The emergence of news media is the inevitable development of history.

1. Why is the emergence of news media inevitable in historical development? From primitive society to feudal society, news communication tools have been developing with the expansion of news activities and innovating with the increasing material means provided by productive forces.

The emergence of news media is the inevitable development of history. The specific analysis is as follows: (1) The evolution of news media reflects the development of human civilization to some extent. At the end of primitive society, human beings created written news activities and began a new stage of transmitting news by words.

In the slave society, oral, signal and written news media have been formed. (2) The expansion of social scale has broken the self-sufficient natural economy, making any major changes in the world directly related to people's vital interests.

The social demand for information is increasing rapidly, and the number of people who need information is increasing rapidly. With the improvement of human productivity, information exchange and cognition become more and more important, so the widely publicized media should play this role.

During the transition from feudal society to capitalist society, the earliest news media-newspaper came into being. When talking about needs and production, Marx revealed a simple truth: "Without needs, there is no production."

The capitalist commodity economy not only makes the emergence of news media socially necessary, but also prepares all material means for the emergence of news media. (3) A newspaper should have a certain readership, and the necessary condition is a certain educational level.

With the development of large-scale industrial production, a large number of schools have been established, and the cultural level of the whole society is improving. Objectively created a readership for the newspaper.

(4) The bourgeoisie has also created a large number of huge cities, which greatly increased the urban population compared with the rural population. This facilitates the news collection and distribution of newspapers and periodicals.

(5) The rapid development of transportation and communication ensures the rapid and timely collection and release of news. /kloc-In the 0/7th century, the postal routes of European countries have been connected into a expressway, and a large number of roads have been built, speeding up the transmission of news and the publication of newspapers and periodicals.

(6) The rapid development of printing, papermaking and other industries has ensured the material demand of newspapers and periodicals. (7) The primitive accumulation of capital accelerates the concentration of capital, making it possible for capitalists to run newspapers and periodicals solely or jointly.

Capitalists need to advertise a lot in order to sell goods, and newspapers can get a lot of profits from advertising, making newspapers a profitable industry. In short, the emergence of news media rooted in such a deep social and economic soil is bound to be independent of human will, and any man-made external violence is unstoppable.

Second, why is it said that the emergence of news media is the inevitable development of history? From primitive society to feudal society, news communication tools have been developing with the expansion of news activities and innovating with the increasing material means provided by productive forces. The emergence of news media is the inevitable development of history. The specific analysis is as follows:

(1) The evolution of news media reflects the development of human civilization to some extent. At the end of primitive society, human beings created written news activities and began a new stage of transmitting news by words. In the slave society, oral, signal and written news media have been formed.

(2) The expansion of social scale has broken the self-sufficient natural economy, making any major changes in the world directly related to people's vital interests. The social demand for information is increasing rapidly, and the number of people who need information is increasing rapidly. With the improvement of human productivity, information exchange and cognition become more and more important, so the widely publicized media should play this role. During the transition from feudal society to capitalist society, the earliest news media-newspaper came into being. When talking about needs and production, Marx revealed a simple truth: "Without needs, there is no production." The capitalist commodity economy not only makes the emergence of news media socially necessary, but also prepares all material means for the emergence of news media.

(3) A newspaper should have a certain readership, and the necessary condition is a certain educational level. With the development of large-scale industrial production, a large number of schools have been established, and the cultural level of the whole society is improving. Objectively created a readership for the newspaper.

(4) The bourgeoisie has also created a large number of huge cities, which greatly increased the urban population compared with the rural population. This facilitates the news collection and distribution of newspapers and periodicals.

(5) The rapid development of transportation and communication ensures the rapid and timely collection and release of news. /kloc-In the 0/7th century, the postal routes of European countries have been connected into a expressway, and a large number of roads have been built, speeding up the transmission of news and the publication of newspapers and periodicals.

(6) The rapid development of printing, papermaking and other industries has ensured the material demand of newspapers and periodicals.

(7) The primitive accumulation of capital accelerates the concentration of capital, making it possible for capitalists to run newspapers and periodicals solely or jointly. Capitalists need to advertise a lot in order to sell goods, and newspapers can get a lot of profits from advertising, making newspapers a profitable industry. In short, the emergence of news media rooted in such a deep social and economic soil is bound to be independent of human will, and any man-made external violence is unstoppable.

