Expression areas of Hakka culture

The connotation of Hakka spirit is very rich, and its core lies in unity and progress. This is evident in the history of Hakka migration and in the various aspects of Hakka culture.

First of all, the spirit of unity among the Hakka ancestors has created a strong centripetal force. It is this centripetal force so that they in the long process of migration to the Central Plains of the brilliant civilization to the south of the reproduction and not be migrated to the indigenous assimilation. Typical Hakka buildings in Gannan, Jiangxi Province and Meizhou, Guangdong Province, such as the multi-storey dragon houses, the Tulou buildings in Yongding, and the nine halls and eighteen wells in Changting, are not only "a marvel in the world's architectural history" but also symbols of the Hakka people's unity and progress. In Yongding, there are some large earthen buildings with stone pillars, stone drums and pillars, carved beams and painted buildings; there are patios, gardens, rockeries, bonsai and fish ponds, which are breathtakingly beautiful. There are even tulou attached to the school, the building has the name of the building, columns have carved couplets, such as "Zhencheng building", "Zhenzang Liji, Chengde Da Cai", teaching people to comply with the rules and regulations, the importance of virtue and talent, and strive to make progress. These cultural imprints shine with the spirit of the Central Plains civilization of the spirit of respect for culture and martial arts, cultivation and study of the family.

Secondly, this spirit of unity and progress is also manifested in the foreign culture of the broad and cultured. The southward migration of the Hakka ancestors was a process of long-term struggle and unity between the Han Chinese in the Central Plains and the natives of the migratory areas, and ultimately the formation of the ****same body. Today's Hakka, by no means rely solely on the migration of the Han people of the Central Plains of their own reproduction, but through the integration with the local ethnic groups and the development and growth of the Hakka, but also other folk migrated into the Hakka residence and assimilated into the Hakka people. Hakka people as the main body of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, put forward the "natural and natural and noble, each other to enjoy peace", "the world's many men, all brothers; the world's many women, all sisters of the group," the slogan, showing the Hakka people want to and the indigenous residents of each other These slogans show that the Hakka people want to respect each other, live in harmony with the indigenous people and treat them equally, which is a kind of simple democratic thinking. In the Hakka area, people's religious beliefs are also very tolerant and friendly, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Christianity can be as close as a family, living in the same temple. Even Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, a pair of enemies, can be worshipped together in one niche. Mazu was originally the god of protection for people sailing in the coastal areas, and the Hakka people also invited her to the mountain villages as the god of protection for the mountain villages. The Hakka culture inherits and develops the essence of Chinese culture, and the long-term migration has cultivated the folk style of taking in the best, pioneering and enterprising without conservatism, which makes the Hakka people have strong cohesion and vitality. Before the Hakka ancestors entered Gannan, most of the indigenous people here lived in dry bar (elevated ground floor dwellings). The earth enclosure, is the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, Gan-Guangdong border bandits and thieves, social unrest, the family guest of the big families in order to effectively protect their lives, to protect the gathering of property, at the expense of huge sums of money and painstakingly managed to build, its structural form by the Meizhou region (Meijiang District, Meixian District, Xingning City, Wuhua County, Fenshun County, Taipo County, Pingyuan County, JiaoLing County) in Meizhou 2 districts, 1 city, 5 counties of the standard format of the Guangdong Province, the East Hakka --The standard form of Hakka in the eastern part of Guangdong Province is the "Weilong house", which was developed and changed. This a solid as a golden soup of huge buildings, the corners of the building has a gun tower, building connected, echo each other, fire cross as a network; fire attack, the fence is equipped with a number of fire water injection port; anti-siege, the fence is built with a number of grain silos ...... For the fence house, if you are subdivided into some detail, you can also see the two basic modes: solid type hollow type, solid type, fence The main building using the "hall type", just the two sides of the cross-house elevated, connected to a fully enclosed square enclosure plane, such as Guanxi new enclosure, an area of more than 10,000 square meters, there are three (a main secondary) three halls of the central axis, the doorway heavy pendant, corridor around the deep alleys, halls in front of the Harvesting Ping, the wall, the horse corridor and the garden and other facilities. Hollow type, such as Yang Village Yan wing around, an area of 2,500 square meters, around the main building does not set up, only along the perimeter of the building premises, in addition to the middle of the water well, is a large Wo Ping.

