A detailed explanation of the nine parts of world folk music

Temperate regions of East Asia, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Mongolia, are dominated by pentatonic scale.

Although the musical theory represented by tonality theory appeared in ancient China, which can compete with the highly developed musical theories of ancient Greece and ancient India, and a lot of theoretical studies have been made on the seven-tone scale, which has been applied to classical art music, the rotating feature of this seven-tone scale is still to emphasize the pentatonic scale.

In addition, in folk music closely related to people's lives and feelings, it is very obvious that pentatonic scale and rotation are the main methods.

Most of the music handed down by ethnic minorities in China is pentatonic.

The situation in North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia is basically the same.

Japanese chromatic scale and Ryukyu scale are different from metrical scale and folk scale without chromatic scale, but they are all pentatonic scales.

Therefore, East Asia can be called a pentatonic music cultural area.

The greatest feature of East Asia Music Culture Zone in music aesthetics is the pursuit of simple and elegant horizontal music beauty.

In form, it has the following characteristics: (1) elastic beat and rhythm; (2) pentatonic and pentatonic rotation; (3) Gradual music structure; (4) Monotonicity of sound expression.

In addition, there are many similar factors in the use of musical instruments represented by pipa, huqin and sanxian, as well as in the musical structure and genre form.

(b) Southeast Asia Music and Culture Zone

Southeast Asia can be roughly divided into two parts: mainland and island.

In the form of music in Southeast Asia, the coexistence of pentatonic and heptatonic scales, the similarity of multi-voice folk songs and musical feelings of Tibetan-Burmese language families or islands such as Timor and Lombok in the northern mountainous areas, and the pedigree and distribution of bronze drums and metal percussion instruments across Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are all unique features of this music cultural area.

The musical aesthetic characteristics of the people in Southeast Asia are manifested in their love for the simple, fresh and steady musical beauty of bronze and bamboo.

In terms of musical form, it has the following characteristics: (1) musical instruments mainly made of bronze and bamboo.

(2) Take two beats and four beats as the basic beats.

(3) A legal system characterized by the law of seven averages.

(4) The basic music texture is monosyllabic music that pays attention to the side melody.

(3) South Asia Music Culture Zone

It refers to neighboring countries and regions, including the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka, and is also known as the Indian Music and Culture Zone.

In terms of music, Indian classical art music with highly developed music theory as the background has been the peak of the region since ancient times.

Among Indian classical art music, Hindustan music centered on North India embodies the influence of * * * music, while Karnatik music in South India has the characteristics of prototype India. These two trends cover almost the whole Indian subcontinent.

Folk music of various nationalities, which evolved from these classical art music, has a very extensive and far-reaching influence in the Indian music cultural area.

In addition, although there is a so-called organization that 22 tones are divided into 22 equal parts in classical music theory, in real music life, it mostly appears in this music cultural area in the form of quarter-tone homodyne.

On the characteristics of South Asian traditional music.

(1) The mainstream position of Indian music in South Asia.

(2) The diversity of music in South Asian countries.

(3) Music art is closely related to religion and folk customs.

(4) Drum instruments and plucked instruments are fully used.

(4) Music and cultural areas in West Asia and North Africa.

West Asia, geographically referring to the western part of the Asian continent, consists of * * * countries, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Israel and Palestine.

However, as a cultural region, North Africa should include Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco on the Mediterranean coast in addition to the above countries.

In addition, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in the former Soviet Union can also be included.

As far as music is concerned, West Asia and North Africa are the most famous as one of the cradles of world music history.

Many ancient musical instruments have been proved in the relief and archaeological excavation of the king's tomb.

At the same time, the prototypes of these instruments and the ancient musical styles using these instruments also spread to the east and west along the trend of civilization.

This tendency not only played an important role in ancient times, but also in the long-term historical process since then, especially in the Middle Ages.

For example, the court music in the Middle Ages was the brilliant music in the world under the influence of Iran (Persia), an advanced cultural region at that time.

Its musical instruments, such as santur, Canon, Ude and Nai, as well as music, dance, musicians and music theory, are described in detail in Alice Farhani's story collection "One Thousand and One Nights" and "Song Book".

Since then, such a music system has spread to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Europe, constantly changing itself and exerting influence on local culture, which has become the driving force for their innovation.

