Who believes that culture is created by human beings in their labor

Marx believed that culture is created by human beings in their labor

Culture is the product of the development of productive forces, both to satisfy the needs of human beings and to mediate the relationship between human beings and nature, human beings and society, human beings and other people, and human beings and their own mind.

First of all, culture is created to satisfy human needs, especially and mainly to satisfy people's high-level needs. As we all know, the American psychologist Maslow divided human needs into physiological needs, safety needs, the need for belonging and love, the need for respect and self-actualization of the need for five levels, or in addition to the above five levels and add the need for knowledge and understanding of the need for beauty and the need to become seven levels. Among them, low-level needs such as physiological needs and safety needs are mainly physical and material needs, while high-level needs such as the need for belonging and love, the need for respect, the need for self-actualization, the need for knowledge and understanding, and the need for beauty are psychological and spiritual needs. The products that satisfy psychological and spiritual needs are directly cultural products, especially humanistic cultural products such as philosophy, religion, art and ethics. Meet the material needs of the products are material products, but the material production is inseparable from science and technology, but also inseparable from the organization and management of production activities, still directly need science and technology and cultural products, and indirectly need humanities and cultural products. The author created the "preservation instinct and display instinct theory" to Maslow's hierarchy of needs and made a perfect, that is, human beings, like other things, naturally have the tendency of self-preservation and self-expression, that is, there are preservation instincts and display instincts. The need for self-preservation and display is the primary need, from which all other needs are formed. Because the display takes the existence of oneself as a prerequisite, if oneself does not exist, there is no way to display. Therefore, the need for self-preservation is mainly a low-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, mostly physiological and material needs, while the need for self-presentation, i.e., the need to be valued and respected, the need to be outstanding, to be powerful, to control others, to be successful, and to be known for generations to come, etc., is mainly a high-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, mostly psychological and spiritual needs. However, according to Yang Yingfa, Maslow's statement that "the fulfillment of the next level of needs is the condition for the emergence of the previous level of needs, and only after the needs of the lower level have been fulfilled will the needs of the higher level be developed" is not accurate, and the reality is that human beings strive to satisfy the needs of the higher and lower levels at the same time, but most of them will give up the higher level in favor of the lower level when it is impossible to satisfy them both. Maslow's seven levels of needs, although physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs these low-level needs are mainly to save the embodiment of the instincts, while the need to gain respect, the need for self-actualization, the need for knowledge and understanding, the need for beauty of these high-level needs are mainly to show the embodiment of the instincts, but in fact, are to save the instincts and the display of the instincts of the composite. Such as physiological needs of the lowest level of need is obviously mainly manifested in the preservation of instincts, but there are also factors that show the role of instincts, for example, a few people sitting together to eat, always let the higher elderly sit in the main seat, the lower low young people sit in the lower seat, always let the higher elderly to move the chopsticks first, when drinking and raising the cup is always to let the higher elderly cup position is higher, which shows the status of the eaters, age, seniority. Clothing is mainly for warmth, sun protection, mainly for the preservation of instincts, but people wear clothes and demand to show their own beauty and noble status, but also contains factors that show the role of instincts. Self-actualization needs, the most typical high-level needs and the need for beauty, the highest level of needs, mainly for the display instinct, but also reflects the role of the preservation instinct. Because of the success and fame, after the high position, will not worry about food and clothing, rolling in money; even if the typical aesthetic activity of painting, but also a means of livelihood for the painter. Preservation instincts and display instincts, although reflecting the difference between the high and low levels of the relationship, but more importantly, the relationship between the combination of horizontal elements. Therefore, although the psychological and spiritual needs of human beings will become more and more urgent with the development of productive forces, they also existed in the ancient times when the productive forces were backward, and only lurked down because the conditions were not available. Once the development of productive forces reaches the age of surplus products, culture also arises.

Secondly, it also arose to mediate man's relationship with nature, man's relationship with society, man's relationship with others and man's relationship with his own mind. To mediate the relationship between man and society, the relationship between man and others need system, ethics, mediate the relationship between man and his own mind need philosophy, religion, and system, ethics, philosophy, religion, are humanities and cultural products. The mediation of man's relationship with nature is carried out through material production activities, which directly require scientific and technological cultural products, but also indirectly require humanistic cultural products. These four kinds of relations with the whole process of human beings, but in the ancient times of backward productivity, the four kinds of relations with the handling of no clear consciousness, only hazy, chaotic consciousness, once with the development of productive forces, human beings on the four kinds of relations appeared to be awake consciousness, especially on the relationship between man and society, man and the relationship between other people and the relationship between man and his own mind has a clear consciousness, culture is also produced. culture came into being.