Today's Gannan, one of the main Hakka settlements, inhabited by more than 7 million Hakka people. When the distant years have become a thing of the past, and this infiltrated with the blood and tears of the Hakka people in the form of enclosure, but also in the eyes of the world has become a typical Hakka people's home structure, has become a symbol of the emotional world of the Hakka people. It cohesion of the Hakka people as a whole heart sighs, embracing the Hakka people through the vicissitudes of time, to remain in people's hearts, constitute a wandering Hakka people dreaming of the call of the soul. Hakka people for the funeral customs, do very thoughtful, and even too much red tape. Hakka ancestor worship is a strong sense of caution to the end of the matter, attaches great importance to". General funeral rituals can be divided into burial, burial and post-burial three parts, or three stages.

Two burials are generally practiced!

The secondary burial involves taking out the body, cleaning it, and then taking it to be sacrificed. The Hakka people's ancestors came from the Central Plains, so their marriage rituals are y influenced by the ancient customs; Hakka people attribute the rules, male and female marriages must be explicitly married, in order not to be ridiculed by the village.

The Hakka people's way of marriage, all in accordance with the ancient system of six rituals. The so-called six rituals are: to say kiss, send to determine, report the day and send the bride price, disk dowry, receive and send the bride, worship and eat noodles bowl chicken. The Hakka people live in mountainous areas and their economy is based on agriculture; rice is the main agricultural product. The rice fields in the Hakka area use stream water near the mountains and river water near the rivers. Water is pumped into the fields by waterwheels. Farmer's fertilizer, composted manure or composted stove ash for manure seed, participate in the lime fertilizer.

When the rice is ripe and harvested, no laborers are hired; the women in the neighborhood are asked to bring their own sickles to the fields to help cut the rice. This is called "help" when their families harvest rice, the women who have been helped by others to help the work of others. It is the full expression of the Hakka people's good tradition of solidarity and mutual help and equal treatment. Hakka dress is simple and practical, spacious and simple. They generally like to wear plain colors, especially blue, black and white, which are the most popular. Rural women generally wear a kind of apron to cover the abdomen, in fact, can cover the chest, hem wide and both sides, the upper end of the sewing flowers embroidery, plus "neck chain", "waist chain" and "dental plate", "Bracelet" and other costumes. Girls wear braids and young women wear buns. Laborers often wore short shirts, commonly known as "kimono" (褂哩). The men who have studied are wearing western-style pants.

Shoes and socks are mostly made of cloth and are homemade by housewives. The customs of the Hakka people generally include national traditional yearly festivals and customs, local worship and rituals.

Customs of the Year

☆Spring Equinox: On the spring equinox in February, the Hakka begin sweeping tombs and offering sacrifices to their ancestors, which is also called the "Spring Festival". Before sweeping the graves, a grand ceremony of ancestor worship is held at the ancestral hall, where pigs are killed, sheep are slaughtered, drummers are invited to play, ritualists read the rituals, and three offerings are made. At the beginning of the Spring Equinox Tomb Sweeping, the first thing to do is to sweep the graves of the founding ancestor and the distant ancestor, and the whole clan and the whole village will be mobilized on a very large scale, with the team often amounting to several hundred or even thousands of people. After the graves of the founding ancestors and distant ancestors are swept, then the ancestors' graves are swept in different houses, and finally the private graves of each family are swept. In most Hakka areas, spring ancestor sweeping starts at the spring equinox or earlier, and is completed by Qingming at the latest. There is a saying that after the Qingming Festival, the door to the tomb will be closed and the spirits of the ancestors will not be utilized.

☆☆The Spring Festival: It is the grandest festival with New Year's greetings and fun activities.

☆Lichun: the beginning of spring.

☆Yuanxiao Festival: The 15th day of the first month is the traditional Chinese folk Lantern Festival. At the Lantern Festival, we eat Lantern Festival, play with lanterns, enjoy lanterns, and guess lantern riddles.

☆☆February 2: Kaizheng Festival.

☆Qingming: March Qingming, ancestor worship. In addition to most of the Hakka areas where tomb-sweeping and ancestor worship is practiced on the vernal equinox, there are some places where tomb-sweeping is practiced on Qingming. There are also some places that offer sacrifices to the gods and goddesses of the land on the day of Qingming.

☆Duanwu: The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month, and is commonly known as the May Festival or the Duanyang Festival in Hakka. Families buy meat, kill ducks, wrap rice dumplings and make rice crackers for the festival. The Dragon Boat Festival is a big festival, and many people who work outside of their homes come home for the festival. The main parts of the festival are eating zongzi, xionghuang wine and dragon boat races.