In addition, during the Ottoman Empire, its military music had a great influence on the development of modern European music.

That is, its band organization developed into a western brass band, and the form of military music itself became a foundation for the development of artistic music, resulting in alla turea's works.

The characteristics of traditional music in West Asia and North Africa: (1) the dominant position of Persian-* * * music system and its musical characteristics: the use of sound difference and the conditional cavity of music; Markham and Dast Gacci's spinning system: equal rhythm and uneven rhythm coexist; The texture thinking mode is mainly horizontal; Similarities in the use of musical instruments.

(2) Diversity of folk music.

(v) Black Africa Music and Culture Zone

Africa is located in the southwest of the old hemisphere, known as the equator, bordering the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north.

There are nearly 700 languages and many faiths in Africa, so the musical styles and general cultural characteristics are also diverse.

However, the diversity of black African music will never affect the musical unity of the whole region.

Judging from the social function, application mode, composition principle of melody rhythm, musical instrument types and other musical features, the similarity of musical styles in black African music cultural areas is obvious.

The main music genres are: (1) folk singing: In black African society, singing has become a natural behavior emerging from daily life.

In addition, having various professional or semi-professional musicians has become one of the characteristics of black Africa.

(2) Folk dance, song and dance, musical dance: Dance is an indispensable part of the music life in black Africa.

Dances in black Africa can be classified into ritual dances and entertainment dances according to performance content and application occasions.

From the formal characteristics of dance expression, African black dance can be roughly divided into: song and dance, music dance, mask dance, stilt dance and so on.

Musical Instruments and Instrumental Music: Drum and drum music are the most distinctive and important musical instruments and instruments in Black Africa. They are not only diverse, rhythmic and expressive, but also applied to all aspects of life.

The categories of black African musical instruments are: body musical instrument, membrane musical instrument, string musical instrument and air musical instrument.

The style and aesthetic characteristics of black African music emphasize the musical beauty of the rhythm and timbre change of percussion instruments.

In terms of musical form, it has the following characteristics: (1) percussion instruments represented by drums play an important role in black African music.

(2) The rhythm is complex and diverse.

(3) The characteristics of scale, melody and singing form.

(4) Multi-voice singing.

(vi) European Music and Culture Zone

Europe lies in the northwest of the old hemisphere.

The coastline is tortuous, with many peninsulas and islands.

Europe has a large population density, complex nationalities and rich language families.

Religions are mainly divided into Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism.

The above geographical, ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural environment provides a broad natural and cultural background for the emergence and development of rich and diverse European music.

European music culture is divided into: Western Europe and Southwest Europe; Central and Eastern Europe; Scandinavia and northern Europe; Southeast Europe.

Brief introduction to the characteristics of European traditional music: the style and aesthetic characteristics of European music are the pursuit of dynamic polyphonic music beauty.

It has the following characteristics in music form.

(1) Musical tone: Some changes of tone components (pitch, timbre, intensity) unintentionally used in the sound process.

Even if there are some sounds with cavities, they are only used by accident subconsciously, and their concept still emphasizes the fixity of musical sounds.

(2) Mode and melody: The mode of typical European music is based on the four-tone series.

These four-tone series all contain two full-tone intervals and one semitone interval, which are arranged in different ways and can have three different types of four-tone series.

(3) Beat and rhythm: In the traditional music of European nationalities, although there are also non-uniform rhythms with free beats, the functional uniform rhythms are representative.

In other words, its strong and weak beats appear in cycles according to the division law of bar lines.

(4) Texture: In the music of many ethnic groups in Europe, in addition to monosyllabic texture, there are a large number of multi-voice textures, and their multi-voice thinking is based on vertical, that is, they pay great attention to the vertical relationship between voices while paying attention to the smooth lateral melody.

Traditional harmonic progression is used for accompaniment.

(5) Musical instruments: European musical instruments are characterized by bagpipes, violins, guitars and accordions.

(vii) North American Music and Cultural District

Geographically, North America refers to the land located in the northern part of the western hemisphere, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Panama Canal in the south.

The North American Music Culture Zone is mainly composed of Canada, the United States and Greenland, Denmark.

Indians and Inuit, immigrants from Europe, Africa and other parts of the world and their descendants have made important contributions to the development of music culture in North America.

The North American Music Cultural District shows the characteristics of pursuing colorful music beauty in music aesthetics.