Third, why is the emergence of the media inevitable in historical development? Marxist philosophy came into being in11940s. It is the product of modern natural science, modern social practice and class struggle, and it is also the result of theoretical exploration of Marxist founders such as Marx and Engels.

1. Social and historical conditions

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the industrial revolution in Europe promoted the great development of social productive forces, made various social contradictions rooted in the capitalist mode of production increasingly apparent, simplified class opposition and intensified class contradictions. Marked by the British * * * movement, the workers' uprising in Lyon, France, and the textile workers' uprising in Silesia, Germany, the European workers' movement surged and the proletariat stepped onto the social and political stage. The struggle of the proletariat urgently needs to have its own world view to indicate the future of the struggle. At that time, the utopian socialist theory could not meet the needs of struggle, and Marxist philosophy was born under such conditions. Therefore,1The development of European capitalism in the 1940s prepared social and historical conditions for the emergence of Marxist philosophy. The struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie is the class foundation of Marxist philosophy.

2. Natural science conditions

Since 1930s, natural science has made a breakthrough. In the field of natural science, the establishment of three theories, namely, cell theory, law of conservation and transformation of energy and Darwin's theory of biological evolution, has produced a natural science revolution, proved the dialectical nature of nature and human society, and provided a strong scientific foundation for Marxist philosophy.

3. Theoretical sources

The emergence of any theory is not only the need of the times, but also the result of inheriting the ideological data of predecessors. In the field of social sciences, Marxist philosophy critically inherits all the outstanding achievements of human culture.

(1) German classical philosophy is the direct theoretical source of Marxist philosophy. Marx and Engels critically absorbed the "reasonable core" of Hegel's idealist dialectics and the "basic core" of Feuerbach's metaphysical materialism, thoroughly reformed them and created a brand-new philosophy.

(2) British classical economics has made an important contribution to the emergence of historical materialism. For example, the theory of productive forces and relations of production is the basic category of classical economics and the cornerstone of historical materialism. David ricardo's labor theory of value laid the foundation for Marx's theory of surplus value.

(3) The utopian socialist theory of Britain and France reveals the disadvantages of capitalism, and puts forward the idea of eliminating the private property system and other future ideal societies, which provides ideological materials for the establishment of historical materialism.

The above situation shows that the emergence of Marxist philosophy is a historical necessity. However, it was Marx and Engels who completed the tasks put forward by history, which was inseparable from their own hard work and dedication. Great thinkers and revolutionaries Marx and Engels made an in-depth investigation into the economic, political and cultural life of capitalist society, personally participated in and led the workers' struggle, and summed up experience in time; At the same time, it made a positive and critical summary of predecessors' ideological achievements, absorbed the reasonable core, and created a brand-new scientific world outlook through arduous exploration and research.

4. Why is the birth of journalism a historical necessity? The printing and paper industry is developing day by day. More than a century before the birth of modern newspaper industry, movable type printing has been popularized throughout Europe, and manual printing machines have also been popularized. Man-made paper has replaced expensive parchment and rough Egyptian papyrus.

Transportation and postal services are increasingly developed. /kloc-Around the 6th century, a large number of horse-drawn roads were built in European countries, and inland navigation was constantly improved. After the great discovery of geography, countries are competing to develop ocean transportation, which makes it more and more convenient for personnel exchanges and information exchange.

Cities with concentrated population are gradually increasing. Rural population keeps flowing to cities. Take Britain as an example. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century,15 people lived in cities, and famous industrial cities such as Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham were taking shape. This situation makes the society more closely connected, which not only increases the sources of information, but also increases the demand for information, thus creating good conditions for the collection and dissemination of news.

The existence and development of these conditions make the birth of journalism a realistic possibility. It is this combination of social needs and realistic conditions that forms the inevitability of the birth of journalism.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The historical process of media in the development of human news is interactive with the progress of human society. Among them, the progress of human society (especially the progress of productive forces) is the dominant reason, and the progress of media is determined by the degree of human society, but it can also react to human progress to some extent. For example, the relationship between the two is like the relationship between matter and consciousness. "The history of human civilization is actually the history of human use of the media, and it is also the history of the development of the media from simple to complex. Through the use and control of the media, human beings make culture survive; The media reduces or expands the information it transmits with its own laws and characteristics. " 1

First, humans appeared. Whether language (or other early media) appeared at about the same time as human beings is a matter of opinion. But one thing is certain, that is, in the early stage of human development, language played a huge role in promoting human evolution. From all kinds of murals, totems or other early "artworks" to the production of spoken language, these media are used by human beings without exception to "separate sounds from the objects they refer to, and make it easier to remember, transmit, receive and understand information;" When observing the environment, we can distinguish various things more accurately and organize society effectively, and human experience, customs and culture can also be passed on to future generations. " It is conceivable that without language, human society would not develop at all or develop very slowly. At the same time, the continuous evolution of human beings has also given these media a source of continuous development. The progress of human productivity means that human beings can make more and more fine works of art, or what we think of as cultural media. For example, the development of productive forces made it possible for humans to use frescoes at the earliest time and later carve words on animal bones.