☆July Festival (Zhongyuan Festival): Also known as the Ghost Festival. In Hakka areas, the 15th of July is the "Ghost Festival". In some places, the festival is celebrated one day earlier, which is called "July 14th people celebrate the festival, July 15th ghosts celebrate the festival". In some places, the Hakka also worship their ancestors on the half of July.

☆Mid-Autumn Festival: commonly known as the August Festival, is a big festival. It is a big festival to eat mooncakes, enjoy the moon and celebrate reunion. Families buy food and wine, buy pork, slaughter chickens and ducks, and make rice and fruit for the festival. In the evening of Mid-Autumn Festival, families get together to celebrate the festival, and after the meal, they eat mooncakes and enjoy the moon. Customs are generally the same everywhere.

☆Chongyang Festival: The 9th day of the 9th month of September is the Chongyang Festival, also known as the Chongjiu Festival, commonly known as the "September Festival" by the Hakka people, which is a big festival at the end of the year, and there is a saying that "there is no big festival after the Chongyang Festival", and a lot of people out of the house are rushing back home to celebrate the festival. On this day, people in many places have to take their children to climb mountains, some flying kites on the mountains, which is said to be able to avoid evil spirits and epidemics. Many old people say that this custom was brought by their ancestors from the central plains in the north and has been passed down from generation to generation. On this day, some old men and women go up to the mountains to burn incense and worship Buddha.

☆Winter Solstice: In the eleventh month of the lunar calendar, it is also called the "winter year". The Hakka people say, "Winter is the year of the year". The winter solstice to eat pork, beef, making rice fruit, cooking soup balls, the rich to eat deer antler, ginseng winter tonic.

☆Fasting Day: for a few Hakka people; non-Hui fasting day on April 20 every year

Rituals

Marriage rituals:

Matchmaking: In the past, the Hakka male and female youths, after the age of sixteen years old can be entrusted to matchmakers to matchmaking, the introduction of the marriage. Generally, the parents of the man's family to the matchmaker to go to the woman's home to say, but also the woman's family to invite the matchmaker to visit the man's home first.

Looking at the sister: the two families through the centralized media, such as the two sides are interested in, will agree on a time to "look at the sister".

Writing Geng post: both sides agreed, we must tell each other men and women's birthdates and birthmarks. Go back, each asked the fortune-teller to "eight characters". If the eight characters are compatible, will not collide with each other, write out the Geng sticker (commonly known as wedding single), each placed on top of the incense, such as three days without ominous signs, the marriage will be set down (such as eight characters do not fit, the male party to the female Geng sticker sent back to the female family).

Make up a red list: also known as "open red wedding invitation", or called speaking of wealth. By the male parents, clansmen and matchmakers together to the female family, the male side to give the female family's financial gifts to open out. Some of the red list should also be written back to the son-in-law gifts, such as hats, silver flowers, clothes, shoes, socks and so on. Open red list process, the two sides will bargain, and finally negotiated finalized. After the opening of the red list, men and women have to exchange tokens such as rings, handkerchiefs and so on. Finally, the man came to the woman's home to eat after lunch to go back.

The betrothal: also known as the "big ceremony", that is, once again formalize the marriage down. Young men and their parents to go to the woman's home, send pig head, fish, meat, etc., the woman's parents, brother and sister-in-law, uncles, grandparents and so on should be present. After lunch, the girls have to come out to meet and call the parents of the male family as mom and dad, and the parents of the two families call each other in-laws and in-laws.

Looking at the family: that is, the woman to the man to see the family, time, some in the "line ceremony" before, some in the "ceremony" after the woman to go in addition to the girls and their parents, aunts, sisters, etc. to go, large and small dozen people, do not bring gifts, is to bring a little, the male family would not dare. The first is to bring a little, the male family also dare not take.

Send the day: after the wedding is set, the man should ask the fortune-teller to choose the day of the door, including the bride out of the day, the hour, to the male home to return to the door of the hour, in addition to the female party to cut the red clothes, the male side of the day of the bed should also be selected at the same time.

Sending food and lifting the dowry: one or two days before the bride passes the door, the male family should ask the clansmen to send the bride-price and fish, meat, poultry, noodles and other things stipulated in the red list to the female family by more than a dozen people, and then bring the trousseau, furniture and so on back to the male family when they come back.

