Ancient Chinese Dynasties Stages Characteristics

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Topic 1: The Formation and Initial Development of Ancient Chinese Civilization - Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Periods

Periods Politics Economy Culture

Ancient times Zen ceded system, communal world Lei ??ê, slash-and-burn cultivation, pottery, sericulture Primitive writing and painting

Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Hereditary system, feudalism, and patriarchal system. Land system: well-field system; farming method: collective farming by slaves; tools of production: gold and stone; handicrafts: bronze; business "industry, commerce and food officials" Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions, Western Zhou gold inscriptions.

Spring and Autumn and Warring States: rivalry between feudal lords, collapse of the feudal system, reforms and changes in law, the county system in its infancy, the well-field system collapsed, the establishment of private ownership of feudal land; iron plows and oxen ploughing; agriculture and business suppression; cast-iron softening technology; Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu, the Poetry of the Classic, the Li Sao, the founding and development of Confucianism, the Hundred Schools of Thought, Sinan, Confucius, and Yang Yang's changes in law.

The pre-Qin period is an important historical stage in China's entry into civilized society from primitive society, the emergence and perfection of the state, the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

1. Politically, Qi replaced the cession system with the hereditary system of kingship, and the Western Zhou established the system of succession of the first-born son, and the inheritance system was perfected.

(1) A local administration system was initially established during the Xia and Shang periods, and the Western Zhou practiced the feudal system, a political system based on the patriarchal system, which closely linked state administration with blood relations, expanded the ruling area, and made the Western Zhou a powerful state that lasted for hundreds of years.

(2) The establishment and continuous improvement of the central and local power order ensured the political monopoly and privileged position of the aristocracy, which was conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group as well as to the stability of the society as a whole.

(3) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the wars of rivalry and the change of laws in various countries broke the old order of power, and the feudal system gradually collapsed.

2. Economically

(1) Agriculture went through the stages of slash-and-burn, stone hoeing, Bronze Age and iron plow and oxen plowing, and the agricultural farming methods improved and matured; the land system was state-owned (well-field system) during the Western Zhou period, and then privately owned feudal land during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the relations of production underwent a fundamental change.

(2) Crafts became an independent production sector after separating from agriculture, which was monopolized by the government during the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou periods, and gradually formed three forms of operation: government-run, privately-run, and family-run during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods, with the crafts sector increasing and technology advancing.

(3) The emergence of commerce, and gradually from the government monopoly to the private sector.

3. Ideological and cultural

(1) The "Hundred Schools of Thought" was a reflection of the social changes in the ideological and cultural fields during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, and laid the foundation of Chinese culture, which was the first ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history.

(2) In the field of literature, poetry was a representative form of literature at that time ("Classic of Poetry" and "Chu Rhetoric").

(3) Writing was produced, and the oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty was already a more mature script.

Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C. to 220 A.D.

Qin Dynasty Period: Politics: Qin Shi Huang unified the whole country and established an authoritarian centralized system with the emperor system, the three dukes and nine ministers system, and the county system as the main elements.

Economy: Measures such as the unification of currency and weights and measures were conducive to the strengthening of economic exchanges between different regions.

Culture: The policy of burning books and burying Confucianism in a pit dealt a heavy blow to Confucianism, imprisoning thought and destroying culture.

The Two Han Dynasties (202 BC - 220 AD)

Han Dynasty: Politics: Consolidation of centralized power: the counties and states of the early Han Dynasty were parallel, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty enacted the "Pui En Decree" to solve the problem of the kingdoms, and the establishment of the assassins strengthened the supervision of the localities.

Strengthening of Monarchical Dictatorship: The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and formed the system of Chinese and foreign dynasties, which strengthened the monarchical dictatorship.