The evolutionary history of mankind clearly confirms the above view on the emergence of culture. During the Paleolithic era, although humans were known to use fire, they could only make crude stone tools for use, and fishing, hunting and gathering were their main means of production. All day long, miserable and fearful for survival, not to talk about meaningful cultural activities. After entering the Neolithic era, stone tools were improved from beating to grinding, and differentiated into a variety of specialized uses. More importantly, it was the beginning of two new forms of economic life, agriculture and animal husbandry, in which natural plant seeds were artificially sown and cultivated, and wild animals were tamed and bred to reproduce. This major change changed the relationship between human beings and nature, transforming human beings from natural parasites who only knew how to take food from nature to cultivators and producers of food, alleviating the dependence of human beings on natural food and providing a more stable source of food. Human survival was more reliably guaranteed, and psychological and spiritual needs gradually emerged. With the emergence of surplus products, human beings began to have room to engage in cultural activities, which led to the emergence of culture.

People live in nature, human production, life can not be separated from the natural environment, must deal with the relationship between man and nature. Out of this need, scientific and technological culture arose. For example, in order to record the number of agricultural seeds, agricultural irrigation water, in order to record the number of livestock, mathematics has arisen; in order to timely sowing, watering, harvesting, the need to grasp the change of the seasons, astronomy has arisen; in order to build habitable houses, sewing clothes to wear, to make a tasty meal, to get the sweet drinking water and the convenience of travel, and so on, building technology, textile technology, dyeing and finishing of the formula, softening the leather technology, weaving nets and fishing. The technology of building, the technology of weaving, the technology of dyeing and finishing clothes, the technology of softening leather, the technology of weaving nets and fishing, the technology of making boats and carts, the technology of riding, the technology of driving, the technology of sailing, and so on, and so on, and so on, and so on, and so on.

People live in the world, always have to deal with society, others, need to deal with people and society, the relationship between people and others, if in the sparsely populated, extremely simple social relations in ancient times, the handling of these two relationships is not very urgent, then with the dense population, the polarization of the rich and the poor, especially the emergence of sedentary life, the problem of ownership began to emerge, the relationship between people increasingly complex, the handling of these two relationships could not be left for a moment, which led to the emergence of humanistic cultures such as linguistic philology and institutional ethics. For example, in order to communicate with each other, language and writing came into being; when human beings began to settle down, in order to determine the ownership of land, ownership and other legal and institutional consciousness appeared; in order to harmonize the relationship within the settlement to maintain unity and cooperation within the settlement, in order to deal with the relationship with other settlements, to avoid wars, and to seek a peaceful environment for survival, ethics and institutions came into being; in order to eliminate the strongest enemies and to extend the space for survival, military science and the corresponding knowledge of organization and management came into being. Military science and the corresponding knowledge of organization and management also appeared.

With the development of productive forces, human self-consciousness is gradually emerging, and there is a clear awareness of the relationship between human beings and their own minds, often experiencing their own insignificance and the elusiveness of destiny, and feeling uneasy, in order to stabilize the mind, and to find a spiritual support, religion, and philosophy came into being.

With the development of productive forces, physiological needs and other low-level needs to be satisfied, people's need for beauty is increasingly strong, on the one hand, is to strive to wear, live in the environment and food to try to reflect the sense of beauty, on the other hand, is to strive to music, fine arts, and other specialized artistic activities or works to seek the enjoyment of beauty. In this way, aesthetics also arose.

After the emergence of culture, its development was a process of expanding from the social elite group to the general public, and a process of deepening commercialization. In the ancient society with low productivity, the majority of laborers did not have enough spare time for spiritual enjoyment, nor did they have enough cultural literacy for spiritual enjoyment, nor did they have enough information means to obtain cultural resources. Cultural activities were basically the business of a few social elites and were closely linked to religion and politics, and were mainly an ideology rather than a business. Although the elite groups possessed a large number of superior cultural products, they seldom entered into circulation as commodities. With the development of productive forces, especially after entering the industrial society, the masses of society had more free time and a certain cultural literacy, and were able to carry out activities such as the creation, exhibition, dissemination and enjoyment of culture. Particularly due to the emergence of mass media such as paper and printing press, the public can also obtain all kinds of cultural resources more conveniently, so that the cultural products come out of the social elite group's hall of fame, and become the object of consumption by the public. The creators and operators of culture are more concerned about the acceptance and popularity of the community, and how much economic return they can bring to themselves, so that cultural products have a clear commodity nature.