Welcoming the bride: also called receiving the bride or passing the door. The day before the wedding, the male family to go more than ten people to the female family to meet the bride, a drummer band, firecrackers, sedan chair, incense burning (to the female ancestral hall, temples, the community to burn incense), a picket, one head of the picking with the chicken (a male and a female), the other end of the wine and pine pine Ming, a woman to bring the bride to wear the clothes, as well as carrying wooden suitcase two people to carry to the fish, meat, wine, cakes, cigarettes, firecrackers, candles, etc., matchmakers also have to go to the female family to take the trousseau furniture and so on. And other things, the matchmaker should also go, the groom, some go, some do not go, such as the groom to go with the groom, the groom should also do sedan chair, firecrackers is the male plenipotentiary, accompanied by a red envelope, twenty. Receiving the bride to the woman's home, first eat snacks, and then by the woman's family two people led to the ancestral shrine to burn incense to honor their ancestors. At noon or in the evening, the woman's family will host a banquet for guests. Bride move is generally in the middle of the night at dawn or dawn, the more you go, the brighter the sky, symbolizing towards the light, and then go out at night, and will not come across lifting the coffin and other unlucky things. Meet the bride team in front of the lantern, followed by drummers, sedan chair in the middle, behind the people receiving the bride. The bride arrives at the man's home, such as not yet the required entry hour, we must wait at the gate on the ping or outside the door next to the house. Entry is generally seven or eight o'clock in the morning or eight or nine o'clock, and some even have to wait until noon. To the hour of entry, the bride to kick the sedan chair door, by the male bridesmaids will be the bride out of the sedan chair, and then in front of the gate, "over the fire", the bride from the cedar branches burned on the fire across, before entering the door.

Worship: the bride in the sound of drums and music into the hall, then began to worship. The hall is set up with incense burners, and parents and elders stand on the east side, relatives on the west side, house relatives on the north side, and juniors on the south side. Before paying homage to the bridegroom, the outer family will hang a red, five-foot-long red cloth draped over the bridegroom. Mouth reads: "Take the streamer red five feet long, a heart to play the groom, play the groom to give birth to a noble son, early birth to a noble son in a scholar." Worship, the groom stood left, the bride stood right, by the ceremony called: a worship of heaven and earth, two worship ancestors, three worship high hall, four couples to worship. At noon, the wedding banquet is held, and the guests are invited with loud ground artillery, which is set off once every half hour, and three times when the banquet begins. Then, the ceremony student will sign up for a list of two seats at a table, according to seniority and affinity, and arrange for the seats to be seated first, and then other people will be seated at random. Male and female guests are seated separately, the bride and groom should go to the table to toast.

Haunting the room: a haunting in the hall, a haunting in the new room, but also first in the hall after the haunting to the new room. During the haunting of the room, firecrackers every few minutes once, until the midnight party stops.

Back to the door: also known as "turn the door". Generally the third or fifth day after the wedding, by the female party to send the bride's sisters and other female relatives to invite the bride and groom to go together as guests, matchmakers and the groom's sisters also go, **** 7-14 people, eat the luncheon, back on the day.

Send full moon: one month after the wedding, the bride's mother's family to come to send full moon, while sending chickens, vegetables, seeds, cereal seeds, beans, etc., indicating a good harvest, prosperity.

And often the mother-in-law will be strict with her daughter-in-law, who has to start working three days after the marriage.

Traditional celebrations:

1, birth rituals

Prompting birth: married daughters are pregnant and soon to give birth to a baby, usually one or two days before the birth of the baby, the mother's family to bring chickens, eggs, noodles, dried flour and so on to the daughter's home "Prompting birth", there is a wish for the birth of a safe meaning. If the mother is no longer there, the sister-in-law to urge birth, to host a banquet at noon.

2. Adulthood rites

The Hakka rites of passage are divided into two categories: male and female. The rite of passage for men is called the "Crown Rite", and that for women is called the "Maturity Rite". (Hakka rites of passage are commonly known as "out of the garden")

Longevity: When wishing a birthday, the married daughter should send a large rooster, but also to send a birthday suit, birthday hats, birthday cakes, birthday shoes, birthday socks, a whole set of head-to-toe, the father's birthday, and at the same time to send a whole set to the mother, in addition to send a birthday shaft, happy cannon, birthday candles, roosters and birthday peaches, birthday noodles, birthday cakes, birthday wine, birthday meat and so on. Other people to wish life, general friends and relatives to send birthday hanging scrolls, longevity couplets, or coupled with the gift of money. Many places, seventy years of age or older, more children and grandchildren, better-off elderly birthday wishes, to hold a birthday ceremony. Hakka birthday and birthday wishes, is to know their own gifts, door-to-door congratulations, first congratulations after the invitation; in addition to internal relatives, close friends have sent invitations, not congratulations, not please.