The appearance of characters is also closely related to human development. Language media is very important, but its limitations are also obvious: "Because spoken language directly depends on the human body's own vocal function, human communication activities are limited in spatial distance;" Because speech is transmitted linearly in time, there is no trace except human memory, so people's communication activities are greatly limited in time. In addition, the repeated spread of word of mouth is very easy to cause distortion and loss of information. "These problems are not a big deal in the primitive society or the era of small countries and few people. However, with the development of productive forces, the progress of civilization and the increasing complexity of social information systems, the language media characterized by individual communication can no longer meet the needs of social development, and a media that can meet the needs of group communication-writing has emerged. At the same time, the determination of the language containing characters makes "culture gain a high degree of stability and flexibility", "people can record more information" and "the scope of enjoying these ideas is greatly expanded" 4, thus "greatly accelerating the development of productive forces" 5, laying the foundation for the emergence of the country and the nation. We can see from history that the ancient empires of the East and the West were able to establish their own rule because they had the so-called "space media" with characters as the core and portability. six

The original characters were carved on bamboo slips, animal bones, bronzes or fabrics. The huge and expensive text carrier greatly limits the spread of words. Later, the problem of high cost and heavy text carrier was solved, and the speed of manual copying was slow, which contradicted the huge demand for knowledge by social groups. All these inconveniences have brought a great negative impact on the development of new media with printing as the main means. Due to the long-term stagnation of the media level, the print media became a tool used by the ruling class at that time. "Princes and nobles, religious leaders, literati and scholars monopolize the main discourse power of society." However, since the popularization of papermaking and movable type printing, the number of publications has gradually increased, and mankind (to be precise, Europe and North America) has entered an "enlightenment era". With the unprecedented liberation of human thought, the rapid development of productive forces and the gradual formation of the modern world. After that, the western capitalist society marked by "freedom" experienced a "media explosion" It seems that a large number of books, newspapers and magazines were printed overnight. Through books, publications, announcements and other mass media, knowledge and information are spread among ordinary people at an unprecedented speed, and the civilization of human society is further improved. Preserving information and knowledge to the maximum extent has made great contributions to the accumulation of human civilization; The mass communication of information and knowledge greatly meets the needs of social industrial and agricultural production and trade, and promotes the accelerated progress of social productive forces. 10 We can say that modern media leads mankind into modern civilization, and modern civilization promotes the great prosperity of modern media.

While the media is developing vertically, the types are also increasing. Through the impetus brought by the development of science and technology, the media is also changing to high-tech and specialization. (Note: Specificity refers to the gradual simplification of the functions of various media. For example, People's Daily is a party newspaper, and Jinling Evening News focuses on entertainment and gossip. Singleness here does not mean singleness in the whole media. At the same time, the times have given the media new models and new tasks. Information (computer) technology has become the mainstream of media in this era. At the same time, "the mass media is everywhere and pervasive. Its activities enable us to know almost all the major events that happen on this planet at the same time, even if they happen at the ends of the earth. " 1 1 network is favored because of its freedom and equality in information dissemination, and its appearance satisfies people's desire to find a carrier to express their opinions; The mobile phone short message service has shown an explosive development trend since its birth. I believe that the Internet and mobile phones have become symbols of modern society, and many emerging industries and revolutions in related fields in modern society will revolve around these two themes. Therefore, in modern society, the relationship between media and human society has risen to an unprecedented height.

6. The historical process of media in the development of human news. The evolution of media and the progress of human society are interactive.

Among them, the progress of human society (especially the progress of productive forces) is the dominant reason, and the progress of media is determined by the degree of human society, but it can also react to human progress to some extent. For example, the relationship between the two is like the relationship between matter and consciousness.

