-6 cm in diam. at breast height, internodes 30-40 cm long, culm rings flat, culm sheath rings linear. Young culms green, old culms covered with gray-white or black waxy patches. Shoots April-May. Culm sheaths brownish green, grayish green when withered, tardily deciduous, stiffly brittle with chestnut-colored prickly hairs, culm sheath auricles curved setae, culm sheath ligule brown, striate; culm sheath leaves elongate, apiculate, erect. Branches high, many per node, small and short, erect, blade 4-8 inserted on branch tip, linear or lanceolate, leaf sheath persistent. The leaf sheaths are persistent. It is a major export bamboo species of high economic value in China, distributed in Guangdong, northern Guangxi, and southern Hunan, with Huaiji, Guangdong, as the central production area, and introductions in the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Fig. 7).

Geographical Distribution Bamboo is distributed from the equator to the cold temperate zone, and can grow from the plains and hills to below the snow line in the high mountains. However, most bamboo species are found between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, decreasing with increasing latitude and altitude. A few cold-hardy bamboo species, such as the Kubai Red Bamboo (Sasa kurilensis), can be distributed to the central part of Sakhalin Island (Kuril Islands) at 51°N latitude; some species of the genus Arctostaphylos are still distributed at a height of 3,400 meters in the Himalayas. The total geographic distribution can be divided into three major bamboo areas:

Asia-Pacific Bamboo Area South to New Zealand, north to Sakhalin Island (Kuril Islands), east to the central Pacific islands, west to southwestern India. There are more than 40 genera of bamboo, more than 600 species. There are both synaxial and uniaxial types. The former accounted for about 3/4, the latter accounted for about 1/4. Among them, about 100 species of thick culm shape and excellent material. Southeast Asia has abundant rainfall and stable heat, which is the ideal environment for bamboo growth and the center of bamboo distribution in the world.

China is one of the center of bamboo production areas, the Yangtze River Basin to the Yellow River Basin for the scattered bamboo area. South of the Tropic of Cancer, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan and other places for clumping bamboo area. On both sides of the Nanling Mountains is a mixed area where two types of bamboo species are distributed. China's scattered bamboo and Japan, North Korea's bamboo plants belong to the same region, not only the same genus, some bamboo species are also the same; and the southern clumping bamboo is Southeast Asia's bamboo plants.

The American bamboo area across North and South America, south to the southern tip of Agenyen at 47 ° South latitude, north to the eastern part of North America around 38 ° North latitude, *** there are 18 genera more than 260 species. In addition to the green hedge bamboo genus, are the axis type, the vast majority of bamboo species culm shape is short, no material value. Central America is the distribution center of bamboo in the Americas, the vast majority of herbaceous bamboos are found in this region.

African bamboo area South to 23 ° S Mozambique, north to 16 ° N of the eastern Sudan, from the west coast of Senegal to the south-east across the continent of Africa's tropical regions, to Mozambique and Madagascar, there are patches of bamboo forests distributed. There are only a few native bamboo species on the African continent, and there are 11 genera and about 40 species of native and introduced bamboo species in Madagascar***.

There are many genera in the Asia-Pacific Bamboo Region and the African Bamboo Region that are the same, indicating the affinity of the bamboo flora of the two major bamboo regions. There are no native bamboo species in Europe, they are all introduced from Asia, Africa and Latin America. The pruning bamboo is a world genus, and the dragon head bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is a world species, which is distributed in the three major bamboo regions.

Biological characteristics Bamboo is an evergreen (except for a few species of bamboo in the dry season deciduous) shallow-rooted plants, requiring warm, humid climate conditions. The average annual temperature of 10 to 15 ℃, annual precipitation of 700 to 1000 millimeters for the temperate bamboo area; average annual temperature of 15 to 20 ℃, annual precipitation of 1000 to 1500 millimeters for the subtropical bamboo area; average annual temperature of 20 ℃ or more, more than 1500 millimeters of annual precipitation in the region for the tropical bamboo area. The climatic conditions in the distribution areas of alpine bamboos are approximately equivalent to those of temperate bamboo areas. Within a small area, topography, geomorphology, elevation, and slope direction affect the condition of water and heat, and thus also the distribution of bamboo species. The underground stems of scattered bamboos are deeper into the soil, and the bamboo shoots grow in spring, and the bamboo culms age before the winter of that year, thus they have strong adaptability and resistance to dry and cold climatic conditions, and they are mostly distributed in the higher latitude and altitude areas. The underground stems of tufted bamboo are generally shallow, part of the culm base and buds exposed to the ground, shoots in summer and autumn, when the new bamboo lignification is poor, can not withstand freeze-drying, mainly distributed in the low latitude humid plains and hilly areas. The root system of bamboo is concentrated and dense, and the growth of bamboo culm is fast and large, with strong transpiration and high requirements for soil water and fertilizer conditions. The soil is deep, fertile and moist, rich in organic matter, acidic reaction of the soil is the most suitable for growth.