3, building a new home

The Hakka people to build a new house and move to a new home is also regarded as one of the major celebrations, to be celebrated.

When the house is built, the positioning of the house, the door is directed to the determination of Mr. Geomancy, the erection of pillars on the beams, to be decorated with lanterns and red couplets. After the completion of the new house, the night before entering the house, "drive away evil spirits", "in addition to the brake", before moving into the residence.

Guangdong Jiexi Hakka area before moving to a new home to ask the Sagittarius "to pick up the day" (that is, auspicious day and time, auspicious day for the end of the year, auspicious time for the night), set up in the new home of the gate of the Eight Immortals table, set up a banquet, hosted by the Sagittarius, such as the door god, the land, and other gods, and three generations of ancestors to come and enjoy, known as the "worship of the God of the door". "Worship the God of Door" (before worshiping the God of Door, it is called "living on borrowed time"). Then, the land deed written by a fortune-teller is burned, and the gods and ancestors are informed that this place is already owned by the owner. After the gods and ancestors have finished eating, paper money is burned and firecrackers are set off. Afterwards, the head of the family carries a hot charcoal stove, and each member of the family carries new kitchen utensils and other small items (or a hen and a brood of chicks if the family is small, to symbolize the prosperity of the family), and passes through every part of the new house. The next morning, the daughter-in-law of the same clan came early to help "ring tea" (local Hakka people to receive guests of food), making dumplings, to receive friends and relatives to come to congratulate, and at noon to prepare a banquet to entertain friends and relatives. There are many rituals and ceremonies, which are roughly described.

Traditional Yearly Customs:

New Year's Eve: "The New Year is the first of a hundred festivals", the Hakka people, like most of the rest of the country, regard the New Year's Eve as the most solemn and joyful festival of the year. People start preparing for the New Year very early. In September and October, they start to dry sweet potato chips and rice cake chips for deep-frying and stir-frying on New Year's Day. Once the "winter solstice" arrives, they start to steam wine. Near the 30th day of the year, families to steam rice cakes, make rice fruit, kill pigs, make tofu, slaughter chickens, and so on, to welcome the New Year with joy.

The New Year's Day: The 30th day of the New Year, also known as New Year's Eve, is the day when the atmosphere of the New Year's Day is the most enthusiastic, the most joyful and pleasant. On the morning of this day, every family will worship the Bodhisattva and honor the gods. On New Year's Day, the halls of each family should hang up the ancestral portraits, posted on the front door of the bright red spring couplets, barn door, livestock pen in front of the furniture beds and water tanks should be pasted on the side of the red paper strips, known as "sealing the year", also known as "on the red". Adults and children should take a bath, put on new clothes, clean for the New Year. The halls of the family should also be furnished with tables, incense, chicken, fish, meat, fruit, etc., in honor of the ancestors. On the evening of New Year's Eve, we have a reunion dinner with plenty of dishes. Several pairs of chopsticks and bowls are placed on the table to show that the ancestors are invited back to celebrate the New Year together. Before the meal, wine is sifted for the ancestors and spilled on the floor, and then the meal begins. During the meal, old people and children eat chicken legs to show respect for the old and the young.

Watch the New Year: After the reunion dinner, the stove should be washed clean in preparation for the morning of the first day of the first month or all day vegetarian. At night to keep the New Year's Eve, resignation of the old year, to welcome the new year, each room should be brightly lit throughout the night, called the "point of the New Year's Eve fire", some places cattle pens, pigsties also have to point on the lamp. Parents have to give their children new year's money, and in some places they also have to give old people new year's money.

Opening the door: the first day of the first month according to the "Tongshu" stipulates the auspicious time to open the door, and then the sound of firecrackers, loud and clear.