That is to say, residents of all walks of life kept all kinds of music in their original places of residence, and they also merged and blended with each other, resulting in new musical genre forms and musical characteristics, but there are still obvious differences in styles between them, which are colorful on the whole.

Among them are the music of Inuit and Indians, the music of immigrants and their descendants from Britain and France in Europe, the music of immigrants and their descendants from black Africa, and the music of immigrants and their descendants from all over Asia.

(viii) Latin American Music and Culture Zone

Latin America refers to the vast area from the Rio Grande on the border between the United States and Mexico to Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of the mainland.

Because this region of Latin America has long been influenced by Spain, Portugal and France, which belong to the Latin family, people used to call it Latin America.

Latin American culture is a multi-mixed culture formed on the basis of multi-cultural integration.

Therefore, it has broad and colorful characteristics.

On the characteristics of Latin American traditional music.

(1) The Indian factor in Latin American music.

(2) European (Iberian) factors in Latin American music.

(3) African-American factors in Latin American music.

(9) Oceania Music and Culture Zone

Oceania is located in the vast sea area north and south of the equator in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean.

The residents of Oceania are generally marine peoples.

Especially in Polynesia and Micronesia, many people are familiar with astronomical and tidal knowledge and have mastered superb navigation skills. Therefore, they began to move along the islands in southern China and Southeast Asia, settled down, and then moved again. After this complicated national movement track, it can be said that the vast sea area has become their free world and their natural living environment.

It is on this small island surrounded by the sea that there are similar ecological environments, similar occasions for playing music and the same materials for making musical instruments. Therefore, the style and style of music are similar, and the modeling of musical instruments also has many same-sex characteristics. Therefore, the homogenization of Oceania music as a whole has been formed.

The musical aesthetic characteristics of the indigenous people in the Oceania Music Culture Zone are the pursuit of lofty and natural musical beauty.

It has the following characteristics in music content, genre form, melody, rhythm and scale, musical instruments and so on. (1) Music content: As a maritime nation, people in Oceania have many songs with the lyrics of navigation, islands inhabited by ancestors, fishery production, kayaking technology and so on. People living in inland areas mainly sing about mountains, rivers, forests, deserts and other environments, as well as their hunting and gathering life in such environments and their knowledge about these aspects; Fishermen and climbers regard animals, plants and ancestors as irreplaceable protectors.

In the maintenance of social organizations, it is obviously a necessary code of conduct like law, so many songs are sung with stories mixed with myths and legends and historical facts as lyrics; It is typical to show the historical facts as they are, or to enter the role singing in a story, which can be seen in the lullaby that is still circulating.

Talking slowly and comfortably, repeating the melody pattern that I don't know when it will end, and unfolding the story of history has become the best explanation in the linear time flow of history.

(2) the category of music genre: from the form of expression, it can be clearly divided into: the artistic ability of collective completion, such as chorus, ensemble, group dance, etc.; Solo, solo, solo performed by one person.

Judging from social habits, men and women have their own independent trajectories.

In addition, the emphasis on vocal music is better than pure instrumental music; Multi-voice texture, which makes multiple voices overlap and sing, is widely spread on many islands.

For example, in Polynesia, there was a multi-voice chorus at first; In some areas of Micronesia, you can hear contrapuntal multi-voice singing with overlapping different melodies at the same time.

(3) Melody and rhythm scale: In all kinds of music in Oceania, melody and rhythm are almost all passed down in a standardized mode.

Therefore, all songs are constantly increasing with the creation of lyrics, and it is often seen that current affairs topics are immediately compiled into lyrics to sing.

(4) Musical instruments: The subtle differences in the materials and structures of musical instruments in different places have brought the diversity of the sound world to music in Oceania.

Among the musical instruments in Oceania, the most important is the body-singing instrument.

The above is a detailed explanation of the nine branches of world folk music.

Among them, some were typed according to Wang Yaohua's Introduction to World Folk Music, and some were copied from a courseware on the Internet.

If there is a typo, correct it yourself ~

Website://fjnu.edu/music/wlkc/ckda-1.

://fjnu.edu/music/wlkc/ckda-2。

……

You just have to change the last one. The number before it becomes 3 or 4-9, and it is ***9.

I reviewed the Introduction to World Folk Music again, hoping to help you.