Most of the bamboo is a medium shade-tolerant plant, often invading broad-leaved forests or coniferous forests in mixed growth. Large and medium-sized bamboo species form the second and third layers of mixed forests, and small ones form the understory shrub layer. Some shade-tolerant bamboo species, such as arrow bamboo and red bamboo, often form a dense layer of living groundcover in the understory, hindering the renewal of forest succession.

The apical meristem of the true whip lateral buds and pseudo-whip terminal buds of the bamboo splits and differentiates, forming culm sheaths, nodes, joints, and inter-nodal meristem, which grows into bamboo shoots. Each internode of the intermediate meristematic tissue, bottom-up split extension, promote the growth of bamboo shoots and young bamboo. The bamboo shoots of uniaxial bamboo species grow from early spring to early summer (March to June), and the bamboo shoots can complete their high growth in 35 to 55 days after they emerge from the ground. The shoots of uniaxial bamboo species usually grow in summer and fall (August to October), and it takes about 80 to 100 days for the shoots to emerge from the ground and stop growing. The shoots of compound-axis bamboo species are in between the two. After bamboo shoots emerge from the ground, the growth is slow at the beginning, accelerated in the middle, and slowed down in the late stage. The length of the internodes formed also correspondingly shows the rule that the lower part of the culm is short, the middle part is long, and the upper part is short. The uniaxial type of bamboo shoots, young bamboo internode extension and its lateral buds sprouting twigs roughly at the same time.

The renewal of bamboo leaves is usually once a year; there are also every other year, such as more than one year old moso bamboo plants usually every two years to change the leaves once. Most of the uniaxial and compound-axial bamboo species have the dormant buds in the lower nodes sprout into new leafy twigs before the old leafy twigs fall off; while many of the synaxial bamboo species have the new leaves continuously drawn from the top of the branches, and the old leaves in the lower part of the branches are constantly withering off. In most bamboo species, the shedding of old leaves and the development of new leaves are almost simultaneous; however, in moso bamboo, the new leaves will not be fully developed until about 1 month after the shedding of old leaves. In areas where the dry and rainy seasons are very distinct, evergreen bamboos can become deciduous, such as the Indian bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), which has a leafless period of several months.

Bamboo plants bloom once in a lifetime, and many times in a lifetime. 1 time flowering bamboo species, after the flower of the whole forest or the whole bush died, and then natural seed renewal recovery (such as moso bamboo, Penny Bamboo, etc.). There are also some species that after the death of the whole forest, the underground stems of individual species can still produce renewed whips and grow renewed bamboos, such as cinnamon bamboo and Phyllostachys vivax. Bamboo species that bloom several times in a lifetime will produce new culms after each bloom and resume their nutritive growth. There are also some flowering and fruiting and bamboo shoots at the same time, continuous. Bamboo flowering in some pieces into a group, some scattered scattered, even in a single culm only part of the branches of flowering and fruiting, another part of the branches of the leaf renewal.

The bamboo forests or bamboo clusters produce few or no bamboo shoots before flowering; the bamboo leaves are yellowish, or all of them fall off, or they are replaced by short new leaves. The increase of carbohydrates and the decrease of nitrogen content in the bamboo body indicate that the flowering period is approaching. Flowering is not limited by the age of the bamboo plant, in the flowering bamboo forests and bamboo clusters, both old and new bamboos can flower. Older bamboos bloom earlier, usually in the spring when the leaves change, while newer bamboos bloom later, nurturing their flowers after new branches are drawn. Flowering can occur throughout the year, but the blooming period varies according to the species of bamboo, generally the blooming period of clumped bamboos is from March to April, and scattered bamboos are from April to July. The flowering cycle of several years, dozens of years, decades or even hundreds of years, mainly depends on the genetic characteristics of bamboo species, but also affected by environmental conditions.

Bamboo is a three-carbon plant. The chromosome type is small, base 12, and most bamboo species are tetraploid (48) or hexaploid (72).