Welcome to the New Year: the first day of the first month of the morning vegetarian. After the meal, people pay tribute to each other with auspicious words. Children wearing new clothes, happy and playful, some scramble to the elderly to pay tribute to the New Year: "Gong Gong uncle family fortune, sugar cake fruit to take to the end (I)." On the second day of the first month of the Lunar New Year, we pay our respects to our relatives. In particular, newlywed son-in-laws (the family in-laws will invite with a book sticker) should go to their parents-in-law's home to pay homage to the New Year. Generally, the two go together, or only the son-in-law goes alone; some come back on the same day, and some stay for five or six days. To go with a small hen, rice fruit, candy and incense, firecrackers, etc., to burn incense, candles, firecrackers, etc., in front of the ancestors in the house of Yue burn incense, light candles, firecrackers. At noon the in-laws treat, the son-in-law to get drunk, not drunk and not enthusiastic.

Eat rice: the morning of the third day of the year to eat "rice" (some years ago on the evening of the twenty-ninth day of steaming, some of the first two nights of the first month of steaming), the rice inserted chopsticks, a few people at home on the insertion of several pairs of, and then inserted into a leafy tree branches, and some have to put on the orange, pomelo and other fruits. Before eating the rice, the rice is first placed on the "day of the gods" to offer it to the gods and ancestors. Eat rice to prepare a lot of food, chicken and meat, and the New Year's Eve to eat a reunion dinner is almost the same. On the third day of the New Year, you can't kill, and the chickens have to be killed on the second day of the New Year or left behind for New Year's Eve.

Tour of the gods: Hakka villages in the Chaoshan area (including Chaoshan villages) will invite the gods from the village temples on a fixed day at the beginning of each year, and form a tour of the gods with a few dozens of people, or one or two hundred, beating gongs and drums through the streets and lanes. Requesting the gods to bless all the families in the village to make things go smoothly (almost all the gods here are the guardian god of Chaoshan, the King of Sanshan).

Out of the New Year's Boundary: On the fifth day of the first month, the New Year's Boundary is held. The pictures of ancestors in the hall should be put away, the paper curtains should be taken down and burnt, and those who go out to work can leave. The seventh day of the first month, to eat "seven kinds of dishes", where the "seven kinds of dishes" refers to the pure vegetarian seven kinds of vegetables together with the roasted and fried. That is, the tea, the Hakka people are in the day to eat tea, with seven kinds of vegetarian dishes to enjoy

Lunar New Year's Lantern Festival: Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month, also known as the "Festival of the first yuan", families to prepare dishes, drinking for the New Year. To the Lantern Festival, the New Year's fun activities reach a climax. From the beginning of the New Year to the first month of the fifteenth, all over the amusement activities, in order to tour dragon lanterns, lion dance for more, some from the first day of the first month, the second from the beginning of the activities. Before the dragon lanterns and lion dancers arrive, they send out posters in advance, and when they arrive, they are given red packets and snacks. In addition to performing at each household, the dragon lanterns and lion teams also visit temples and ancestral halls in the village to pay homage to the gods and ancestors. On the first market day after the Spring Festival, dragon lanterns, boat lanterns, lion lanterns and other lanterns go to the market to perform, which is called the "opening of the market". Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival, there are some fun activities:

Send the spring cow: generally on the first day of the year, by three or five people to form a small team, to send the spring cow to each household, there are oboe, drums, cymbals, blowing and beating at the door of each house, send "Congratulations on the New Year" red stickers, the host will give red envelopes.

Boat Lanterns: The lanterns are shaped like boats and are performed on land. Rehearsal before the Spring Festival, gongs and drums team, playing ten times with. To the village, after eating snacks, in the open field performance, by the boatman, shipwoman singing "October pregnancy", "December Ancient", "melon seeds", The boatman and the boatwoman sing tunes such as "October Childbirth", "December Ancient", "Melon Seed Nuts", "One Flower" and so on, while the boatman just rows the boat without singing. In the evening in the ancestral hall "open heavenly officials", singing "heavenly officials blessing" and so on, and finally drink and eat.

Lion lamp: there are Nuo people appear, a lion head, a lion tail, a Sun monkey, a sand monk, and the drums and gongs team. After the lion, monkey, Sha and Shang singing, to perform martial arts, boxing, dancing knives, playing sticks, jumping tables. The lion team has to hire a master coach for martial arts before the New Year.

Custom of Chongjiu:

Hakka language nine and long homophonic, so the Hakka people put nine, as a symbol of good luck, there are customs of Chongjiu.

