Classification of Traditional Railways in China

According to the transportation capacity of railways and their functions in railway network, railways are classified.

China's Code for Design of Railway Lines (GB50090-99) and Code for Design of Railway Lines (GB50090-2006) only involve traditional railways. Note: Code for Design of Intercity Railways, Interim Provisions for Design of Newly-built Passenger-freight Co-line Railways with a speed of 200km/h (Tie Han Jian [2005] No.285), Code for Design of High-speed Railways, the trial version in 2009 and the official version in 20 14 are not included. China 1975 "Technical Specification for Railway Engineering in China" stipulates that China railway is divided into three grades. Among them, Class I railway is the backbone railway in the national railway network; Class II railway is a railway that plays a liaison and auxiliary role in the national railway network. The third-class railway is a railway that serves a certain area.

Mainly consider the following factors: 1. The significance of railway line in national highway network, 2. National requirements for the long-term annual transportation capacity of the line, and 3. Function and transport capacity of lines in road network. Railway classification is a sign to distinguish the role and significance of railways in the national railway network and the long-term passenger and freight volume. It is the basis for determining railway technical standards and equipment types.

China's Code for Railway Line Design (GB50090-99) stipulates that the grade of newly built or rebuilt railways (or sections thereof) should be determined according to their functions, properties and long-term passenger and freight volume in the railway network: Class I railways that play a key role in the railway network, Class II railways with long-term annual passenger and freight volume greater than or equal to 20Mt, play a key role in the railway network, and railways with long-term annual passenger and freight volume less than 20mt, or play a liaison and auxiliary role in the railway network. Class III railway, serving a certain area, has the nature of regional transportation, and the long-term annual passenger and freight volume is less than 10Mt. Among them, the annual passenger and freight volume is the sum of the freight volume in the direction of heavy vehicles and the logarithmic conversion freight volume of passenger cars. 1 pair/day passenger trains are converted according to the annual freight volume1.0 mt.

The determination of railway slope of design line directly affects railway engineering investment, transportation capacity and economic benefits. The higher the grade, the higher the construction standard, the overcapacity, the premature investment and the backlog of funds; The low grade setting can not meet the requirements of traffic growth, leading to premature reconstruction. Therefore, the railway grade of the designed line should be carefully determined. The grades of railways can be consistent across the whole line or determined by sections. When the route is long and the natural and economic conditions and traffic flow in the passing area are very different, the grade can also be determined by sections. However, it should be avoided that there are too many grades on the same line or the section length of the same grade is too short, which will make the technical standards of the line change frequently. China's Code for Design of Railway Lines (GB50090-2006) stipulates that the grades of newly-built and rebuilt railways (or sections) should be determined according to their functions and properties in the railway network and the long-term passenger and freight traffic. China railway construction standards are divided into four grades, namely, Grade I, Grade II, Grade III and Grade IV. The specific division conditions are as follows:

Class I railway: the railway that plays a key role in the railway network, or the railway with an annual passenger and freight volume of ≥20Mt in the near future;

Secondary railway: the railway that plays a liaison and auxiliary role in the railway network, or the recent annual passenger and freight volume.

Third-class railway: the railway serving a certain area or enterprise, and the recent annual passenger and freight volume.

These traffic specifications are about national railways rather than local railways. Railway grade is the synthesis of technical grade (technical standard) and social grade (functional orientation). For example, the high-speed rail in China is a high-speed passenger dedicated line (with a minimum speed of 250 per hour). Speed is a technical aspect, and passenger and cargo orientation is a transportation function (role and position in the economic field).

There are different angles or types of railway grades, such as road network condition, speed, passenger and freight direction, etc. The national railway I belongs to the state level of the road network, and the high-speed rail spans different types (speed is also the main skeleton of the railway network).

In the traditional railway era in China, the technology was similar, and the railway grade was almost equal to the social grade, only the simple classification in the national railway and subway.

The highest level of traditional railway in China is National Railway I, with simple system, no double track, no electrification, no bus rapid transit and no dedicated passenger train. The first double-track railway in China is the Beijing-Guangzhou double-track railway. At that time, the high-speed rail had already started, and the Beijing-Tianjin intercity high-speed rail was under construction. A new hierarchy has emerged in the era of high-speed rail and fast rail.