System of selecting officials: the system of inspection and examination, and the selection of filial piety and honesty

Economy: Farming was popularized, with the emergence of the columbarium, the substitution of the field method, and the method of ploughing with two oxen and one person, and the construction of water conservancy projects. Began to use coal as fuel for iron smelting, silk exported to Europe and won the title of "silk country", the Eastern Han Dynasty celadon. Commercial exclusively for trade in the city appeared, the time and place are subject to strict government restrictions, the implementation of the agricultural suppression of the commercial system, commercial development is difficult, the Western Han Dynasty opened the land and sea Silk Road.

Technology and culture: ideologically deposed the hundred schools of thought and respected only Confucianism, adapted to the needs of the centralized system. In science and technology, Cai Lun improved papermaking, and scientific and technological works such as the Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, the Treatise on Typhoid and Miscellaneous Diseases, and the Book of Bombyx mori appeared. In literature, Han Fu represented the highest literary achievement of its time.

Topic 2: The Maturity and Prosperity of Ancient Chinese Civilization - Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, Sui and Tang, Song and Yuan Periods

Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties Period (220 A.D. to 589 A.D.).

Politics: The three-province and six-ministerial system of centralized institutions began to take shape, (Note: the prototype of the three-province system appeared during the Cao Wei period, and the prototype of the six-ministerial system appeared during the Northern Zhou period), the nine-piece system was implemented, and the big families monopolized the officialdom (the four major families in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: the Wang Clan of Luangya, the Xie Clan of Chenliu, the Huan Clan, and the Yu Clan).

Economy: there was a cartwheel in agriculture, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the equalization of fields, plowing and harrowing technology, the handicrafts invented the method of pouring steel, and the Northern Dynasty burned mature white porcelain. In commerce, the grass market appeared - but because of the war, commerce in the north was once destroyed.

Culture: the rise of Buddhism and Taoism impacted on Confucianism, the orthodox status of Confucianism was challenged, Jia Si Fo compiled the "Essentials of Qi Min", and literati paintings began to appear - the saint of calligraphy Wang Xizhi, the painter Gu Kaizhi, etc.

Summary: Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties period of social unrest, national integration further development, while the northern farming economy has been destroyed to a certain extent, the southern economy has been developed, the formation of the maverick group of scholars (such as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, etc.) to promote the calligraphy, painting, literature and other arts development.

Sui-Tang period (581 AD to 907 AD)

Politics: Politically, the country was unified, with a vast territory, social stability, political clarity, advanced and perfected canonical system, the three-province, six-ministerial system and the imperial examination system further perfected the authoritarian centralized power system. The system of three provinces and six ministries and the imperial examination system further improved the authoritarian centralization of power, and increased administrative efficiency. The An Shi Rebellion broke out when Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Xuanzong set up the provincial governors, which led to the emergence of the "clans and towns" in the later stages of Tang Xuanzong's reign.

Economy: Sui and Tang before the implementation of the equalization of land system, promoting the development of agriculture; the emergence of ploughs and cartridges, the level of production technology; handicrafts and textile technology is high, the porcelain industry formed the two major systems of the southern blue and northern white, commercial prosperity, the cabinet and the advent of the fly money (the first bank), the workshop and the city, the official government directly manage the market and trade, Chang'an, Luoyang has become an international metropolis, the porcelain began to export a large number of.

Culture

Culture: Sui and Tang culture in the field of thought, science and technology, literature, art and other areas of comprehensive prosperity, leading the world, eclectic. Ideological Buddhism and Taoism prevailed, and the three religions were united. The invention of engraved printing, the end of the Tang Dynasty gunpowder for military use. In literature, Tang poetry flourished, with Li Bai and Du Fu as outstanding representatives. Artistically, painting entered a flourishing stage, and a series of calligraphy masters emerged: Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Zhang Xu, and Huai Su.

Summary: The Sui and Tang dynasties were the heyday of China's feudal society, and China entered a prosperous and open society.