The Hakka people build a new house, usually to pick the days related to nine, such as the first nine, eighteen, etc.. The number of floors and rooms of the building is also a multiple of nine, that can live together for a long time **** place. Nine in the Hakka marriage in the marriage is particularly important, men and women kissing, post exchange, generally choose the day with nine related to the bride price to take the end of the nine, such as 1999 yuan, to meet the bride's team to make up 9 people, all gifts to 9 parties for good luck. Hakka birthday, life to do 81 or 360, the use of vegetables are dark cut three, six, nine, such as three fresh soup, stewed dog meat (Dog Kai nine), leeks and tofu, Chung Yeung (nine) birthday cake and so on.

Because nine and leek resonance, children break the school enlightenment are to eat leeks. Hakka songs also use leek oracle nine, such as: swallows with mud over the nine rivers, the sister sent out of the countryside, the ninth of September, leeks, the two friendship for a long, long time. Hakka people on the importance of nine, but also manifested in the first nine months as a good day. After the Spring Festival, go out to work, business people generally have to the first nine days before leaving home to depart, looking forward to good luck in the new year, prosperous. Proverbs are a kind of familiar language, easy to understand, the form is almost always one or two short sentences, and usually express a complete meaning.

The Hakka proverbs are the spiritual wealth that the Hakka people summarize and create in their long working life, with vivid language, rich content, meaningful rhyme and intriguing taste.

Hakka proverbs can be roughly divided into the following three categories:

1) Production proverbs. They summarize the experience of production, including weather, seasons, farming techniques, livestock rearing, manual work and so on.

For example, "early red sunshine and late rain, late red sunshine and dead fish", "the fire of the Mang Seeds burns the sky, the summer solstice rain ripples", "spring hoeing mud, summer hoeing skin; dry hoeing shallow, wet hoeing deep", "pigs need to be fed well". "Pigs need to be fed well, and cattle need to be fed with night grass," and so on.

②Social proverbs. Reflecting class oppression and social conditions and so on.

such as "the world is as black as a crow, everywhere the same flower as a prune", "money makes the devil push the mill", "the mouth of the tank can be sealed, the population can not be sealed". "The strength of the moment lies in the force, the victory or defeat of the ages lies in the reason" and so on.

3 life proverbs. Summarize the experience of various aspects of daily life, reflecting the people's world view, attitude towards life and moral concepts.

Such as "two feet stand firm, not afraid of the wind shake", "a good year as a bad year, encountered a bad year do not starve", "to be able to, every day, tired; to be fine, in front of the people to listen to", and "after meals, walk a hundred times. and "After a meal you can walk a hundred steps without going to the pharmacy".

The Hakka is a good singer and has many nursery rhymes. Hakka nursery rhymes are of varying lengths, with short lines, varied rhymes, and a clear, brisk rhythm. These nursery rhymes are as popular as Hakka folk rhymes, and use the same rhyme at the end of each line, so they are catchy and can be read well from the time you are young to the time you are old. The difference between Hakka rhymes and Hakka folk songs is that Hakka rhymes are only recited but not sung. The Hakka language has six or seven tones, which is quite musical. The following is a list of some nursery rhymes that have been passed down in Hakka folklore for a long time for your enjoyment.

★Sitting in rows

Sitting in rows, singing songs, the master playing drums, the end of the gong. The new wife is frying snails on the back of the stove. The shells of the snails are on the feet of the officials, and the officials are laughing at the new wife.

★Small boy studying

White rice, white pearls, dress up the small boy to go to school. The first month of the year is the first month of the year, and the second month of the year is the month of the year, and the third month of the year is the month of the year, and the third month of the year is the month of the year. The goose washes the water, the duck washes the vegetables, the cockerel hulls the grain and the dog treads the pestle, the fox burns the fire and the cat stir-fries the vegetables, the monkey steals the food and goes bald.

★Lingjiaozi

Lingjiaozi, the horn is curved, the big sister married in Lingjiao Mountain. My brother is waiting for my sister on the back of an ox, but she is not free to do her work. The two of them are in the field, and the juice flows down to the field.

★Berao

Berao Ma has a big mouth, he has a big mouth to talk about others, but he has no mouth to talk about his own family.

★Flame Worm

Flame Worm, illuminate the grass, turn over the shit hole, hanging lanterns.

★Moonlight, Xiu Cai Lang

Moonlight, Xiu Cai Lang, the boat is waiting, the sedan chair is carrying. The boat comes to the center of the river, and the shrimp and the hairy crab pay homage to the Goddess of Mercy. A flower at Guanyin's feet, a flower for my sister to take to her family, and a flower for her family to laugh at! Moonlight, Xiu Cai mother, riding a white horse, over the lotus pond, lotus pond back, planting leeks, leek flowers, marriage, in-laws, a pond in front of the door, planting ei carp eight feet long, long ei to bring to the more food and wine, short ei to bring to the more girls.