In the era of high-speed rail, all kinds of railway technologies have developed greatly, and there are many grades in the technical grade system, and each grade is very differentiated.

Main understanding: high-speed rail level; The big gears and small gears within the first level of the national railway, the big gears are fast rail gears, ordinary rail gears, ordinary rail power distribution gears and combustion gears, and the small gears are single-track and double-track gears. The average person is less interested in understanding the national railways below the first level. High-speed rail-fast rail-general rail is divided into three grades, high, medium and low.

In the press release "China Railway Corporation: China's high-speed railway network will cover cities with more than 500,000 people in 20 15", China Railway Corporation stated that by the end of 20 15, the operating mileage of China's high-speed railway had reached more than18,000 kilometers, while the high-speed railway network had reached more than 40,000 kilometers (the total railway mileage in that year was/kloc)

Both high-speed rail and express rail run EMU trains, which are electrified railways. There are two kinds of ordinary tracks: electric and gas. Therefore, high-speed rail, fast rail, electricity and fuel can also be said to be four levels.

The national railway level includes two levels: express railway and important ordinary railway. As for the second, third and fourth grades of national railways and the first and second grades of subways, they generally belong to ordinary railways. Passenger Dedicated Line-Passenger Dedicated Line-Freight Dedicated Line: There are three grades of passenger and cargo angles, which are divided into high, medium and low. Most of the railways are passenger and freight lines, and a few are dedicated freight lines. Passenger dedicated lines are divided into high-speed rail (China stipulates that high-speed rail is only used for passenger transport) and express rail.

The position of passenger dedicated line is higher than that of passenger dedicated line in railway grade.

Note: The grades of railways or lines in the approval of China's high-speed railway projects, some indicate high-speed railways, and some indicate passenger dedicated lines, with different angles. Lobbyist major is a big type, higher than passenger and freight lines and freight lines. It belongs to the advanced railway, and there is nothing wrong with it. Just like the national railway has many first-class levels, some approvals simply express the big level, while others are further specific. Some people write reports in general terms, while others write in detail. In the era of high-speed rail, the new macro level of China Railway is: high-speed rail; National Railway Class I (including headline express railway and important ordinary railway, top grade national railway Class I is double-track express railway), national railway Class II, national railway Class III and Class IV; Subway level 1 and subway level 2. For example, the German-Dalian Railway is a national railway and the Dalailong Railway is a subway.

Noun: the national railway is the national railway, which is different from the local railway.

Difference: Grade label (mark) and real grade are different concepts. For example, the first-class highway is a label (it may be true or the gold content in the back may be reduced), and expressway is the real first-class highway. China Development and Reform Commission's approval document for the high-speed railway project indicates the high-speed railway or passenger dedicated line, and other railways indicate the first and second grades of national railways. In the intermediate stage of China's modernization with rapid railway development, the number of first-class railways has greatly expanded, because a large number of second-class and third-class railways and newly-built railways have become large railways and become part of the backbone.

There are backbones at different levels, and some of them must be backbones. For example, the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway are definitely backbones, and some of them are relative. They become its sections by hanging into the big railway, and they are designed and won by the prospects. High-speed rail occupies the main skeleton position in the national railway network, which is higher than the general (narrow sense) I level and is not marked as country I.

The first-class railway includes high-speed rail in a broad sense, which is lower than high-speed rail in a narrow sense.

The high-speed rail project approved by the National Development and Reform Commission is not a national railway level, but a high-speed railway or a passenger dedicated line (the text at the passenger dedicated line level will explain that other technical standards implement the requirements of the Design Code for High-speed Railways and other high-speed rail requirements, which determine that the passenger dedicated line is a high-speed rail level. Passenger trains are higher than passenger and freight lines.

Example1-comparison: the search shows that the Reply of the National Development and Reform Commission on the Feasibility Study Report of Building a New Jinan-Qingdao High-speed Railway was issued and changed toNo. [20 15]5 1, and the first-class standard was a high-speed railway with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour. Wait a minute.