"The history of human civilization is actually the history of human use of the media, and it is also the history of the development of the media from simple to complex. Through the use and control of the media, human beings make culture survive; The media reduces or expands the information it transmits with its own laws and characteristics. "

1 First of all, human beings appeared. Whether language (or other early media) appeared at about the same time as human beings is a matter of opinion.

But one thing is certain, that is, in the early stage of human development, language played a huge role in promoting human evolution. From all kinds of murals, totems or other early "artworks" to the production of spoken language, these media are used by human beings without exception to "separate sounds from the objects they refer to, and make it easier to remember, transmit, receive and understand information;" When observing the environment, we can distinguish things more accurately, organize society effectively, and pass on human experience, customs and culture to future generations.

It is conceivable that without language, human society would not develop at all or develop very slowly. At the same time, the continuous evolution of human beings has also given these media a source of continuous development.

The progress of human productivity means that human beings can make more and more fine works of art, or what we think of as cultural media. For example, the development of productive forces made it possible for humans to use frescoes at the earliest time and later carve words on animal bones.

The appearance of characters is also closely related to human development. Language media is very important, but its limitations are also obvious: "Because spoken language directly depends on the human body's own vocal function, human communication activities are limited in spatial distance;" Because speech is transmitted linearly in time, there is no trace except human memory, so people's communication activities are greatly limited in time.

In addition, repeated word-of-mouth communication can easily lead to distortion and loss of information. "These are not a big problem in the primitive society or the era of small countries and few people.

However, with the development of productive forces, the progress of civilization and the increasing complexity of social information systems, the language media characterized by individual communication can no longer meet the needs of social development, and a media that can meet the needs of group communication-writing has emerged. At the same time, the determination of the language containing characters makes "culture gain a high degree of stability and flexibility", "people can record more information" and "the scope of enjoying these ideas is greatly expanded" 4, thus "greatly accelerating the development of productive forces" 5, laying the foundation for the emergence of the country and the nation.

We can see from history that the ancient empires of the East and the West were able to establish their own rule because they had the so-called "space media" with characters as the core and portability. The original characters were carved on bamboo slips, animal bones, bronzes or fabrics.

The huge and expensive text carrier greatly limits the spread of words. Later, the problem of high cost and heavy text carrier was solved, and the speed of manual copying was slow, which contradicted the huge demand for knowledge by social groups.

All these inconveniences have brought a great negative impact on the development of new media with printing as the main means. Due to the long-term stagnation of the media level, the print media became a tool used by the ruling class at that time.

"Princes and nobles, religious leaders, literati and scholars monopolize the main discourse power of society." However, since the popularization of papermaking and movable type printing, the number of publications has gradually increased, and mankind (to be precise, Europe and North America) has entered an "enlightenment era".

With the unprecedented liberation of human thought, the rapid development of productive forces and the gradual formation of the modern world. After that, the western capitalist society marked by "freedom" experienced a "media explosion"

It seems that a large number of books, newspapers and magazines were printed overnight. Through books, publications, announcements and other mass media, knowledge and information are spread among ordinary people at an unprecedented speed, and the civilization of human society is further improved.

Preserving information and knowledge to the maximum extent has made great contributions to the accumulation of human civilization; The mass communication of information and knowledge greatly meets the needs of social industrial and agricultural production and trade, and promotes the accelerated progress of social productive forces. 10 We can say that modern media leads mankind into modern civilization, and modern civilization promotes the great prosperity of modern media.

While the media is developing vertically, the types are also increasing. Through the impetus brought by the development of science and technology, the media is also changing to high-tech and specialization.

(Note: Specificity refers to the gradual simplification of the functions of various media. For example, People's Daily is a party newspaper, and Jinling Evening News focuses on entertainment and gossip. Singleness here does not mean singleness in the whole media. )

At the same time, the times have given the media new models and new tasks. Information (computer) technology has become the mainstream of media in this era.

At the same time, "the mass media is everywhere and pervasive. Its activities enable us to know almost all the major events that happen on this planet at the same time, even if they happen at the ends of the earth. "

1 1 network is favored because of its freedom and equality in information dissemination, and its appearance satisfies people's desire to find a carrier to express their opinions; The mobile phone short message service has shown an explosive development trend since its birth. I believe that the Internet and mobile phones have become symbols of modern society, and many emerging industries and revolutions in related fields in modern society will revolve around these two themes.

Therefore, in modern society, the relationship between media and human society has risen to an unprecedented height.