Song and Yuan Dynasties (960 AD to 1368 AD)

Politically: the country gradually moved from division to unification. The authoritarian centralized system continued to develop and improve. In the Song Dynasty, the central government set up the "Two Prefectures", the Councillors of Government and the Three Secretaries of Departments, weakening the authority of the Prime Minister and further strengthening the imperial power, and sent civil officials to serve as prefects and set up the Tongjian (General Judges), which strengthened the centralized power. During the Yuan Dynasty, the centralized Zhongshu Province replaced the three provinces as the highest administrative organ. The creation of local provinces strengthened centralization and consolidated the unity of the multi-ethnic state.

Economy:

1. The economy of the south gained greater development, and the center of economic gravity of the country shifted southward.

2. The commercialization of agricultural products increased.

3. The technology and scale of handicraft production further developed.

4. Commodity economy was active, and commercial activities broke through the boundaries of "square" and "city", and the use of banknotes marked the unprecedented level of development of commodity and monetary economy.

Culture:

1. There was a peak in the development of science and technology, with the invention and spread of the printing press, compass and gunpowder.

2, the Song dynasty philosophical thought - the science of reason has developed greatly, advocating that reason is the original, emphasizing "the existence of the reason of heaven and extinguish human desire", and requiring "the realization of knowledge of the material things" at the same time. In the same era, there was also Lu Jiubuan's philosophy of mind, which advocated that "the heart is the reason", and the method of seeking the reason is "inventing the original mind", and became the official philosophy in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty (when Emperor Li Zong of Song Dynasty).

3. Song lyrics and Yuan dynasty compositions were the main forms of literature during this period.

4. With the development of the commodity economy, the secular nature of literature and art increased, prominently represented by Song lyrics and genre paintings reflecting the life of the citizens.

Summary: The Song and Yuan dynasties were a period of continued development of China's feudal economy and scientific and technological culture, and further strengthening of national integration.

Topic III: Brilliance and Stagnation of Ancient Chinese Civilization - Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368 AD to 1840 AD, before the Opium War)

Politics:

1) Further development of the authoritarian centralized system of power, the abolition of the prime minister and the establishment of a Cabinet in the Ming Dynasty, the setting up of a Military Office in the Qing Dynasty marked the unprecedented development of monarchical autocracy. set up marked an unprecedented strengthening of monarchical autocracy.

(2) The unified multi-ethnic state was further consolidated.

①Resolutely fighting against the forces of secession and rebellion, correctly formulating and implementing the national policy strengthened the management of the border areas;

②Resolutely counteracting foreign aggression and safeguarding the integrity of China's territory and sovereignty;

③The economic and cultural ties between the people of various nationalities were strengthened, and the feudal economy of the border areas was further developed.

Economy:

(1) From the middle to late Ming Dynasty, the sprout of capitalism appeared and developed slowly in the Jiangnan region, where the commodity economy was more developed.

(2) China's agrarian civilization began to decline, and the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce seriously hampered the development of the sprout of capitalism.

(3) Note: The conditions for the emergence of the germ of capitalism are, first, the long-term employment relationship, a product of the development of the twenty commodity economy to a certain extent.

Foreign relations:

(1) Foreign policy gradually moved from openness to closedness, and the gap between China and the West widened further.

(2) Western colonial power came east, the Chinese people began the struggle against colonization and invasion (Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan, Qi Jiguang fought against Japanese, etc.)

Culture

(1) Traditional science and technology were still at the forefront of the world, but the natural sciences were not developed, and the gap between China and the West widened.

(2) Confucianism was active, and with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence and development of the sprout of capitalism, early democratic enlightenment ideas with anti-feudal overtones arose.

(3) The eight-legged imperial examination and the writing prison embodied the strong colors of monarchical autocracy.

(4) Literature and art flourished and y reflected the decline of the feudal system.

Summary: The Ming and Qing dynasties were the last stage of China's feudal society, basically characterized by the consolidation of the united multinational state and the gradual decline of feudal society.

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