Comparison: 2065438+April 2, 20041Reply of the National Development and Reform Commission on the Feasibility Study Report of Newly Built Shenmao Railway from Jiangmen to Maoming [2014] No.713] Description: Shenmao Railway: Functional Orientation: This project is an important part of the coastal railway corridor. Main technical standards: line grade: national railway level 1; Number of main lines: double lines; Design speed of passenger train: 200 km/h, and other technical standards shall be subject to the Interim Provisions on Design of Newly-built Passenger-Freight Co-Line Railway with a Speed of 200 km/h (Tie Han Jian [2005] No.285). Planned transportation capacity: 40 million passengers/year and 5 million tons/year.

Example 2- Comparison: 2014-11-05 Tencent. Com "The National Development and Reform Commission approves the total investment of seven railway projects in one day 1 998.6 billion" collects the approval documents of seven railway projects, among which1) level indicates the passenger dedicated line, which requires the implementation of "Code for Design of High-speed Railway". 2) The grades marked as Grade I of National Railway and meeting the Code for Railway Line Design (GB50090-2006) are: Nanning-Baise Section Second Line Project of Nankun Railway (speed 120km/h), newly-built Golmud-Korla Railway (passenger and freight lines are not specified) and newly-built Quzhou-Ningde Railway (speed 160)

A number of coastal railways, such as xiamen-shenzhen railway, are widely called high-speed railways, and the second line of Lan Xin is called Lan Xin high-speed railway (both online and offline are less than 250 hours). Actually, it's not the China version of the high-speed rail. China high-speed railway is positioned as a passenger dedicated line with a minimum speed of 250 per hour, which is clearly defined as passenger-freight common line and national railway I in the reply of the National Development and Reform Commission. At present, the first-class national railways include express railways and important ordinary railways, and the first-class ordinary railways have several small grades.

At present, the first-level internal division of China National Railway is very large, with many grades, which are roughly three intermediate grades and six small grades:

Referred to as: fast rail gear, electric general gear, combustion general gear.

1) express railway (speed 160-250, which is electrified railway), generally double-lane; Some are single-track, such as the Quning Railway in Zhejiang Province, with a speed of 160 km/h, electrified and single-track. So is the Lalin Railway in Tibet.

The long-winded argument is that a railway is a national railway I-class double-track electrified express railway, such as a construction company of Changbai express railway project. In fact, the use of EMUs by express trains and high-speed trains must include electrified power; At present, all high-speed railways belong to country I: railway grades include technical standards and social grades, and high-speed railways include both technical grades and social grades. At present, the high-speed railway is only built within the scope of country I, so it naturally has the status of country I. Maybe some country II railways can develop high-speed railways in the future? Maybe, but the bottom line of average speed will increase, the railway will develop greatly, and the low-level railway will be increasingly connected with Dalian Railway, and its status will be improved.

2) Electrified ordinary railways are divided into double-track and single-track railways.

3) Gas-fired ordinary railway is divided into two lines; Single-track, such as the speed 120 km/h of Suhuai Railway in the north of Jiangsu and Anhui, and single-track refueling (which will be upgraded in the future); Tibet Lari Railway is a single track, electrified at 20 15.

In addition, the high-speed railway 160-250 km is divided into different speed classes, and the ordinary railway 160 km is divided into different speed classes.

Contemporary national railways include: Changbai-Urumqi express railway, Chongqing-Changsha express railway and Lalin railway; Some important (mainly trunk railways) ordinary railways, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are ordinary railways, and the speed of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is very slow, while the speed of the Kuge Railway is very low. The speed of Largo-Ri Railway is120km, which also belongs to the national railway I class. 5. The first level of China Railway is higher than the second, third and fourth levels of China Railway. Class Ⅲ and Ⅳ are railways that serve a certain area or state-owned enterprise factories.

6. The national railway is higher than the subway. For example, the German-Dalian Railway is a national railway and the Dalailong Railway is a subway.

The lower floor is the enterprise railway special line (not called railway but called line).

7. Small-scale classification: there are small classifications at all levels: according to single line and double line, coal, electricity and electricity.