★Two sisters, learn to plant vegetables

Two sisters, learn to plant vegetables, planting vegetables is difficult to bend over, learn to fight birds. The bird can fly, halfway to the road to cry tired. I'm not sure what I'm talking about, but I'm not sure what I'm talking about," he said. I'm not sure if you're a good person, but I'm a good person, and I'm a good person. You go back to the cats and beavers to carry water, foxes to cook vegetables, cats and males to go upstairs to catch grater vegetables.

★Mr. I taught you how to fight the wild boar, the wild boar crossed the river, Mr. I can't help it, the wild boar crossed the wall, Mr. I can't help it.

There are three kinds of Hakka operas: (1) local operas and operas developed from local folk songs, synthesizing other forms of art, and absorbing the nutrients from the brother operas, such as the tea-picking opera and the mountain song opera, etc. (2) local operas introduced from other places and developed into local operas, such as the tea-picking opera and the mountain song opera. (B) foreign into the local and gradually localized opera, such as: Han opera, puppet show, etc.. (C) foreign opera and the original form of circulation in the Hakka region. Such as: Qiyang Opera, Beijing Opera, Yueju Opera, Ganju Opera and so on.

The tea-picking opera is divided into Gannan tea-picking opera, western Fujian tea-picking opera, northern Guangdong tea-picking opera, Guangxi tea-picking opera, and Taiwan Hakka tea-picking opera.

Stuffed tofu is one of the three famous Hakka dishes. This dish is based on the evolution of the northern stuffed dumplings, due to the southern rice and less wheat, and soybean production, people will be used as a dumpling skin stuffed with tofu into the meat fried and cooked, found that the flavor is particularly tasty, and then became a famous Hakka dishes. The filling depends on the taste of each person or the abundance of the family. Generally to five-flower pork is good, with a few mushrooms, squid, shrimp, etc., plus monosodium glutamate (MSG), salt, the filling stuffed into the matchbox-sized tofu cubes, fried in vegetable oil and then turn the pot for more than 10 minutes can be eaten. Xingning northern mountainous areas with pork and white onion stuffed with tofu, a distinctive flavor. Jiaoling people like to use the sea Wu salted fish or eggs and lean meat as a filling. Nanxiong people have oil roasted tofu style. Liancheng, Fujian, has the famous "four fort stuffed tofu", fragrant, soft and tender, refreshing and tasty, eaten after unforgettable. Temple meals in the fasting stuffed tofu, stuffed with peanuts, chives, green onions, bamboo, vegetable oil frying, frying, cooking are appropriate, the flavor overflowing, eat not tired of mouth. Stuffing method, Meizhou City, Meixian District, the most peculiar, in the shape of a triangle block. Cooking techniques, there are braised, fried, pan-fried, boiled, steamed, half-fried half-boiled, but also hit the hot pot. There are all sorts of things, competing with each other.

Hakka tea

In the motherland's vast and exquisite tea, tea is a unique oddball. This custom generally exists only among the Hakka people. When making tea, the ringer sits down, legs clamped to a pottery bowl, grab a handful of green tea into the bowl, holding a half-meter-long stick, frequently pounding and rotating. While pounding the bowl constantly add some sesame seeds, peanut kernels, herbs (herbs, yellow flowers, fragrant leaves, grass, etc.). When the things in the bowl will be pounded into crushed mud, the tea will ring good. Then, with a fishing ladle sieve filtered tea, put into the copper pot, add water to boil, a moment full of fragrance. It is said that the tea has the effect of detoxification, which can be used for food and medicine; it can quench thirst and satisfy hunger. It is also said that tea-beating originated in the Central Plains, flourished in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and is still passed down in the Hakka settlements of Fujian, Guangdong and Gan. The Hakka people are very enthusiastic and treat their guests with tea. There are two kinds of tea for guests: meat and vegetarian. To entertain vegetarian guests, add peanuts, cowpeas or soybeans, glutinous rice, kelp, groundnut vermicelli, dried japonica rice vermicelli, cold vegetables, etc.; to entertain people who eat meat to drink, add fried shredded meat or small intestines, sweet bamboo shoots, shredded mushrooms, pan-fried tofu, vermicelli, scallions and other ingredients.