Production technology Bamboo can be planted naturally after flowering and fruiting, and germinate seedlings under the forest to renew the old forests; it can also be rooted out, or collect seeds, and cultivate live tiller seedlings according to the conventional forestry nursery technology, and transplant them to forests. In addition, bamboo seedlings can also be propagated by asexual methods such as burying culms, burying whips and inserting culms. Commonly used planting bamboo afforestation material is with underground stems and culms of bamboo root and stem, that is, choose 1 to 2 years old without pests and diseases of strong bamboo plants, with the soil with root and stem dug up, cut off the tops, leaving branches 3 to 4 plates. If transported to other places, should also be wrapped bamboo root and stem, to prevent the shock fall dormant soil, injury buds. According to the ecological characteristics of bamboo species to choose afforestation land, comprehensive, strip or block land preparation, according to the 3 ~ 5 × 3 ~ 5 m plant spacing, digging planting holes. Winter and early spring (December to February) is the season of slow physiological activity of bamboo, planting survival rate is high. Bamboo roots are shallow and afraid of drought and flooding. It should be irrigated in the rainy seasons and areas in the north, and drained in the rainy and waterlogged places in the south. New bamboo forests should be weeded and loosened frequently before they are closed, but they should be prevented from hurting the whips, roots and shoots. It can also be intercropped with bean crops, green manure, oilseed rape and other bamboo farmers to plow instead of caressing. Organic and chemical fertilizers should be applied according to the condition of the forest and the growing season. Grazing is strictly prohibited in newly planted bamboo forests. Young forest bamboo plants are generally more and small, to carry out intercutting and nurturing, to the small to stay big, to the old to stay young, to the weak to stay strong, to the dense to stay sparse, but also to cut off the tips of the bamboo, to remove the top of the dominant, to promote the growth of the branches and leaves and the extension of the underground stems.

On the timber bamboo species such as moso bamboo, osmanthus bamboo, pseudo-moso bamboo (Phyllostachyskwangsiensis), light bamboo (P. glauca), hairy golden bamboo (P. nigravar. henonis), white bamboo (P. nidularia), Dianthus bamboo (P. nuda), tea culm bamboo, full of mountain popping bamboo (Sinobambusa laeta). Sinobambusa laeta), long-branch bamboo (Bambusa dolichoclada), Penny Bamboo, hard-headed yellow bamboo (B.rigida), bamboo (B.sinospinosa), bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, etc. in the intensive management of the protection of bamboo shoots, digging bamboo shoots, weed removal and loosening the soil, digging out the root and stem of the bamboo, compression of the green fertilizer, Prevention and control of diseases and insects, reasonable felling and other measures, and hook tops to prevent wind and snow pressure. In general, bamboo forests for timber use only split the mountains to nurture and control felling. In the northern areas where precipitation is less concentrated, spring irrigation, summer irrigation and fall irrigation must be carried out according to the season and the growth of bamboo. For the old and defeated material bamboo forest can be used to cut down the old bamboo, dig the old whip, split the mountain and loosen the soil, pressure green fertilizer and other measures to improve the fertility of the forest floor, and promote the bamboo forest recovery and renewal. For bamboo species with bamboo shoots for food, such as moso bamboo, osmanthus bamboo, light bamboo, Dianthus bamboo, white bamboo, early bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox), feeder bamboo, square bamboo (Chimonoba mbusa spp.), hemp bamboo, green bamboo (Bambusa oldhami), hanging green bamboo (B. beecheyana), big-headed bamboo (B. beecheyana var.), and bamboo (B. beecheyana var.), the forest should be fertilized by cutting down the old bamboo. B. beecheyana var. pubescens), etc. The main management measures include loosening the soil, applying fertilizers, digging out the senescent underground stems and root and stem of the bamboo, retaining the strong bamboo, and digging bamboo shoots in batches. Bamboo shoots are formed early, can be dug in the winter asparagus. Zhejiang Hangzhou area of early bamboo, feeding chicken bamboo in addition to the production of spring bamboo shoots, but also the use of ditching, broken whip, burying fertilizer and other measures, operating whip bamboo shoots production. Bamboo seedling diseases are standing blight, bamboo shoot rot disease, etc., adult bamboo diseases are withering disease, bush disease, bamboo culm rust disease, etc.. The main pests are bamboo straight cone weevil, bamboo horizontal cone weevil, one word bamboo weevil, yellow spine bamboo locust and so on. In addition, Chinese bamboo rats, silver star bamboo rats and bamboo rats are often harmful to the growth of bamboo.

