A complete set of detailed information about folk beliefs (a set of god worship concepts spontaneously produced by the people)

Refers to the people's spontaneous belief and respect for the spiritual body with supernatural power. Including the inheritance of primitive religion in the folk and the infiltration of artificial religion in the folk. Folk belief is a broad concept. Taking folk belief as a concept alone, considering that it exists corresponding to a religious belief and is connected with institutionalized religion in series, this cultural system includes three inseparable systems: belief, ceremony and symbol.

Chinese name: folk belief mbth: summary of folk belief: a set of spontaneous concept of worship of gods. Another name: folk religion, popular religion, dual characteristics, religious opinions, academic value, belief roots, China, folk belief refers to those emotional sustenance, worship, behavior and action that are widely existing among the people, which are unorganized and spontaneous. That is, "a set of worship concepts, behavior habits and corresponding ritual systems spontaneously produced among the people." Generally speaking, it refers to the belief and worship of "gods, ghosts, ancestors, saints and celestial phenomena" rooted in traditional culture in rural society. Some scholars also call it "folk religion" or "heresy". Ideologically speaking, it is an unofficial culture; In terms of cultural form, practice is emphasized, and texts are used less, and they are passed down in the form of local dialects; In terms of social strength, it has been supported by most people in society (farmers) and is inseparable from folk life. In the long historical process, traditional beliefs, rituals and symbols not only affect the way of thinking, production practice, social relations and political behavior of the general public, which accounts for the majority of China society, but also form a subtle conflict and complementary relationship with superstructure and symbol system. Therefore, the study of folk beliefs, rituals and symbols can not only provide an angle to examine the basic level of social culture in China, but also be of great significance to understand the overall social culture in China. Folk belief mainly refers to the belief in common gods, that is, non-religious belief, including folk myths. This belief has a long history in China, and it has more folk characteristics than Buddhist belief and moral belief. A typical feature of common gods in folk beliefs in China is that the gods of traditional beliefs are repeatedly screened, eliminated and combined with the gods of various religions, forming a chaotic belief system of gods. Regardless of the origin of the gods, there is a strong spirit. This clearly reflects the diversity and utility of China's secular beliefs. Chinese folk beliefs are characterized by multi-religious unity and multi-god worship. In essence, the development of Chinese folk beliefs can be regarded as a social mutual construction process from man to God and from God to man. The dual characteristics of "Chinese folk belief" refer to the belief in gods, ancestors and ghosts that are popular among the people in China. Temple Fair Sacrifice, Festival Sacrifice and Life Cycle Ceremony; Clans and ritual organization of local temples; Symbolic system of world outlook and cosmology. A series of cultural phenomena such as folk beliefs, rituals and symbols have dual characteristics: on the one hand, they are quite similar to the remains of primitive witchcraft and animism, and are inseparable from "secular life"; On the other hand, they are quite similar to religious phenomena. Therefore, although sinologists and anthropologists attach great importance to folk cultural patterns in the specific investigation and research process, they inevitably have a huge controversy over whether there is "religion" in folk China. In traditional China, both scholar-officials and religious practitioners used the name "folk religion" to describe the beliefs, rituals and symbolic systems of ordinary people. The feudal * * * took a contradictory attitude towards folk religious activities: on the one hand, in order to avoid the development of folk unofficial ideology, it implemented an exclusive policy towards folk sacrificial activities; On the other hand, in order to create their own symbols and make them acceptable to the people, sometimes folk symbols are selectively promoted. This policy of "divide and rule" certainly leads to the official denial of the systematic significance of folk beliefs. Scholars who accepted Confucian philosophy and Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties only supported "filial piety" and a certain range of ancestor worship, and held a negative attitude towards folk worship of gods, ghosts, spirits and things, not to mention admitting that folk beliefs were "religions". Compared with * * * and literati, folk Buddhism and Taoism, which is closely related to civil society, supports people's "sacred behavior" because it relies on folk sacrifices and witchcraft activities for a living. They don't recognize the status of their religious system, but regard the latter as a ceremony below their religious system. As the main practitioners of folk beliefs, ordinary people do not regard their religious activities as "religion" because they lack the power to define themselves and regard religious activities as a part of secular life. China people's religious ideas such as belief and behavior as a religious system have two sources: one is sinologist De Groot's analysis of the relationship between classic texts and rituals; Secondly, functionalism theory developed later in social anthropology. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, Dutch sinologist De Grut wrote a book "Religious System in China" based on a folk survey in Fujian (1892). He linked folk beliefs and rituals with the tradition of classical texts, and thought that the folk belief system was the practical content of China's classical cultural tradition and a systematic religion. In the 1920s and 1950s, when functionalism prevailed, social anthropologists regarded China folk rituals as a system with the same status and function as religion. For example, Radcliffe Brown, a master of social anthropology, spent a lot of time talking about the characteristics of religion in China in his article Religion and Society (1945). He believes that the classical philosophers and officials in China attach great importance to the social function of religion, and they believe that holding ceremonies according to norms is the key for society to maintain its own order. This view is widely accepted by people. Brown further believes that China people's emphasis on ceremony not only proves that the main connotation of China religion is ceremony, but also provides a good reference for understanding all religions in the world. In his view, because the pillar of religion is ritual rather than belief, ritual can be studied as a religious system in both civilized and primitive societies. Folk belief has existed for thousands of years, and it represents a rich cultural history. Why are many so-called "old" customs thoroughly remoulded in the process of modernization? If the revival of folk beliefs can be defined as the re-invention of tradition or the emergence of subjective history, then the emergence of this traditional revival phenomenon should be related to the social, economic and cultural characteristics of different regions under certain historical conditions. In other words, the revival of folk beliefs reflects the process of transforming the "past" culture into a communication model that can express current social problems. We cannot deny the academic value. As the culture of rural residents and ordinary people who account for the majority of the population in China, folk beliefs are an inseparable part of China culture. Equally important, Chinese folk belief is a religion in a complex society, but it does not have some characteristics of institutionalized religion, and it has a very subtle relationship with the text tradition, official culture and social elites in society, so it constitutes a rare religious type in the world. In the process of China's modernization, people will inevitably wonder whether folk beliefs, as a traditional force, can meet the needs of modernization. Therefore, investigating the relationship between folk beliefs and modernization has become an important academic topic. This kind of research includes whether folk beliefs contain the spirit and ethics of modernization or anti-modernization, and the reflection on the actual experience and current situation of folk beliefs in the process of modernization. For academic circles, we believe that the theoretical exposition provided by Chinese folk belief materials will have an unprecedented and unique system. China, as the only nation with traditional medicine to inherit the laws of nature, diluted the theory of Yin and Yang into various cultural forms, which became a noticeable phenomenon in China folklore. Some scholars believe that the source of China culture can be found in the culture of traditional Chinese medicine, and the medical theory of Yin and Yang theory is also the source of traditional culture. Gossip shows that black and white fish represent yin and yang, and the middle knot produces culture. From meridians to acupoints, from acupoints to acupuncture, from acupuncture to classics of Chinese studies, there are dialectical thoughts of Yin and Yang medicine. However, the concept of Yin and Yang had a far-reaching influence on the people of China in the past dynasties, and the different world views expressed by the theory of Yin and Yang were also related to this. Therefore, the theory of Yin and Yang became the source of deconstructing China's belief culture. China originated from the social history of China, with the worship of nature, totem, ancestors and other local gods as the core, lacking a unified belief system and religious classics. It is a regional, decentralized, spontaneous and non-institutionalized natural religion and its related beliefs and customs. Most of them have contents that cannot be scientifically explained, or superstitious elements. There is also a swindler named Jiangxiang School who uses people's superstitious psychology to cheat money by cheating. Since the reform and opening up in Chinese mainland, with the restoration of freedom of religious belief, religious belief has been revived in the vast rural areas. The influence of popular religion permeates every corner of society and profoundly affects the normal life and social stability of contemporary people. The object of worship is complex, the organizational form is loose and disorderly, and the purpose of worship is utilitarian. Now some people say that these folk beliefs are a theory called metaphysics, such as fortune telling, palm reading, astrology, divination, divination and divination.