Bamboo harvesting and transportation Adaptation of bamboo forests on the ground of different age bamboo plants, underground whip root and root connected to the situation, in order to take into account the harvesting, it is appropriate to select the logging. After the bamboo shoots become bamboo, the culm shape no longer changes, but the physical properties and mechanical strength of the bamboo material continues to grow, until the middle age into the stabilization period. Therefore, the harvesting age of culm bamboo plants, moso bamboo is 6 to 8 years old, and other bamboo species are 3 to 4 years old; gabion bamboo should have excellent toughness, and the harvesting age should be smaller, generally 1 to 2 years old. In the growing season, the physiological activities of the bamboo plant is exuberant, felling bamboo will cause a large number of injuries; bamboo felling during the shoots will increase the number of bamboo shoots, affecting the bamboo shoots, the growth of young bamboos, and reduce the quality of new bamboos. Generally, it is better to cut down the bamboo in winter. This time the weather is dry, the flow of bamboo liquid is slow, felling bamboo is not easy to insect moth, mold rot.

The harvesting volume of the bamboo forest is determined according to the conditions of the land, the intensity of the operation and the bamboo forest, as well as the age of the bamboo plant, distribution, growth and pests and diseases. The large bamboo species of material with bamboo plants generally per hectare to stay 3500 ~ 4500, medium and small bamboo species to stay 30,000 ~ 45,000, bamboo shoots with bamboo plants to stay should be appropriately reduced. The principle of harvesting is also to cut the small and leave the big, cut the old and leave the young, cut the weak and leave the strong, cut the dense and leave the sparse, deformed bamboo and diseased bamboo must be cut. The old bamboo in the middle of the clump, the new bamboo in the clump around, should be cut inside to stay outside. General use of bamboo in the ground 1 ~ 3 cm at the cutting; special use of bamboo stalks with root and stem (such as fishing with large moso bamboo) to dig through the root and stem of the bamboo around the soil, cut off the roots of the bamboo, even root and stem felling. Agricultural bamboo stalks should also be cut with root and stem. The cut bamboo plants should be dumped on the slope or at a high level for transportation. The hole of bamboo with root and stem felling should be filled in time to avoid the accumulation of water and rotting whip. Felling bamboo plants on the spot to hit the branch, with manpower or cableway transportation set of bamboo storage field, and then land transportation or bamboo according to the thickness and length of the graded tie rows, along the water flow (see wooden rows).

Utilization of bamboo and the development of Chinese culture has a close relationship. The history of the Chinese people's use of bamboo can be traced back to the Neolithic era. Zhejiang Qianshanyang Neolithic site excavated artifacts in bamboo baskets, bamboo baskets, dustpans and other bamboo ware, oracle bone inscriptions (16 to 11 centuries BC) in the records of bamboo products. Bamboo for the "eight sounds", one of the Zhou Dynasty bamboo musical instruments have been as many as seven categories. In addition to modern bamboo widely used in construction, transportation, furniture, paper, split gabion weaving, bamboo branches can also be processed into a whip, broom. Bamboo whip can be used as a pipe, cane, chicken broom handle. Bubble bamboo false whip can be prepared fishing sieve. Bamboo roots remove the shell can be used as a brush. Bamboo root and stem can be carved works of art and burning bamboo charcoal. Bamboo culm sheaths can be braided rope and papermaking. Large bamboo leaves can be lined with canopies, hats, parcels of food and so on. In recent years, the study of the nature of bamboo and bamboo products processing technology and new developments (see bamboo).

Scattered bamboo shoots in winter and spring, clumps of bamboo shoots in summer and fall, fresh bamboo shoots contain sugar 0.76 ~ 4.27%, fat 0.26 ~ 0.94%, protein 1.44 ~ 4.04%, as well as phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium and other trace elements and a variety of vitamins, is a traditional Chinese valuable vegetables. Bamboo shoots can also be processed into dried bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots, pickled bamboo shoots, sweet and sour bamboo shoots, canned bamboo shoots and so on. In Japan and China, bamboo shoot processing has become one of the emerging food industry. Bamboo leaching, bamboo roe can be used for medicinal purposes.

The underground system of bamboo is developed, the bamboo whip is longitudinal and horizontal, the root system is interwoven, in the mountain slopes, plateaus, river banks, river beaches, lake shores have the role of soil consolidation and prevention of erosion.

Bamboo form straight and upright, stalks beautiful, branches and leaves, evergreen, winter does not wither, rich in ornamental value, is an important component of the South China Landscape Garden essential, the traditional garden combination of plum, orchids, chrysanthemums, bamboo, one of the members. The characteristics of bamboo is often compared to the elegant style and chaste quality of human beings, to praise and praise, and plum blossoms, pine trees and known as the "three cold friends". Su Dongpo, Zheng Banqiao bamboo poems, bamboo paintings and calligraphy, known as the three best.